Tag: pubmed

J Perianesth Nurs. 2026 Aug 13:S1089-9472(26)00385-0. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2026.06.017. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study aimed to (1) identify modifiable preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients undergoing hip surgery under general anesthesia, and (2) evaluate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a nurse-led, home-based physical and cognitive intervention to prevent POD.

DESIGN: A two-phase mixed-method study was conducted, consisting of a retrospective cohort analysis (Phase 1) and a prospective non-randomized interventional study with historical controls (Phase 2). Phase 1 analyzed 42 patients aged ≥70 years to identify preoperative risk factors. Phase 2 evaluated a 14-day home-based exercise and cognitive training program (59 intervention; 79 controls).

FINDINGS: Phase 1 identified preoperative bed rest (OR = 6.66, P =.03) and inadequate comprehension of orientation materials (OR = 18.17, P =.02) as significant POD risk factors. In Phase 2, POD occurred in 5.1% of the intervention group versus 12.7% of controls (P =.153). Adherence was high: 69.5% completed exercise training, 76.3% completed cognitive training, and 64.4% achieved full completion of both intervention components. No adverse events were reported. Although statistical significance was not reached, a trend toward reduced POD incidence was observed.

CONCLUSIONS: A nurse-led, dual-component preoperative intervention combining physical and cognitive training demonstrated high feasibility, strong adherence, and potential clinical applicability in elderly hip surgery patients. These findings support further investigation of scalable non-pharmacological perioperative strategies for POD prevention.

PMID:42599249 | DOI:10.1016/j.jopan.2026.06.017

Traffic Inj Prev. 2026 Aug 14:1-8. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2026.2710811. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Overtaking maneuvers between motor vehicles and bicycles (OVB) represent a critical hazard for cyclists due to required lateral clearances and vehicle speeds. This study aims to evaluate the OVB process in urban environments, focusing on the main geometric and operational attributes that influence cyclists’ objective road safety indicators.

METHODS: A quasi-naturalistic observational study was conducted on urban roads in Fortaleza, Brazil, using an instrumented bicycle. Data on vehicle speed, lateral passing distance, lane configuration, vehicle type, and the presence of adjacent traffic were collected across 1,075 overtaking maneuvers. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the impact of these attributes on safety indicators.

RESULTS: Analysis revealed that 76% of observed passing maneuvers violated the Brazilian national recommendation of maintaining a minimum lateral distance of 1.50 m. The presence of cycling infrastructure and the absence of traffic in adjacent lanes were significantly associated with greater passing distances. Furthermore, a behavioral compensatory threshold was identified at a 0.85-meter lateral distance: drivers modulated speed as a risk-mitigation mechanism only during critical clearances, whereas no speed adjustments were observed at the 1.50-meter legal threshold.

CONCLUSIONS: A vast majority of drivers fail to comply with recommended passing distances, highlighting the need for targeted infrastructure and operational interventions. The existence of dedicated cycling facilities effectively improves lateral separation. Moreover, drivers adapt speed only under extreme proximity (under 0.85 m), demonstrating that legal limits alone do not induce safer driver behavior without structural or physical support.

PMID:42599244 | DOI:10.1080/15389588.2026.2710811

Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater. 2026 Aug 1;82(Pt 4):367-368. doi: 10.1107/S205252062600795X. Epub 2026 Aug 1.

ABSTRACT

Computational crystal engineering approaches to design multicomponent solid forms are a popular means to target experiments that are likely to result in successful outcomes. By utilizing statistics of intermolecular interactions across a large database of experimental crystal structures, Stevens et al. [Acta Cryst. (2026), B82, 391-398] provide a rapid means of identifying key synthons for rational cocrystal design.

PMID:42599227 | DOI:10.1107/S205252062600795X

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2026 Aug 14:15303667261479462. doi: 10.1177/15303667261479462. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Global dengue cases have surged in recent years. In Ecuador, reported cases increased from 27,906 in 2023 to 57,712 in 2024. Despite the availability of multiple vaccines in other countries, factors such as socioeconomic disparities, climate change, and vaccine hesitancy continue to hinder prevention efforts. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of the Ecuadorian population and explore possible reasons for hesitancy toward the dengue vaccine.

METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. Online surveys, adapted from Kricorian et al., were distributed via the Qualtrics app between June 1st, 2024, and June 25, 2025. Eligible participants were Ecuadorian, at least 18 years old, and had a minimal education level of bachelor. Statistical analysis included descriptive percentages and chi-square tests, with significance set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS: A total of 735 participants were included. Most perceived a dengue vaccine as safe (87.2%, n = 641), while 12.8% (n = 94) considered it unsafe. Overall, 75.9% expressed willingness to be vaccinated. Perceived vaccine safety was significantly associated with vaccination willingness, region of residence, and willingness to vaccinate offspring (all p < 0.001), but not with education level, dengue understanding (p = 0.747), or prior dengue experience (p = 0.111).

CONCLUSION: Most Ecuadorians perceive dengue vaccines as safe, yet hesitancy persists. Targeted educational efforts are essential to improve acceptance and coverage.

PMID:42599207 | DOI:10.1177/15303667261479462

Oncologist. 2026 Aug 14:oyag325. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyag325. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype for which neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is used for locally advanced (LA) disease. Patients with TNBC who experienced a pathologic complete response (pCR) following NACT have been found to have extended overall survival (OS) compared to patients with residual disease. Sparse data exists on the frequency and impact of pCR following NACT for TNBC in East Africa.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with LA TNBC who received NACT between 2018 and 2022 at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya. After NACT, patients underwent mastectomy in which specimens were reviewed histologically as either pCR or residual disease in the breast and/or axilla. Clinical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meier methods.

RESULTS: Sixty-nine women with LA TNBC were included. Patient characteristics at diagnosis: Median age = 51 years (IQR 44-60); T4 disease = 34 (49%); and nodal involvement = 62(91%). Forty-six patients (67%) received anthracycline/taxane-based chemotherapy with a median of 8 cycles (IQR 6-8), and 47 (68%) underwent mastectomy, with only 7% achieving pCR. Assuming all lost-to-follow-ups died, the worst-case OS was 83% and 56% at 1 and 2 years, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: In this LMIC setting, patients who presented with LA TNBC had lower pCR rates following NACT than observed in high-income countries. Our findings highlight the critical need for innovative, cost-effective programs focused on early detection of breast cancer, linkage of care, and delivery of more effective therapies to improve outcomes in the region.

PMID:42599194 | DOI:10.1093/oncolo/oyag325

Can Rev Sociol. 2026 Nov;63(4):e70048. doi: 10.1111/cars.70048.

ABSTRACT

Suicide rates among Indigenous Peoples in Canada remain significantly higher than those in non-Indigenous populations, yet explanations have mostly focused on individual and clinical factors. This study offers a sociological perspective by framing suicidality as an anomic response to structural frustration and strain caused by settler colonialism. In this view, patterns of suicidality, like patterns of drug use, are seen not as symptoms of personal pathology but as effects of structural harm experienced by Indigenous communities. Using data from the 2017 Aboriginal Peoples Survey, the analysis explores how structural conditions, together with constellations, relate to differences in suicidal thoughts. The results reveal that functional disability and unmet medical needs are strongly linked to both past and recent suicidal ideation, while residential instability correlates with past suicidal ideation. Marital ties are associated with lower levels of past suicidality. Variations across Indigenous identities remain, with Inuit respondents showing higher levels of suicidal thoughts. Mental health and a constellation of coping mechanisms also relate to suicidality. These findings emphasize the need to view suicidality within the context of broader structural inequalities and contribute to a sociological understanding that is informed by Indigenous and decolonial scholarship.

PMID:42599191 | DOI:10.1111/cars.70048

Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2026 Sep;46(3):e70161. doi: 10.1002/npr2.70161.

ABSTRACT

Behavioral tests in mice and other animals are widely used to study anxiety and to evaluate the efficacy of anxiolytic compounds. However, the validity of behavioral tests used to assess anxiety-like behavior has been questioned because their results are often inconsistent and not readily replicated across studies. We developed a simple falling-trap test to examine whether the number of falls could serve as an index of anxiety-like behavior. The test is designed to produce falls from an elevated path, based on the hypothesis that less-anxious mice would be more prone to fall. Male C57BL/6N mice were given vehicle or chlordiazepoxide (CDP), and their behavior was evaluated using both the novel test and the elevated plus maze (EPM). The outcomes were the number of falls in the falling-trap test and open-arm time in the EPM. In the falling-trap test, CDP-treated mice did not show a statistically significant increase in the number of falls compared with control mice. In contrast, CDP significantly increased open-arm time in the EPM. Thus, under the present experimental conditions, these findings did not support the hypothesis that the number of falls in the falling-trap test could serve as a measure of anxiety-like behavior. Further studies are needed to determine the conditions under which this assay could be useful and to establish its reliability and validity.

PMID:42599184 | DOI:10.1002/npr2.70161

Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2026 Aug 10;60:e20250594. doi: 10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2025-0594en. eCollection 2026.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the risk of developmental delay in children and mothers’ perceptions of urban infrastructure.

METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Salvador, Bahia, with mothers and children under 6 years of age registered at health units. Child development was assessed using the Survey of Well-being of Young Children, validated for the Brazilian population, and mothers’ perceptions of urban infrastructure were assessed using the Child-Friendly Neighborhood for Early Childhood scale (green/open, playful, safe, accessible, and inclusive). Descriptive statistical analyses and logistic regression models were used. All ethical aspects were respected.

RESULTS: A total of 503 mother-child dyads participated, and the risk of developmental delay was 11%. Regarding urban infrastructure, 41% of mothers considered their neighborhood green/open, 45% playful, 37% safe, 93% accessible, and 29% inclusive. Only mothers’ perception that the neighborhood was safe was associated with a lower likelihood of risk of developmental delay in children (OR = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.15-0.71; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Maternal perception of neighborhood safety was associated with a lower likelihood of risk of developmental delay in children.

PMID:42599183 | DOI:10.1590/1980-220X-REEUSP-2025-0594en

Chaos. 2026 Aug 1;36(8):083128. doi: 10.1063/5.0345566.

ABSTRACT

Homophily, the tendency of individuals to interact with similar others, is key to understand social dynamics. This concept has traditionally been measured in a k-uniform hypergraph model that accounts group interactions involving exactly k individuals (k ≥ 2). However, real-world interactions do not always involve the same number of individuals. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new descriptive homophily measure for general social hypergraphs where group interactions involve arbitrary number of individuals. We establish constraints of monotonic and majority homophily for two-class labels, providing a framework for analyzing homophily patterns. Experiments on several datasets reveal systematic deviations in hyperedge composition associated with node class labels relative to a label-independent baseline, offering insights into homophily pattern in complex social networks. This work bridges the gap between theoretical measures and practical applications in non-uniform hypergraphs, advancing the understanding of social and structural dynamics.

PMID:42599155 | DOI:10.1063/5.0345566

Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2026 Sep-Oct;61(5):e70311. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.70311.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The application of non-invasive brain stimulation in the rehabilitation of bilingual individuals with aphasia following a stroke is understudied. Recent studies show benefits of anodal cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in bilinguals, while in monolinguals, repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) targeting the motor cortex of the lips seems to be effective in aphasia recovery.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effects of inhibitory continuous theta burst rTMS stimulation targeting the right motor cortex of the lips during picture naming task in the second language of a French-English post-stroke bilingual individual.

METHODS: We enrolled a single bilingual (PR) exhibiting chronic post-stroke aphasia in both her second language (L2), and first language (L1). In the present study PR engaged in naming tasks three times a week for six weeks, including 2-week baseline, 2-week intervention and 2-week follow-up.

RESULTS: The results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in naming accuracy in the second language of the patient, as evidenced by visual analysis in both cognate and non-cognate words, as well as, overall language accuracy. Visual analysis revealed a positive improvement in all variables, with the greatest improvements observed in phonology, overall accuracy, and pathological language switching.

CONCLUSION: The stimulation of the motor cortex of the lips resulted in an improvement in naming accuracy in both the first and second language of the participant, despite the possible varying language recovery after stroke. This suggests the possible existence of shared representations of language in the brain, which is likely due to the similarities between the languages. Further studies are required to confirm the efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation in bilingual individuals with aphasia for deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms influencing these outcomes.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject The application of non-invasive brain stimulation in bilinguals with post-stroke aphasia is understudied. Studies have indicated that the cortical organization of each language in bilingual individuals may exhibit overlap particularly in the case of similar languages, leading to a pathological language switching following cerebral lesions. A study by Coemans et al. (2023) demonstrated the efficacy of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation in bilingual individuals. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation during a naming task on the second language of a post-stroke bilingual aphasia individual and to gain insight into the cortical organisation of each language. What this study adds to existing knowledge The present study demonstrates the potential of inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the right motor cortex of the lips to enhance picture naming accuracy in both languages and reduce pathological language switching in bilingual individuals with aphasia. The results demonstrate that rTMS not only facilitates recovery in each language but also has a beneficial impact on the cognitive control mechanisms involved in language switching, particularly for cognate words. That suggests that rTMS impacts both the targeted motor areas and broader cognitive networks, thereby providing insights into the bilingual language recovery process and highlighting the benefits of rTMS in bilingual aphasia. What are the clinical implications of this study? The clinical implications of this study indicate that rTMS may serve as a valuable tool for enhancing naming abilities and, consequently, language abilities in bilingual patients, particularly when the two languages exhibit similarities. The results suggest that rTMS targeting the motor cortex of the lip has the potential to simultaneously address linguistic and cognitive aspects of bilingual aphasia by targeting the phonological pathway and brain regions involved in cognitive control and language selection. These findings may assist clinicians in the development of personalized rehabilitation strategies for bilingual individuals with post-stroke aphasia.

PMID:42599151 | DOI:10.1111/1460-6984.70311