Tag: pubmed

Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-25575-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Grouping by proximity is a fundamental principle of human vision where elements close to each other are perceived as a group. This study examined the hysteresis effect in proximity-based grouping of dots in rectangular lattices in the presence of orientation biases. To induce perceptual switching, interdot distances in a specific direction were gradually increased or decreased on a trial-by-trial basis during ascending and descending sequences. To address orientation biases, stimuli were presented along two axes, each with two orientations. This design allowed investigation of perceptual switching between vertical and horizontal grouping in the cardinal axis and between 45° and 135° grouping in the oblique axis. Data from 34 participants were analyzed by fitting psychometric functions and the Lotka-Volterra-Haken (LVH) model-a dynamical model of neural population competition-with statistical analysis using linear mixed-effects models. The results revealed a strong preference for the vertical orientation in the cardinal axis and a slight bias toward 135° in the oblique axis. A significant hysteresis effect was found in both axes, with ascending transition points consistently exceeded descending points. Interestingly, this effect remained unaffected by stimulus axis or orientation, indicating robustness against orientation biases. A significant positive correlation in hysteresis across axes suggests it may represent a personal perceptual characteristic. The LVH model’s numerical simulation effectively captured the dynamic behavior of competing responses and their bifurcation during perceptual switching. The model demonstrated acceptable accuracy in estimating transition points and simulating individual responses. Moreover, its parameters reflected the observed data patterns and provided a mechanistic account of perceptual switching in proximity-based grouping.

PMID:41390855 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-25575-3

Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-31124-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important source of plant-based protein and oil, but its cultivation is highly sensitive to climate conditions. In Poland, interest in soybean is growing due to climate change and increasing demand for protein-rich crops. However, cultivation of photophilic crops is still limited. This study presents results from field trials conducted in Northern Poland from 2017 to 2019, involving 13 registered soybean cultivars tested at 10 locations. The aim of the study was to evaluate seed yield, protein and fat content and protein yield under varying environmental conditions. Weather variability, particularly temperature and rainfall, had a greater influence on results than the cultivar tested. Advanced statistical analyses showed that, of all 13 tested cultivars, Moravians (mid-late) had the most favorable WAAS and GSI values in terms of protein yield. According to WTOP3 score, the Kofu (late) cultivar had the highest adaptability for seeds yield and protein yield. Protein yield is the most important indicator of the profitablility of soybean cultivation in countries with a deficit of feed plant protein. The study supports targeted cultivar selection to improve soybean production under changing climate conditions in countries located at higher latitudes, such as Poland.

PMID:41390847 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-31124-9

Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1186/s13287-025-04824-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Radiation-induced xerostomia (RIX) is a frequent, debilitating complication of head and neck radiotherapy for cancer. Preclinical studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may protect and regenerate salivary glands, but clinical evidence remains fragmented. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy for RIX patients.

METHODS: Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane, and CNKI were conducted up to July 2025 to identify relevant clinical studies. Two investigators independently screened records. A total of seven trials (n = 360 participants) were included. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4 and R Studio, with unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWS) as the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWS), Xerostomia Questionnaire (XQ) scores, and serious adverse events (SAE). Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4 and R 4.5.1, with UWS as the primary endpoint. Heterogeneity was assessed by I² and large-study effects by Egger’s test. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD420250521958).

RESULTS: Pooled analysis of the seven trials showed a statistically significant but clinically negligible increase in UWS with MSCs compared to controls (WMD = 0.02 mL/min, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.03, p = 0.04). No significant differences were found for SWS (WMD = – 0.12 mL/min, 95% CI – 0.28 to 0.04) or XQ scores (WMD = – 0.54, 95% CI – 1.96 to 0.88; p = 0.46). The risk of SAE was not significantly different between groups (OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.00-3.84, p = 0.05). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² >90%). Exploratory network meta-analysis suggested that bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSC) might outperform adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSC), but this finding is hypothesis-generating due to being based on a single BMMSC study.

CONCLUSIONS: MSC transplantationresults in a statistically significant but clinically marginal improvement in UWS for RIX, with no significant increase in SAE. The current evidence does not support the superiority of MSC therapy over conventional management. Future large-scale trials are required to determine if optimized MSC strategies can achieve clinically meaningful benefits.

PMID:41390814 | DOI:10.1186/s13287-025-04824-2

Eur J Med Res. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03354-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIMD) is a severe yet potentially reversible complication of sepsis, characterized by myocardial dysfunction and associated with high short-term mortality. Conventional scoring systems and traditional statistical models inadequately capture the complex pathophysiology of SIMD, highlighting the need for robust prognostic tools.

METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1068 adult SIMD patients from the MIMIC-IV database, of whom 236 (22.1%) died within 28 days of ICU discharge. Candidate predictors were screened using Boruta, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation (RFECV). Eight machine learning algorithms were developed and compared. Model performance was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, decision curve analysis, confusion matrices, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistics. Model interpretability was assessed with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP).

RESULTS: Seven independent predictors were identified: Acute Physiology Score III (APS III), age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), cerebrovascular disease, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate, and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB). Logistic regression achieved consistent discrimination, with AUC values of 0.80 (95% CI 0.79-0.82) in the training set, 0.80 (95% CI 0.77-0.84) in the validation set, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.94) in the test set. Model accuracies were 70.0%, 67.0%, and 79.0%, respectively, with sensitivities ranging from 0.76-0.82 and specificities from 0.65-0.79. Negative predictive values (NPV) remained high (0.91-0.93), while positive predictive values (PPV) were moderate (0.38-0.52). The K-S statistic indicated strong discrimination (0.46, 0.45, and 0.52 across cohorts). SHAP analysis confirmed APS III (≈0.11), age (≈0.05), and ALP (≈0.03) as the most influential predictors, with CCI (≈0.02) and CK-MB (≈0.01) contributing modest but clinically relevant effects.

CONCLUSION: We established and validated a parsimonious logistic regression model with robust discrimination (AUC up to 0.88) and calibration (K-S > 0.45). The model underscores acute illness severity, aging, and hepatic dysfunction as principal determinants of short-term mortality in SIMD, offering valuable support for early risk stratification in critical care.

PMID:41390809 | DOI:10.1186/s40001-025-03354-0

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1186/s12933-025-03033-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) are long-chain fatty acids that have shown cardioprotective effects through lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory, and membrane-stabilizing properties. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the cardioprotective effects of icosapent ethyl (IPE), an ethyl ester of omega-3 fatty (EPA), focusing on its role on mechano-transduction, a process linking cardiac contractility to intracellular signaling, that becomes dysregulated in hyperglycaemia or disturbed blood flow, both major contributors to cardiovascular diseases.

METHODS: We conducted in vivo meta-analyses to assess the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiac contractility and inflammation in patients with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic diseases. We investigated the effects of IPE on mechano-transduction, assessing the activation of the YAP/TAZ signalling pathway, in cardiomyocyte cells AC16 exposed to normal (NG) or high glucose (HG) conditions. We defined the role of IPE against hyperglycaemia-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolism, and apoptosis by evaluating key biomarkers by Western Blot and Real-time PCR. We evaluated IPE’s impact on YAP/TAZ activation and on gene expression and protein levels of primary markers related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism in a dynamic flow model of AC16 cardiomyocytes, to mimic in vivo shear stress.

RESULTS: In vivo meta-analyses showed a significant increase of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF%) (mean: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9) and a significant reduction of inflammatory markers (mean: – 1.24, 95% CI: 2.05-0.44) in patients treated with omega-3. IPE treatment reduced the activation of YAP/TAZ pathway induced by HG exposure in AC16 cells. IPE partially reversed HG-induced changes in markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolism and apoptosis (p < 0.05). Similarly, in a dynamic model of shear stress, IPE treatment mitigated the turbulent flow-mediated changes in YAP/TAZ pathway, inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a cardioprotective role of IPE through modulation of hyperglycaemia-induced mechano-transduction dysregulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Additionally, our results on a shear stress model showing that IPE restores upstream regulators of YAP/TAZ and reduces disturbed flow-induced activation of pro-inflammatory pathways, suggest that IPE may exert a therapeutic effect on cardiovascular disorders associated with disturbed blood flow and hemodynamic stress.

PMID:41390804 | DOI:10.1186/s12933-025-03033-8

BMC Pediatr. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-06403-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies, encompassing structural or functional defects present at birth, pose a significant global health challenge. Addressing congenital anomalies can contribute significantly to further reducing neonatal mortality and advancing overall child health in Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the magnitude, pattern, birth outcome, and determinants of congenital anomalies among newborns in Ethiopia.

METHODS: Employing a facility-based cross-sectional design over one month, the study enrolled 813 deliveries attending two public and private maternal and child health centers. We used consecutive sampling of all eligible deliveries who fulfils the inclusion criteria during the study period and meticulously screened for congenital anomalies using a well-designed pictorialized data collection tool by training pediatricians and midwives. To determine the strength of the association and identify independent predictors of birth defects, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval were computed using binary logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: Forty-six neonates (5.66%, 95% CI: 4.17%-7.47%) had one or more congenital anomalies detected on physical examination. Of these, 36 had a single anomaly, while 10 had multiple malformations. There were a combined 60 anomalies among the 46 newborn babies. The majority of the patients had central nervous system anomalies (31.7%), followed by genitourinary system (25.4%) and musculoskeletal system (22.2%) anomalies. The odds of birth defects increased by 3.73 for women attending a private hospital compared to those attending a public hospital (AOR 3.73, 95% CI 1.67, 8.32). The odds of birth defects were 1.97 times greater for males than for females (AOR 1.97, 95% CI 0.99, 3.91; p = 0.051), which is clinically or practically significant even if the p value is slightly above the cutoff point, 0.05. The odds of birth defects were found to be 9.3 times greater among neonates with very low birth weight and low birth weight than among neonates with appropriate birth weight (AOR 9.29, 95% CI 3.41, 25.31). Primipara women had 3.64 times greater odds of delivering babies with birth defects than did multipara women (AOR 3.64, 95% CI 1.45, 9.13). In this study, perinatal mortality was markedly higher among newborns with congenital anomalies (37%) compared to those without anomalies (1%), and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study provides important insights into the prevalence, patterns, birth outcomes, and predictors of congenital anomalies. The high anomaly rates highlight the need for comprehensive prenatal care, including early diagnosis, risk factor monitoring, and targeted interventions for private MCH clinics, male neonates, low birth weight infants, and primipara women. Further longitudinal research and collaboration with the Ministry of Health to establish a congenital anomaly surveillance system can improve the understanding and management of these conditions.

PMID:41390802 | DOI:10.1186/s12887-025-06403-z

Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-31534-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Human children and adults learn from statistical evidence and acquire new knowledge across many domains. Under some circumstances, human adults and nonhuman animals can suspend perceptual and cognitive priors given counterevidence. Can human learners also suspend core principles that guide our reasoning about objects and agents starting in infancy (e.g., objects are solid and cannot pass through each other; agents take the most efficient path to accomplish their goal)? In 12 experiments, we found that adults (N = 209 for physical principles; N = 189 for psychological principles) and 4- to 6-year-old children (N = 96 for physical principles; N = 96 for psychological principles) suspended these core principles on a screen when provided with as few as 3 to 6 pieces of counterevidence of each principle. Participants more readily accepted the counterevidence and were more likely to generalize counterintuitive principles for psychological than physical principles. These findings are consistent with two different conclusions: The first challenges the core knowledge view and demonstrates the power and flexibility of human learning, and the second suggests humans apply sophisticated reasoning to on-screen events. This study paves the way for future studies to test whether humans can suspend core principles in real-world contexts.

PMID:41390796 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-31534-9

Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-31717-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The agricultural sector in Tamil Nadu’s Cauvery Delta Region, a crucial contributor to the state’s economy and a primary source of livelihood, is experiencing declining productivity due to shifts in weather patterns and soil conditions. Although Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) systems in agriculture are context-specific and resource-based, the evolving climate and soil characteristics necessitate the integration of modern technologies with traditional practices to promote climate resilience and sustainable crop production. Addressing this, the manuscript explores the use of statistical models, Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) for region-specific weather forecasting and crop recommendation. However, predicting future Weather dynamically and offering adaptive crop suggestions remains a significant challenge. This article introduces the Dynamic SG-SKRDX model, a hybrid approach that integrates crop recommendations with futuristic weather forecasts. The model predicts current and future weather conditions in the Cauvery Delta Region using a Support Vector Regressor (SVR)-Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) (SG) model, which has been enhanced through hyperparameter tuning and cross-validation. This SG model forecasts temperature, humidity, and precipitation for the delta regions using ten years of historical meteorological data. For crop recommendation based on these forecasts, the study employs a dynamic ensemble of ML models – Support Vector Machine (SVM), K Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) – termed Dynamic SKRDX. This dynamic ensemble intelligently selects the best-performing ML models based on changes in the predicted weather variables. Evaluation of the Dynamic SG-SKRDX model reveals strong performance, with the SG weather model achieving 0.65% MSE, 8.07% RMSE, 4.69% MAE, and 65.49% R-Squared. The dynamic SKRDX crop recommendation model attained 93.41% accuracy, 93.72% precision, 93.41% recall, and a 93.33% F1-Score. The proposed Dynamic SG-SKRDX model demonstrates superior capabilities in forecasting future Weather and recommending region-specific crops in the Cauvery Delta Region, offering a pathway towards technology-driven, sustainable agriculture and improved economic stability for the region.

PMID:41390771 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-31717-4

Implement Sci Commun. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1186/s43058-025-00835-5. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Little is known about effective implementation processes by which counties can improve treatment services to keep people with mental illness and substance use disorders out of local jails. This study examines hypothesized implementation mechanisms (relationship building, performance monitoring, interagency coordination, capacity building, and infrastructure programming) as predictors of outcomes (improved community services) and as mediators of the effects of a national implementation intervention (Stepping Up [SU]), on community services.

METHODS: A survey was conducted of mental health, substance use, jail, and probation administrators in 519 U.S. counties, of which 328 counties participated in a national jail reform effort (SU). Survey data were combined with descriptive data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Predictors included hypothesized implementation mechanisms (performance monitoring, interagency coordination teams, creating integrated systems of care, capacity building, relationship building, and quality programming). Covariates included county sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., size of county, size of jail, etc.) and general county service characteristics (e.g., primary care physicians per capita, Medicaid expansion). Implementation outcomes included number of evidence-based practices (EBPs) and evidence-based mental health treatments (MH-EBTs) for individuals with mental illness involved with justice systems. Multilevel regression analyses examined cross-sectional: (1) effects of Stepping Up on outcomes; (2) effects of implementation mechanisms on implementation outcomes; and (3) implementation mechanisms as mediators of the effects of Stepping up on implementation outcomes.

FINDINGS: SU was found to significantly predict the number of EBPs and MH-EBTs controlling for various demographic characteristics of the counties. When implementation mechanisms were added to these models, SU is no longer statistically significant. Instead, two implementation mechanisms (performance monitoring and interagency coordination) and Medicaid funding significantly predicted the availability of both EBP and/or MH-EBT. Other factors that predicted MH-EBTs include relationship building size of the county, rate of primary care physicians, rate of MH providers in the county, and jail population size. Mediation models found that SU significantly predicted these evidence-based outcomes through implementation mechanisms except interagency coordination.

CONCLUSIONS: Little is known about the implementation mechanisms to decarcerate and build programming for mental health services in a county. SU is an important attribute to facilitate reform both directly and indirectly through implementation mechanisms. Counties can benefit from use of relationship building activities to advance policy and service reform efforts, identifying performance metrics of their system, and having infrastructure available to improve the availability of EBPs. Overall, policy changes are possible, but an emphasis should be on strategies that increase the availability of EBPs and MH-EBTs.

PMID:41390748 | DOI:10.1186/s43058-025-00835-5

Eur J Med Res. 2025 Dec 13. doi: 10.1186/s40001-025-03676-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Ustekinumab (UST), a monoclonal antibody that blocks the p40 subunit of both interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, is widely used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. As UST use continues to increase in real-world clinical practice, it is becoming increasingly imperative to establish a more comprehensive understanding of its safety profile. The aim was to assess the safety of UST treatment in patients with IBD.

METHODS: Data on adverse events experienced by UST-treated patients with IBD were extracted from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) for the period of Q4 2009-Q4 2024. Disproportionality was assessed using four statistical measures, including the reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, multi‑item gamma‑Poisson shrinker method, and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network model. Furthermore, a Weibull distribution analysis was conducted to model the time‑to‑onset of adverse events.

RESULTS: A total of 22687 reports identified UST as the primary suspect drug for IBD and covered 27 system organ classes (SOCs), with injury, poisoning and procedural complications (n = 13676), gastrointestinal disorders (n = 9563), and infections and infestations (n = 8035) being the three with the highest frequency. Positive signals led to the identification of potential adverse events that are not widely documented in the labeling, including urinary tract infections, seizures, hepatic enzyme upregulation, hepatic steatosis, cholelithiasis, cerebrovascular accidents, and transient ischemic attacks. Furthermore, UST‑related adverse events follow an early‑failure model, and their reports gradually decline as treatment duration lengthens.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides comprehensive real-world insights into the safety of UST use in IBD treatment, corroborating known adverse reactions and identifying additional potential risks. Robust pharmacovigilance and long-term monitoring are essential to support personalized UST therapy and facilitate informed risk-benefit assessments.

PMID:41390741 | DOI:10.1186/s40001-025-03676-z