Tag: pubmed

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31598. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80074-1.

ABSTRACT

Mucosal injury is common during consensual intercourse and induces an inflammatory response that could contribute to pathogen transmission including HIV. Here, we compared mucosal immune and microbiome responses to experimentally induced mucosal injury between men who have sex with men engaging in receptive anal intercourse (MSM-RAI) and men who do not engage in RAI (controls), all without HIV. Rectal mucosal secretions were collected from adult MSM-RAI (n = 19) and controls (n = 6) via anoscopy before and up to eight days after experimentally induced injury. Mucosal healing was evaluated by repeated injury surface area measurements with digital imaging. MSM-RAI demonstrated overall significantly higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a distinct rectal microbiome compared with controls. Wound healing was numerically faster in MSM-RAI but did not meet statistical significance (p = 0.09). Different cytokine injury response patterns were observed between MSM-RAI and controls; however, IL-6 and IP-10 were important mediators in both groups. Microbial guilds, particularly from the Lachnospiraceae and Prevotellaceae families, were associated with rectal mucosal inflammation. This work is the first experimental study of rectal mucosal injury and the immune environment in healthy humans and provides a more nuanced understanding of rectal mucosal inflammation after injury, which can inform our understanding of HIV transmission.

PMID:39738273 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-80074-1

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31640. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80431-0.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to calculate Italy’s first national maternal mortality ratio (MMR) through an innovative record-linkage approach within the enhanced Italian Obstetric Surveillance System (ItOSS). A record-linkage retrospective cohort study was conducted nationwide, encompassing all women aged 11-59 years with one or more hospitalizations related to pregnancy or pregnancy outcomes from 2011 to 2019. Maternal deaths were identified by integrating data from the Death Registry and national and regional Hospital Discharge Databases supported by the integration of findings from confidential enquiries conducted through active surveillance. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), direct MMR (DMMR), and causes of maternal death are the study main outcomes. The MMR was found to be 8.4 per 100,000 live births (95% CI 7.5-9.3), significantly higher than the 3.9 per 100,000 (95% CI 3.3-4.5) calculated solely from the Death Registry, with a notable declining trend over the study period. Causes of death have been classified according to the 10th International Classification of Diseases. Within 42 days from pregnancy outcome, leading causes were obstetric haemorrhage, sepsis, and cardiovascular diseases. Late maternal deaths were primarily attributed to suicide, malignancies, and cardiovascular diseases. This integrated methodology provides a comprehensive understanding of maternal mortality trends and causes in Italy, offering valuable insights for countries utilizing or planning enhanced surveillance systems.

PMID:39738258 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-80431-0

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31797. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82892-9.

ABSTRACT

Tropical cyclone risks are expected to increase with climate change. One such risk is extreme ocean waves generated by surface winds from these systems. We use synthetic databases of both historical (1980-2017) and future (2015-2050) tropical cyclone tracks to generate wind fields and force a computationally efficient wave model to estimate significant wave heights across all global tropical cyclone basins. These data are then used to estimate 1 in 100-year return period significant wave height for both the historical period and the future under an SSP585 high emissions scenario. The results show that by 2050, there are projected increases in 100-year significant wave height of up to 1.5 m (10%) in the Eastern and Western Pacific, South Indian and South Pacific Ocean basins. The North Atlantic basin shows no consistent trend, whilst the North Indian basin (particularly the Bay of Bengal) shows a statistically significant decrease in extreme significant wave height. The results represent the first attempt to quantify the magnitude of expected changes in extreme wave height conditions generated by extreme tropical cyclones across all tropical cyclone basins.

PMID:39738255 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-82892-9

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31693. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81073-y.

ABSTRACT

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common finding among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. However there is scarce data that shows the magnitude of excessive daytime sleepiness, & its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, the study aimed to assess the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and its associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Wolkite University Specialized Hospital. A Hospital-based cross-sectional study was employed from January 15 to March 15, 2022, among 229 Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Data was collected by semi-structured questionnaires, then entered into the Epi data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25.0 for analysis. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and statistical significance was set at P-value < 0.05. The prevalence of Excessive daytime sleepiness among type 2 diabetes mellitus was 27.1%. Age (AOR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.03, 1.12), frequent snoring (AOR: 2.9; 95%CI: 1.24, 6.80), comorbid hypertension (AOR: 2.64; 95%CI: 1.17, 5.96), obesity (AOR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.03, 7.13), and poor glycemic control (AOR: 6.68; 95%CI: 1.83, 24.41) were independently associated with Excessive daytime sleepiness among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Excessive daytime sleepiness was reported in more than a quarter of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Age, frequent snoring, hypertension, obesity, and poor glycemic control were significantly associated with Excessive daytime sleepiness among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Therefore health care providers should assess not only for how well their patients’ diabetes is controlled but also for excessive daytime sleepiness.

PMID:39738226 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-81073-y

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31704. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81615-4.

ABSTRACT

While a broad consensus about the first successful migration modern humans out of Africa seems established, the peopling of Arabia remains somewhat enigmatic. Identifying the ancestral populations that contributed to the gene pool of the current populations inhabiting Arabia and the impact of their contributions remains a challenging task. We investigate the genetic makeup of the current Yemeni population using 46 whole genomes and 169 genotype arrays derived from Yemeni individuals from all geographic regions across Yemen and 351 genotype arrays derived from neighboring populations providing regional context. Principal Component Analysis shows stratification between Yemen districts but also with respect to nearby populations: Yemeni, other Arabian and Bedouin samples form a continuum towards the populations of the Levant, whereas East Africa and India appear strongly differentiated. This finding is further supported by higher Principal Components, admixture and haplogroup analyses, and F-statistics. Moreover, two-reference linkage disequilibrium decay estimates are most significant for Yemeni admixture from an ancient northern influx (up to 5220BP from Palestine) and East Africa (750BP). We show that the initial gene flow into the Yemeni populations of today came from the rest of Arabia and the Levant, and a less substantial and more recent genetic impact into coastal Yemen from East Africa, particularly.

PMID:39738224 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-81615-4

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31668. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81188-2.

ABSTRACT

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment has proven successful for advanced melanoma, but is associated with potentially severe toxicity and high costs. Accurate biomarkers for response are lacking. The present work is the first to investigate the value of deep learning on CT imaging of metastatic lesions for predicting ICI treatment outcomes in advanced melanoma. Adult patients that were treated with ICI for advanced melanoma were retrospectively identified from ten participating centers. A deep learning model (DLM) was trained on volumes of lesions on baseline CT to predict clinical benefit. The DLM was compared to and combined with a model of known clinical predictors (presence of liver and brain metastasis, level of lactate dehydrogenase, performance status and number of affected organs). A total of 730 eligible patients with 2722 lesions were included. The DLM reached an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of 0.607 [95%CI 0.565-0.648]. In comparison, a model of clinical predictors reached an AUROC of 0.635 [95%CI 0.59 -0.678]. The combination model reached an AUROC of 0.635 [95% CI 0.595-0.676]. Differences in AUROC were not statistically significant. The output of the DLM was significantly correlated with four of the five input variables of the clinical model. The DLM reached a statistically significant discriminative value, but was unable to improve over known clinical predictors. The present work shows that the assessment over known clinical predictors is an essential step for imaging-based prediction and brings important nuance to the almost exclusively positive findings in this field.

PMID:39738216 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-81188-2

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75565-0.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the safety and effect of omitting chest tubes after thoracoscopic lobectomy in children with congenital lung malformation. A multicenter retrospective study was performed with 632 thoracoscopic lobectomy CLM patients in four hospitals between 2014.1 and 2023.1, which were divided into non-chest tube (NCT)group and chest tube (CT)group. Baseline data, operation and follow-up outcomes were compared. In total, 312 patients were included in the NCT group, and 320 in the CT group. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the two groups. The FLACC scale score in the NCT group was less than the CT group (2.7 ± 0.43 vs. 5.8 ± 0.26 p = 0.027). The median length of postoperative hospital stay in the CT group was significantly longer than the NCT group (5 d vs.3 d, p = 0.045). Eight (2.5%) patients developed chest tube related infections in the CT group(p = 0.004). Six patients developed atelectasis in the NCT group, which was significantly less than the 18 patients in the CT group(p = 0.014). No chest tube placement in selected CLM pediatric patients may be safe and avoid chest tube-related complications, which may also contribute to a rapid recovery.

PMID:39738215 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-75565-0

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31600. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77534-z.

ABSTRACT

The geochemical and chemical constituents of river water quality could be influenced by human activities and organic processes like water interacting with the lithogenic structure that the river flows through. Evaluating evidence based primary root of the predominant pollutant ions, their interactions as well as the factors controlling their dominance is crucial in studies regarding water environment and hydrology especially as most studies focus on theoretical methods. In order to understand the water cycle, safeguard surface water resources, and preserve the human environment, this study evaluated surface water hydro-chemical facies, quality dynamics, and portability in southern Nigeria using multivariate statistical approaches by analyzing selected hydro-chemical characteristics as indicators of pollution along the river during wet and dry seasons. Twenty water samples were taken, analyzed, and subjected to mathematical statistics: Gibbs plot, trilinear piper analysis, stiff pattern analysis, ionic scatter analysis, correlation, and principal component analysis. Result of surface water recorded mean pH ranges from 4.8 for wet season and 5.3 for dry season, above the WHO, and during dry season TDS, Mg^2+, Pb, and Cd were above the WHO limits, respectively. Abundance of cation and anion in surface water was in a decreasing trend of: HCO₃ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Cl^– > Na⁺ > SO₄^2- > K + > NO₃^–. Trilinear plot, stiff pattern, and Gibbs ratio indicated hydrochemical facie of water dominated by calcium bicarbonate (Ca-HCO₃) water type. From plots and ionic ratio, the major hydrochemical process of water chemistry during wet and dry seasons was rock-water interaction arising majorly from weathering processes. Ionic ratios of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺¹, Ca²⁺ and HCO^2- [1:2], Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ and HCO^3- + SO4^2- [1:1], revealed dissolution of dolomite as their common origin, with total cations in wet and dry seasons ranging between 43 and 57% and total anions: 37.3-62.7, with dry season dominance. The overall WQI of the river seemed good quality due to rapid flow and self-purification of the river but may be harmful in the future. It was recommended that constant surveillance and monitoring of human activities along waterways be enforced in order to ensure that undesirable pollution levels don’t occur in the river.

PMID:39738172 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-77534-z

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31634. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80315-3.

ABSTRACT

This paper presented the preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties of Brazil nut shell activated carbon for catechol removal from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium adsorption of catechol molecules on this activated was experimentally quantified at pH 6 and temperatures ranging from 25 to 55 °C, and at 25 °C and pH ranging from 6 to 10. These results were utilized to elucidate the role of surface functionalities through statistical physics calculations. All these experimental adsorption isotherms were fitted and interpreted via a monolayer model with one energy, which was chosen as the optimal model. Model physicochemical parameters, which may be categorized as stereographic parameters such as the maximum adsorbed quantity (Q_M), the number of adsorbed catechol molecules per one Brazil nut shell activated carbon binding site (n), and the number of effectively occupied binding sites (N_M) and energetic parameter such as the half saturation concentration (C_HS), were analyzed. Microscopically speaking, these modeling results were employed to stereographically and energetically investigate the phenol derivative adsorption mechanism. The maximum catechol adsorbed quantities on this activated carbon ranged from 89.98 to 103.16 mg/g under the tested operating conditions. The adsorption of catechol molecules was found to be exothermic where the maximum adsorbed quantity augmented with solution temperature and the maximum adsorption efficiency was found 103.16 mg/g at 55 °C. In addition, it was found that the catechol molecules were adsorbed with nonparallel orientations on the activated carbon adsorbent since the numbers of catechol molecules per site were superior to 1 (1.10 < n < 1.86). Moreover, the calculated molar adsorption energies, which varied between 19.04 and 22.37 kJ/mol, showed exothermic (ΔE > 0) and physical (ΔE < 40 kJ/mol) adsorption process involving hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, electron donor-acceptor interactions, and dispersion forces. Finally, the tested adsorbent exhibited unimodal pore size and site energy distributions with peaks centered at pore radius ranging from 2.26 to 2.68 nm, and at adsorption energy ranging from 20.01 to 23.78 kJ/mol, respectively. Macroscopically speaking, three thermodynamic potentials, including the adsorption entropy, internal energy of adsorption, and Gibbs free energy, suggested that the adsorption of catechol on Brazil nut shell activated carbon was a spontaneous and exothermic mechanism.

PMID:39738147 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-80315-3

Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31574. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-79073-z.

ABSTRACT

This study aims to reduce engine emissions while maintaining engine performance and providing a sustainable fuel source for long-term use. It introduces a novel approach by combining pine oil (PO) and lemon grass oil (LGO) with diesel fuel in a specific ratio (10% PO + 10% LGO + 80% Diesel). This work is innovative in that it employs these two distinct low-viscosity biofuel blends in conjunction with diesel fuel in an agricultural engine, resulting in reduced carbon footprints in the tailpipe. The blend tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine showed that using PO and LGO together reduced UHC emissions by 42.96%, CO emissions by 20.79%, and smoke emissions by 26.26%, while keeping the BTE the same. However, there was a 7.16% rise in NO_x emissions. To decrease NO_x emissions, antioxidants-250 mg of p-phenylene diamine (10% PO + 10% LGO + 80% + 250 mg PPDA) and 100 mg of butylated hydroxy toluene (10% PO + 10% LGO + 80% + 100 mg BHT) were added. The blends were injected at different injection pressures of 300 bar, 450 bar, and 600 bar, which can result in a reduction in NO_x emissions of up to 11.78% and 10.99% for B2 + 300 bar and B3 + 300 bar, respectively. We used the SWOT study to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the mixed fuel, and employed the PUGH Matrix decision tool to carry out the sustainability assessment. The results showed that the blend (10% PO + 10% LGO + 80% Diesel + Antioxidant + 600 bar) is a sustainable fuel, considering environmental, social, and economic factors to be more feasible than pure diesel.

PMID:39738146 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-79073-z