Tag: pubmed

J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2026 Apr 29. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.70148. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Childhood adversity is widespread globally and is one of the strongest predictors of later psychopathology. However, the differential effects of type and timing of childhood adversities on childhood psychopathology remain unclear, highlighting the need to explore which life-course hypotheses (sensitive periods, accumulation of exposure, and/or recency of exposure) best explain these associations. Of particular importance, there is a lack of research in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where children experience higher rates of adversity relative to children in high-income countries (HIC).

METHODS: Participants included 787 children and their mothers from a South African birth cohort, the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Mothers reported child exposure to adversity from birth to 8 years of age across six adversity categories. We used the two-stage Structured Life-Course Modeling Approach (SLCMA) to examine life-course associations between childhood adversity exposures and internalizing/externalizing symptoms measured using the Child Behavior Checklist at age 8 years.

RESULTS: Maternal psychopathology, maternal adverse events, child food insecurity, and child exposure to community/domestic violence had the strongest associations with child psychopathology symptoms, with varying life-course models selected. The accumulation hypothesis best explained associations of maternal adverse events (partial R² = 2.3%) and child exposure to community/domestic violence (partial R² = 1.6%) with internalizing symptoms. The combined middle childhood sensitive period (age > 5-8) and recency hypotheses model best explained associations between maternal psychopathology and internalizing (partial R² = 7.0%) or externalizing (partial R² = 5.1%) symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: We identified that different types and timing of childhood adversity confer differential risk for childhood psychopathology symptoms in this LMIC sample. Our work has implications for strategically-timed intervention and prevention strategies to improve mental health, which may need to be specifically designed for children in LMIC.

PMID:42056733 | DOI:10.1111/jcpp.70148

Ren Fail. 2026 Dec;48(1):2644784. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2026.2644784. Epub 2026 Apr 29.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: As the traditional risk factors cannot account for all hypertension (HTN) incidents, it is of great importance to determine other risk factors. This study aimed to identify long-term HTN risk associated with annual change of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and prior adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) among women participating in a population-based study of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).

METHODS: This study was performed using prospectively ascertained data of TLGS. A total of 2,404 women with recorded data of eGFR measurements and APO status participated. Data collection was conducted according to the standard guide of TLGS. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of HTN.

RESULTS: A total of 2,404 women were enrolled. Adjusted model shows that, a one z-score positive eGFR change was associated with a reduced risk of developing HTN among women with a history of APOs (HR= 0.816, 95% CI: 0.708-0.939, p = 0.005). In contrast, no significant association was observed among women without a history of APOs (HR= 1.027, 95% CI: 0.913-1.156, p = 0.645). We also observed a statistically significant interaction between APO status and annual eGFR change for HTN incidence in total population (interaction p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION: The history of APOs is accompanied by alterations in kidney function in the long term. In women with a history of APOs, a positive change in eGFR levels was independently associated with a lower risk of HTN.

PMID:42056731 | DOI:10.1080/0886022X.2026.2644784

Womens Health (Lond). 2026 Jan-Dec;22:17455057261447666. doi: 10.1177/17455057261447666. Epub 2026 Apr 29.

ABSTRACT

BackgroundPregnant and postpartum incarcerated women are at risk of adverse health outcomes due to pre-incarceration risks and exposures during incarceration.ObjectivesThis study characterized maternal healthcare and neonatal outcomes among incarcerated pregnant women in Georgia from August 2020 to March 2025.DesignWe utilized a sequential mixed methods approach using data from a birth cohort of children exposed prenatally to incarceration in Georgia.MethodsWe analyzed qualitative data on maternal care experiences from 41 mothers and quantitative data on neonatal outcomes from caregivers of 84 children. Qualitative results informed exploratory tests of group differences for neonatal outcomes (i.e.,mode of delivery, neonatal complications, low birthweight) and breastfeeding initiation between (1) those who gave birth in the community compared to during incarceration; (2) those who were incarcerated in jail as compared to prisons.ResultsParticipants described low-quality maternal healthcare, inhumane treatment, and lack of safety and comfort, and the use of practices like solitary confinement and shackling. Fisher’s exact tests were significant for differences in breastfeeding initiation between those who gave birth in the community compared to those who gave birth during incarceration (p = 0.002), but breastfeeding initiation did not differ between those who were incarcerated in jail as compared to prison. Mode of delivery, neonatal complications, and low birthweight did not significantly differ between those who gave birth in the community compared to those who gave birth during incarceration nor those who were incarcerated in jail as compared to in prisons.ConclusionsIncarcerated pregnant and postpartum women in Georgia report low-quality maternal healthcare. Policy leaders should establish evidence-based policies for maternal healthcare within prisons and jails and consider community-based alternatives to incarceration for pregnant women.

PMID:42056725 | DOI:10.1177/17455057261447666

Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Apr 29. doi: 10.1111/dom.70795. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: To assess the efficacy and safety of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and pregabalin, both as mono and combination therapy, for treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the hypothesis that pregabalin monotherapy is non-inferior to combination therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phase 4 randomized, active-controlled, open-label, multicentre trial was conducted over 12 weeks to investigate changes in visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores from baseline as a primary efficacy endpoint. A total of 151 eligible subjects were randomly assigned to ALA (480 mg/day), pregabalin (150 mg/day), and combination groups in a 1:1:1 ratio.

RESULTS: The pregabalin monotherapy group showed a VAS change of -19.73 ± 18.94 mm, while the combination group showed -23.28 ± 18.15 mm at Week 12. The least square mean (LSM) difference between the two groups was 3.46 mm (95% CI: [-4.94, 11.87]), demonstrating that pregabalin monotherapy is non-inferior to combination therapy. Safety analysis revealed no significant differences across treatment groups. Cluster analysis revealed statistically significant differences in VAS scores between the pregabalin monotherapy and combination therapy groups at 12 weeks in cluster 1, characterized by a relatively shorter duration of DPN, and the LSM difference between both groups was 14.79 mm [4.59, 24.99] (p = 0.0055).

CONCLUSIONS: The pregabalin monotherapy demonstrated non-inferiority compared to the combination therapy in alleviating DPN pain. Cluster analysis supported the identification of patient groups where combination therapy could be more effective, but future comprehensive studies are required for further verification.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04846673.

PMID:42056717 | DOI:10.1111/dom.70795

Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Apr 29. doi: 10.1111/dom.70835. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is widely regarded as a risk factor for cancers. There is considerable controversy over whether maternal diabetes can cause cancer. This study aims to comprehensively assess and quantify the association between maternal diabetes and the risk of cancers in mother-offspring.

METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to September 30, 2025, to explore the impact of maternal diabetes on cancer in mothers and their offspring. The primary outcome was the risk of cancers in the mother or offspring, presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The I² statistic is used to assess heterogeneity among studies, thereby guiding the selection of random-effects or common-effects models.

RESULTS: The 81 studies involving 44 917 447 mother-offspring. Maternal diabetes was associated with increased risks of any cancers in mothers and offspring. In studies adjusted for multiple confounders, the risk of offspring suffering from haematological malignancies (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.23-1.52; I² = 1.0%) has significantly increased, especially leukaemia (1.34; 1.22-1.47; 0.0%). However, the risk of solid tumours (1.17; 1.09-1.24; 70.1%) in mothers increases significantly, especially, head and neck (1.34; 1.23-1.47; 35.1%), respiratory system (1.33; 1.05-1.67; 0.0%), gastrointestinal (1.30; 1.16-1.45; 45.5%), and gynecologic (1.16; 1.04-1.29; 64.1%). Maternal pre-gestational diabetes was more strongly associated with the risk of most cancers in offspring than gestational diabetes (1.60 [1.14-2.14] vs. 1.10 [1.02-1.18]; subgroup difference p = 0.0046).

CONCLUSION: Maternal diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cancers in mothers and offspring. Further high-quality large-sample studies are needed to clarify and consolidate potential causal relationships.

PMID:42056716 | DOI:10.1111/dom.70835

Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2026 Jun;28(3):e70154. doi: 10.1111/cid.70154.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective paired cohort study aimed to compare the three-dimensional volumetric shrinkage of endo-sinus bone graft between failed and surviving implants after one-stage lateral sinus floor elevation (LSFE), and to assess the feasibility of implant replacement without additional augmentation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty failed implants were matched 1:1 with 20 surviving implants based on key clinical variables. Cone-beam computed tomography scans at five time points were analyzed to quantify graft volume and height changes. Surgical methods and clinical outcomes for implant replacement were also recorded. Paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare the radiographic outcomes.

RESULTS: The shrinkage rate of endo-sinus bone grafts was statistically comparable between failed and surviving implants (32.54% ± 20.68% vs. 21.93% ± 10.54% at 1-year follow-up, p > 0.05). Residual bone graft reached adequate height to support replaced implants. Most failed sites were successfully restored with direct implant replacement, and reinserted implants achieved a 90% survival rate over a mean follow-up of 45 months.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that implant failure after LSFE does not necessarily correlate with accelerated resorption of bone graft, supporting the feasibility of direct implant replacement without further grafting.

PMID:42056715 | DOI:10.1111/cid.70154

Methods Mol Biol. 2026;2981:347-359. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_19.

ABSTRACT

Chronologies derived from phylogenetic reconstruction enable the tracing of evolutionary history onto networks that model the evolution of biological systems. Here, we outline protocols for constructing and analyzing time series of evolving biological networks, integrating molecular chronologies with dynamic network models to explore the evolution of structural and functional complexity. The methodology employs Pajek for network visualization and R packages for statistical tests to examine connectivity patterns, enabling the study of preferential attachment, degree distributions, and the interplay between long-term evolutionary trends and short-term adaptive dynamics. These approaches provide a framework for uncovering fundamental principles of molecular evolution across deep timescales.

PMID:42056703 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_19

Methods Mol Biol. 2026;2981:323-345. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_18.

ABSTRACT

The root of the tree of life remains a controversial issue in the study of the origins and evolution of early life on Earth, and so is the origin and evolution of early biochemistry. Here, we describe the methodological procedures of reconstructing global phylogenies of early life based on RNA secondary structure, with the rooting of phylogenies developed and improved to ultimately gain insights into the deep evolution of ancient molecules. As an example, we explore the evolution of the transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules using statistical characters describing their structure. An evolutionary model of molecular accretion of tRNA modeled at the atomic level illustrates the experimental exercise.

PMID:42056702 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_18

Methods Mol Biol. 2026;2981:275-290. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_15.

ABSTRACT

Phylogenetic tree construction from homologous sequences is a fundamental approach for studying evolutionary relationships. However, in cases where sequence similarity is too low to generate reliable alignments, comparison of protein structure provides an alternative means for inferring deep evolutionary relationships. MD-phylogeny is a method that integrates structural comparison with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to generate robust phylogenies for protein datasets within the twilight zone of sequence similarity. This approach uses well-established structural superposition methods for building trees from structure, with a method for generating structural variants using MD simulations, from which confidence scores analogous to bootstrapping can be derived.This protocol provides a step-by-step guide to performing MD-phylogeny, covering dataset selection, structural comparisons, tree construction, and the generation of statistical support through MD simulations.

PMID:42056699 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_15

Methods Mol Biol. 2026;2981:1-12. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_1.

ABSTRACT

I begin with an intuitively plausible principle: if proposition H retrodicts or predicts that proposition D is true, then Pr(D|H) > ½. I then consider the difference between forward-directed and backward-directed conditional probabilities. Until the 1980s, population genetics theory was dominated by the former; the situation changed with the appearance of coalescent theory, which deploys the latter. A forward-directed probability model cannot retrodict, and a backward-directed model cannot predict. A Bayesian model will do both if it deploys both types of conditional probability. I then describe ideas from model selection theory in statistics that throw doubt on the idea that true models of a process will always be more accurate predictors or retrodictors than false models of that process. I then discuss theorems in information theory that show how the passage of time degrades information in a causal chain. The rate of information loss can be reduced and even cancelled by the branching process in phylogenetic trees. The separation of within-lineage from across-lineage assessments of information loss is an instance of Simpson’s paradox.

PMID:42056685 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-4836-0_1