Tag: pubmed

Confl Health. 2026 Mar 1. doi: 10.1186/s13031-026-00777-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In Somalia, a fragile state characterized by protracted conflict and fragmented health governance, childhood immunization remains a critical challenge. The third dose of the Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTP3) vaccine serves as a key indicator of health system performance and retention. This study aimed to identify structural and individual-level determinants of DTP3 coverage to understand the inequities in this humanitarian setting.

METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS). A total sample of 1,268 children was analyzed. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models were fitted to account for the hierarchical structure of the data (children nested within communities). Fixed effects were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

RESULTS: The overall prevalence of DTP3 vaccination coverage was 39.51% [95% CI: 36.85-42.23]. At the individual level, higher maternal education (Secondary vs. no education: aOR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.07-3.12), wealth status (Rich vs. poor: aOR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.53-3.79), and antenatal care (ANC) attendance (3-4 visits vs. zero visits: aOR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.43-3.36) were significantly associated with higher odds of vaccination. Older children had higher odds of vaccination compared to infants, suggesting delayed rather than timely uptake. At the community level, children in rural (aOR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.28-0.57) and urban (aOR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.45-0.91) areas had lower odds of vaccination compared to those in nomadic communities. Significant regional disparities were also observed.

CONCLUSIONS: DTP3 coverage in Somalia is critically below the WHO 90% target. Vaccination status is shaped by a complex interplay of socioeconomic status, maternal healthcare utilization, and geographic location. Policy interventions must urgently address the ‘urban penalty’ identified in this study, where settled urban-poor populations now face lower odds of vaccination than nomadic groups targeted by mobile outreach.

PMID:41765923 | DOI:10.1186/s13031-026-00777-2

BMC Public Health. 2026 Mar 2. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-25689-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic syndrome, are major global health concerns. In Hungary, CVD mortality remains above the OECD average, and diabetes prevalence is increasing. This study examines the association between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and the risk of CMDs among Hungarian adults, using population-based data collected between 2009 and 2019.

METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional design was used to analyze data from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) in Hungary for the years 2009, 2014, and 2019 (n = 16,480). CMD was defined as self-reported diagnosis of both CVD and diabetes. Weighted proportions, Pearson’s chi-squared tests, and multiple binary logistic regression models were applied to identify associations between CMD and sociodemographic (sex, age, education, employment, income, residence), behavioral (BMI, smoking, alcohol use), and clinical risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia). Predicted probabilities were estimated using marginal effects.

RESULTS: Prevalence of CMD fell by 27% in 2019 (OR = 0.73 [0.57-0.94], P = 0.013), with predicted probability declining from 5.6% to 4.1%. Younger age (< 35: OR = 0.01, P < 0.001; 35-64: OR = 0.68, P = 0.002), female sex (OR = 0.65, P < 0.001), and employment (OR = 0.32, P < 0.001) were protective. CMD risk was higher in urban areas (OR = 1.44, P = 0.048), alcohol users (OR = 1.35, P = 0.004), those with hypertension (OR = 3.83, P < 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 3.10, P < 0.001), mental illness (OR = 1.49, P = 0.027), and depression (OR = 1.63, P = 0.001). Normal BMI reduced risk (OR = 0.48, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CMD in Hungary decreased between 2009 and 2019, indicating progress in prevention and risk factor management. However, disparities persist among older adults, men, and urban residents. Targeted screening, lifestyle interventions, and mental health support are essential to strengthen the management of cardiometabolic diseases.

PMID:41765912 | DOI:10.1186/s12889-025-25689-3

Syst Rev. 2026 Mar 2. doi: 10.1186/s13643-026-03105-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is among the most disabling musculoskeletal disorders worldwide. Traditional in-person rehabilitation is often limited by time, geographic, and financial barriers. Telerehabilitation, which delivers personalized interventions through digital technologies (e.g., mobile apps, video coaching, wearable devices, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence feedback systems), is emerging as a complementary and alternative approach to conventional rehabilitation. However, there is currently no consensus on its efficacy and safety. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various forms of telerehabilitation in improving pain intensity, physical function, psychological symptoms, and quality of life in patients with CLBP. In addition, the study will assess intervention adherence, patient satisfaction, and safety (as measured by the incidence of adverse events) through systematic review and network meta-analysis.

METHODS: A systematic search will be conducted in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering all records from database inception to 31 December 2025. Eligible studies will include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults (≥ 18 years) with CLBP, comparing telerehabilitation interventions to any control intervention. The primary outcome will be pain intensity, while secondary outcomes will include physical function, psychological status, quality of life, and adverse events. The risk of bias for the included studies will be assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. The certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the CINeMA (Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis) web application. All network meta-analyses will be conducted within a frequentist framework using Stata 15 software and will apply random-effects models. Intervention rankings will be estimated using Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking (SUCRA) curves and illustrated with forest plots showing both individual and pooled effect sizes. Additional analyses will include assessments of statistical inconsistency, publication bias, heterogeneity, sensitivity, and subgroup differences.

DISCUSSION: This study aimed to compare and rank the available evidence on various forms of telerehabilitation for the management of CLBP, as well as to assess its safety. The findings offer valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policymakers, supporting the advancement of patient-centered rehabilitation strategies.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD420251015478.

PMID:41765905 | DOI:10.1186/s13643-026-03105-0

J Orthop Surg Res. 2026 Mar 1. doi: 10.1186/s13018-026-06768-6. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and anatomical distribution of stress fractures (SFs) in a pediatric and adolescent population over an eight-year period.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care orthopedic center. We reviewed medical records and imaging data for patients aged 6-18 years who were diagnosed with SFs between January 2017 and December 2024. Patients were assigned to age groups of 6-11, 12-15, and 16-18 years. We collected demographic data, fracture location, and annual consultation-based rates. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and R software for trend analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 726 patients (403 males, 323 females; median age 14 years, IQR 12-15) were included. The overall consultation-based rate was 23.20 per 100,000 unique pediatric orthopedic patients. Cases were concentrated in the 12-15 years age group, which accounted for 78.24%. The tibia was the most commonly involved bone (83.06%), and the proximal tibia was the single most frequent site (48.62%). Annual rates rose from 8.09 per 100,000 in 2017 to a peak of 38.98 in 2022, then declined to 23.98 in 2024(Poisson regression for linear trend, P < 0.001). Male patients had a higher proportion of proximal tibia fractures, whereas female patients had more mid- to distal-tibia fractures (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: SFs predominantly affected adolescent males, and the proximal tibia was the most vulnerable site. The observed rise-and-fall trend temporally coincided with shifts in educational and physical activity policies in China, although causal inference was limited by the ecological study design. These descriptive findings emphasized the need for prospective studies that incorporate exposure and risk-factor assessment to inform targeted prevention strategies.

PMID:41765889 | DOI:10.1186/s13018-026-06768-6

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 13;136(6):061802. doi: 10.1103/cxn3-8t4g.

ABSTRACT

A search is presented for the two-body charmed baryonic decays, B[over ¯]_{(s)}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-}, using a data sample collected by the LHCb experiment during 2011-2012 and 2015-2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9 fb^{-1}. The first observation of the B[over ¯]_{s}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-} decay is reported with 6.2σ significance along with 4.3σ evidence for the B[over ¯]^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-} decay. The branching fractions are measured to be B(B[over ¯]^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-})=(1.01_{-0.28}^{+0.27}±0.08±0.15)×10^{-5} and B(B[over ¯]_{s}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-})=(5.0±1.3±0.5±0.8)×10^{-5}, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic, and the third due to external inputs. These results provide novel experimental inputs for the theoretical framework describing two-body baryonic decays of B mesons via W-emission and W-exchange mechanisms.

PMID:41765847 | DOI:10.1103/cxn3-8t4g

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 13;136(6):060402. doi: 10.1103/ls2g-mkhm.

ABSTRACT

Quantum systems that interact nonlocally with an environment are paradigms for exploring collective phenomena. They naturally emerge in various physical contexts involving long-range, many-body interactions. We consider a general class of such open systems characterized by a coupling to the environment that is inversely proportional to the square root of the environment size. We show that the induced system dynamics has a universal bosonic nature: the same evolution arises from coupling the system to a collection of noninteracting bosonic modes, independently of the microscopic structure of the original environment. This emergent “bosonization” of the environment’s influence results from the scaling of the coupling in the thermodynamic limit and is a manifestation of the quantum central limit theorem. While the effect has been observed in specific models before, we show that it is, in fact, a universal feature.

PMID:41765846 | DOI:10.1103/ls2g-mkhm

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 13;136(6):066201. doi: 10.1103/kfpq-9dd1.

ABSTRACT

This Letter inspects the thermally activated transfer of solute particles across the interface between two interstitial solid solution phases that equilibrate internally by fast diffusion on conserved arrays of sites. When each phase is considered as an ergodic ensemble of particles, statistical mechanics predicts the occupancy of the transition states at equilibrium to depend on the barrier energy and on the chemical potentials and vacancy fractions in each of the phases. A rate law for the nonequilibrium interfacial transfer, based on a constant transition probability between activated states, naturally satisfies the principle of detailed balance. Contrary to Butler-Volmer-type laws, values of the particle chemical potentials enter explicitly rather than through their differences. This, along with the dependency on the vacancy fractions, implies here an exchange flux density that depends explicitly on the compositions at equilibrium. The results can explain experimental observations of a drastic slowdown in the charging of metal hydrides near phase transformations or miscibility-gap critical points.

PMID:41765843 | DOI:10.1103/kfpq-9dd1

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 13;136(6):064201. doi: 10.1103/v28b-5qmp.

ABSTRACT

By combining artificial intelligence and fluid physics, we discover a closed-form closure for 2D turbulence from small direct numerical simulation data. Large-eddy simulation with this closure is accurate and stable, reproducing direct numerical simulation statistics, including those of extremes. We also show that the new closure could be derived from a fourth-order truncated Taylor expansion. Prior analytical and artificial-intelligence-based work only found the second-order expansion, which led to unstable large-eddy simulation. The additional terms emerge only when interscale energy transfer is considered alongside standard reconstruction criterion in the sparse-equation discovery.

PMID:41765828 | DOI:10.1103/v28b-5qmp

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 13;136(6):067102. doi: 10.1103/2b12-3vrx.

ABSTRACT

Gaussian macroscopic fluctuation theory underpins the understanding of noise in a broad class of nonequilibrium systems. We derive exact fluctuation-response relations linking the power spectral density of stationary fluctuations to the linear response of stable nonequilibrium steady states. Both of these can be determined experimentally and used to reconstruct the kernel of the linearized dynamics and the diffusion matrix, and thus any features of the Gaussian theory. We apply our theory to gene regulatory networks with negative feedback, and derive an explicit internal-external noise decomposition of the power spectral density for any networks, including cross-correlations.

PMID:41765826 | DOI:10.1103/2b12-3vrx

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 13;136(6):067301. doi: 10.1103/xm8d-v66z.

ABSTRACT

We develop a diagrammatic approach analyzing Gibbs measures (i.e., Bayesian posteriors) in deep shaped multilayer perceptrons at arbitrary temperature. This gives the first (perturbatively) solvable model of learning with nonlinear neural networks where the input dimension N_{0}, depth L, width N, and number of samples P can all be large without severe assumptions on either initialization or training data statistics. The limits N_{0},N,L,P→∞ do not commute, resulting in a rich phase diagram of learning regimes that we study to first order in 1/N. We find in particular that the ratio LP/N defines a critical depth necessary for feature learning: if LP/N→0, then Bayesian posteriors coincide with those of a kernel method. Regimes where LP/N→λ>0, in contrast, correspond to learning with data-dependent deformations of these kernels, and we provide explicit formulas for the resulting features to first order in 1/N.

PMID:41765812 | DOI:10.1103/xm8d-v66z