Tag: pubmed

Atten Percept Psychophys. 2026 Jun 23;88(6):152. doi: 10.3758/s13414-026-03292-x.

ABSTRACT

Auditory spatial attention enables listeners in complex acoustic environments to focus on relevant sounds while filtering out irrelevant noise. However, its mechanisms in the depth dimension remain unclear, especially across different horizontal directions. This study examined whether the effect of auditory selective attention in the depth dimension varies across the front, lateral, and rear spaces under reverberant listening conditions. In the experiment, listeners detected target sounds at one of five distances (32, 64, 96, 128, and 160 cm) under conditions where attention was either distributed or focused on a specific distance. The results showed that sensitivity (d’) was significantly enhanced at the attended distance across all directional conditions, with no statistically significant differences in the magnitude of attentional enhancement between the front, lateral, and rear directions. Conversely, the reaction time (RT) revealed limited attentional benefits, emerging only at specific distances in the lateral and rear spaces. These findings demonstrated that auditory selective attention in the depth dimension facilitates target detection irrespective of horizontal directions, supporting the generalizability of attentional mechanisms across the depth dimension of auditory space, at least under reverberant listening conditions.

PMID:42337172 | DOI:10.3758/s13414-026-03292-x

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2026 Jun 23;146(1):232. doi: 10.1007/s00402-026-06342-z.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Although numerous treatment options have been reported for mallet fractures, a universally accepted gold-standard approach has not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the pin-orthosis extension-block pinning technique (PO-EBPT) with those of conventional conservative treatment in patients with Doyle type 4B mallet fractures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 62 patients with Doyle type 4B mallet fractures involving 20-50% of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint articular surface, treated between March 2022 and April 2024. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group 1 (n = 33) underwent PO-EBPT, whereas Group 2 (n = 29) received conservative treatment with splint immobilization. Outcome measures included DIP joint extension lag, range of motion, fracture union, complication rates and functional outcomes according to the Crawford criteria. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks and at 3, 6 and 12 months.

RESULTS: A total of 62 patients were analyzed (33 PO-EBPT; 29 conservative). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with respect to sex, affected side, injured finger, or complication rates (p = 0.461, p = 0.658, p = 0.763 and p = 0.165, respectively). However, the PO-EBPT group demonstrated significantly improved DIP joint extension lag (4.5 ± 7.8° vs. 12.2 ± 10.4°, p = 0.002) and flexion range (88.5 ± 4.4° vs. 86.0 ± 5.7°, p = 0.039). According to the Crawford criteria, functional outcomes were also significantly superior in the PO-EBPT group (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION: PO-EBPT yielded superior functional outcomes compared with conservative treatment in patients with Doyle type 4B mallet fractures, as demonstrated by reduced extension lag, improved DIP joint flexion and higher rates of excellent Crawford scores.

PMID:42337168 | DOI:10.1007/s00402-026-06342-z

J Math Biol. 2026 Jun 23;93(1):7. doi: 10.1007/s00285-026-02413-2.

ABSTRACT

Interspecific mutualism is a universal phenomenon that exists in biological and social populations. The generation and maintenance of such mutualism have always been a hotspot in evolutionary biology. This study enriches the research on the evolution of mutualism in structured populations from a theoretical perspective. In particular, we develop an evolutionary model of arbitrary interdependent populations using the coalescent random walk theory and employ it to derive the conditions for mutualism under weak selection. We find that evolution favors mutualism when the strength of intraspecific interactions exceeds a threshold value, which depends on the structure of multiple populations and game parameters. We thus reveal the positive role of intraspecific interactions on the evolution of mutualism, which extends prior research that considered the single effect of interspecific interactions.

PMID:42337159 | DOI:10.1007/s00285-026-02413-2

Hepatol Int. 2026 Jun 23. doi: 10.1007/s12072-026-11112-5. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The relationship between steatotic liver disease (SLD) and dementia remains unclear, particularly regarding alcohol consumption patterns. We investigated the risk of dementia across SLD subtypes classified by alcohol consumption.

METHODS: We analyzed 3,071,829 adults without baseline dementia who underwent health examinations in 2012. Participants were classified into No SLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD), and ALD groups. Primary outcomes were newly diagnosed all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VD).

RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 5.4 years, 72,545 all-cause dementia, 56,999 AD, and 8923 VD cases occurred. The risk of dementia significantly increased across all dementia outcomes in SLD (all p < 0.05). Across the SLD subtypes, ALD showed the highest risk of dementia, followed by MASLD, whereas MetALD showed largely neutral associations except for a modestly increased risk of VD. When MASLD was further stratified by alcohol consumption, the MASLD-no alcohol group showed consistently increased risk of all dementia outcomes (all p < 0.05). In contrast, MASLD with within-threshold alcohol intake showed heterogeneous associations across dementia outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: The association between SLD and dementia differed according to SLD phenotype and alcohol consumption pattern. These findings should be interpreted as observational associations and warrant further validation in studies with longitudinal assessment of SLD status and alcohol exposure.

PMID:42337153 | DOI:10.1007/s12072-026-11112-5

Eur J Pediatr. 2026 Jun 23;185(7):518. doi: 10.1007/s00431-026-07195-9.

ABSTRACT

Children with asthma commonly present with multiple allergic comorbidities; however, the quantitative dose-response relationship between cumulative allergic burden and lung function has not been established in pediatric populations. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 264 treatment-naive children with asthma aged 4-16 years. An allergy burden score (ABS) was constructed using a cumulative disease count strategy incorporating allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, drug allergy, and family history of allergic disease. Multivariable linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses assessed dose-response relationships between ABS and FEV₁% predicted. Bootstrap-based statistical decomposition examined the contribution of type 2 inflammatory markers, and logistic regression assessed the odds of lung function abnormality. In the fully adjusted model, each 1-point increase in ABS was associated with a 3.03% decrease in FEV₁% predicted (95% CI: – 3.77 to – 2.29; P < 0.001). RCS analysis indicated significant nonlinearity (P for nonlinearity < 0.001), with accelerated decrease at ABS ≥ 3. Type 2 inflammatory markers accounted for only 2.7% of the statistically decomposed total association. Each 1-point increase in ABS was associated with 43% higher odds of lung function abnormality (adjusted OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07-1.94).

CONCLUSION: A dose-response association exists between cumulative allergic comorbidity burden and lung function impairment in treatment-naive children with asthma. Peripheral type 2 inflammatory markers explain only a small proportion of this association, suggesting additional contributing mechanisms. The ABS may warrant further evaluation as a simple clinical indicator for identifying children with greater lung function impairment, pending prospective multicenter validation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable. As a retrospective cross-sectional study, this research analyzed existing medical records without prospective assignment of interventions by the research team, and therefore does not meet the WHO criteria for clinical trial registration.

WHAT IS KNOWN: • Allergic comorbidities are prevalent in children with asthma and associated with worse clinical outcomes. The quantitative dose-response relationship between cumulative allergic burden and lung function has not been established in pediatric populations.

WHAT IS NEW: • Each 1-point increase in the Allergy Burden Score (ABS) was associated with a 3.03% decrease in FEV1% predicted, with a nonlinear threshold effect at ABS ≥ 3. Type 2 inflammatory markers collectively accounted for only 2.7% of the total association, suggesting that mechanisms beyond peripheral type 2 inflammation may be involved.

PMID:42337151 | DOI:10.1007/s00431-026-07195-9

Eur J Pediatr. 2026 Jun 23;185(7):519. doi: 10.1007/s00431-026-07124-w.

ABSTRACT

Childhood disability is a significant health concern with profound implications for caregivers’ well-being. This study examines the association between children’s cumulative disability profile, encompassing disability status, types, and multiplicity, and caregivers’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a cross-sectional Australian setting. Utilising data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), this study examined the association between children’s cumulative disability profile and caregivers’ cross-sectional HRQoL. Caregivers’ HRQoL was assessed using the Assessment of Quality of Life-8 Dimensions (AQoL-8D) instrument. Multivariable linear regression models were estimated to assess these associations, adjusting for sociodemographic and economic covariates. Overall, 25% of children experienced at least one form of disability. A significant lower mean utility score was observed (mean difference = 0.034; 95% confidence interval [CI], [0.018, 0.050]; p < 0.001) among caregivers of children with disabilities compared with caregivers of children without disabilities. After adjusting for covariates, caregivers of children with disabilities had significant lower utility (β = – 0.0230; 95% CI, [- 0.0376, – 0.0084]; p = 0.002), physical super dimension (β = – 0.0339; 95% CI, [- 0.0497, – 0.0182]; p < 0.001), and psychological super dimension (β = – 0.0181; 95% CI, [- 0.0353, – 0.0009]; p = 0.039) scores than caregivers of children without disabilities. Similarly, children experiencing physical, sensory, psychosocial disabilities, or multiple coexisting disabilities were associated with lower HRQoL among their caregivers compared with caregivers of children without disabilities.

CONCLUSION: Childhood disability is associated with a lower HRQoL for the caregivers. These findings highlight the need for targeted support services, particularly for families caring for children with physical, sensory, psychosocial, and multiple disabilities, and provide estimates of reductions in health state utility scores to inform future cost-utility analyses of caregiver-focused interventions.

WHAT IS KNOWN: • Caregivers of children with disabilities report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and significantly higher caregiving time demands than caregivers of children without disability. • Despite these recognised challenges, there is a paucity of population-level evidence in the Australian context on how specific child cumulative disability profiles, including status, types, and multiple coexisting conditions, are associated with caregiver cross-sectional HRQoL.

WHAT IS NEW: • Using a nationally representative Australian cohort, this study identifies a significant disparity in health state utility scores between caregivers of children with disabilities and caregivers of children without disabilities. • Beyond overall cumulative disability status, specific categories (physical, sensory, and psychosocial), and the presence of multiple coexisting disabilities are significantly associated with lower caregivers’ HRQoL across both physical and psychological dimensions. • The findings provide specific estimates of reductions in health state utility scores, which are essential for informing future cost-utility analyses of targeted policy interventions for Australian families.

PMID:42337140 | DOI:10.1007/s00431-026-07124-w

Phys Med. 2026 Jun 23;148:105863. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2026.105863. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) for VMAT treatments represents a significant workload. This study presents an integrated approach combining plan complexity metrics with statistical process control (SPC) to safely reduce PSQA burden while maintaining robust process monitoring.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 557 consecutive patients (695 VMAT plans, 1650 arcs). MCSv and SAS were combined into a composite modulation index (CMI). Spearman correlation analysis identified the optimal gamma criterion among 22 configurations, with Bonferroni correction across 220 pairwise tests. Statistical distribution analysis determined tolerance limits using the percentile-equivalent method. ROC analysis established a complexity threshold for PSQA exemption, validated on an independent cohort of 267 patients.

RESULTS: High correlation was observed between (1 – MCSv) × SAS(7.5 mm) and 3%/1.5 mm local gamma criterion (r_S = -0.74, p < 10^-11). The beta distribution provided superior fit to PSQA data across all standard goodness-of-fit metrics (KS = 0.155 vs 0.229-0.235; AD = 34.3 vs 147-160) compared to normal, lognormal, and gamma distributions. Control and action limits were established at 78.1% and 66.5%, and ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discriminative performance (AUC = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87-0.92). A complexity threshold of 0.131 achieved 100% sensitivity (95% CI: 93.4%-100.0%). Independent validation confirmed perfect sensitivity with zero false negatives. Eight months of clinical implementation achieved 26% workload reduction with no safety incidents.

CONCLUSIONS: This methodology demonstrates that integrating complexity metrics with appropriate statistical modeling and SPC enables safe, clinically validated PSQA workload reduction while maintaining rigorous quality standards and continuous process monitoring.

PMID:42335518 | DOI:10.1016/j.ejmp.2026.105863

Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2026 Jun 17;85:103604. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2026.103604. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome (FAIS) is a prominent source of non-arthritic hip pain and is highly prevalent in young active populations. Decisions to undergo surgery are significant in nature and require proper understanding of potential benefits and risks.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and user-test a patient decision aid comparing non-surgical management and hip arthroscopy for FAIS with an additional military-related section.

DESIGN: Mixed-methods.

METHOD: The initial draft of the decision aid was developed by a multidisciplinary steering group. An iterative process of semi-structured interviews, re-drafting and further interviews provided feedback on the decision aid. The interviews were analysed reflexively using thematic analysis for qualitative findings. Acceptability questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics for quantitative findings.

RESULTS: We interviewed 27-participants; 13 clinicians (6 physiotherapists, 3 orthopaedic surgeons, 2 general practitioners, 1 sports medicine doctor, 1 anaesthesia pain physician) and 14 patients. Most participants rated the decision aid’s acceptability as good-to-excellent. Participants agreed on most aspects of the decision aid including the introduction, treatment options, comparison of outcomes and questions to consider asking a health professional. Participants agreed on including more information on the treatment options and provide more long-term outcomes comparing the options. Our decision aid met all 6 of the International Patient Decision Aid Standards qualifying criteria.

CONCLUSION: Our decision aid was considered a useful tool that may help patients choose an appropriate treatment option for the management of FAIS. A clinical trial evaluating the impact of the decision aid on decision making for patients considering surgery for FAIS is needed.

PMID:42335507 | DOI:10.1016/j.msksp.2026.103604

Pregnancy Hypertens. 2026 Jun 23;45:101492. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2026.101492. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare echocardiographic hemodynamic parameters between pregnant women with and without preeclampsia evaluated at high altitude.

STUDY DESIGN: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study including pregnant women evaluated at a tertiary referral center located at 2640 m above sea level. Participants were classified according to the presence or absence of preeclampsia, diagnosed using International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy criteria. All participants underwent standardized transthoracic echocardiography following international guidelines. Conditions known to significantly affect maternal hemodynamics were excluded.

RESULTS: A total of 105 pregnant women were included (35 with preeclampsia and 70 controls). Women with preeclampsia had higher cardiac output (median 5.18 L/min (IQR 3.90-6.04) vs. 4.52 L/min (IQR 3.67-5.15); p = 0.045) and higher left ventricular stroke volume (median 62.80 mL (IQR 53.04-71.41) vs. 55.65 mL (IQR 50.24-62.80); p = 0.019) compared with controls. Systemic vascular resistance was lower in the preeclampsia group, although the difference was not statistically significant (median 1243.36 dyn·s·cm^-5 (IQR 1057.32-1594.65) vs. 1418.58 dyn·s·cm^-5 (IQR 1234.44-1717.41); p = 0.06). Left ventricular systolic function and indexed chamber volumes were similar between groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Among pregnant women evaluated at high altitude, preeclampsia was associated with higher cardiac output and stroke volume, accompanied by mild alterations in diastolic filling, without significant differences in ventricular structure or systolic function. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of maternal hemodynamic presentation in preeclampsia and support further investigation of maternal cardiovascular adaptation in high-altitude settings.

PMID:42335505 | DOI:10.1016/j.preghy.2026.101492

Gait Posture. 2026 Jun 18;130:110264. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2026.110264. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Independent outdoor ambulation is a key rehabilitation goal after stroke, but it is unclear whether instrumented gait analysis adds prognostic information beyond conventional clinical measures.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Do spatiotemporal gait parameters provide incremental predictive value beyond clinical assessments-independent of admission Functional Ambulation Category (FAC)-for outdoor ambulation in subacute stroke patients?

METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 137 subacute stroke inpatients with admission FAC 2-3 (89 outdoor, 48 indoor-only ambulators at discharge); one patient was excluded for an implausible step time. Admission FAC was excluded from candidate predictors to avoid overlap with the outcome. Hierarchical logistic regression compared a clinical model (Motricity Index [MI], time since onset) with one adding GAITRite-derived spatiotemporal parameters, using likelihood-ratio and DeLong tests with Firth-penalised sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS: Model 1 achieved near-perfect discrimination (AUC = 0.995, 95% CI 0.984-0.999). Adding affected-side single- and double-support percentages (Model 2) significantly improved fit (likelihood-ratio χ² = 9.39, p = 0.009; AUC = 0.998); the AUC difference was not significant by DeLong’s test (p = 0.262). Firth-penalised analyses produced concordant, stable coefficients. MI and gait velocity were the strongest single predictors (both AUC = 0.981); bootstrap optimism was ≤ 0.002.

SIGNIFICANCE: Beyond a near-perfect clinical model, affected-side support-phase parameters add statistically detectable model information (improved fit and calibration) rather than a clinically decisive gain in discrimination, which is constrained by a ceiling effect. Their value is best understood as quantifying paretic-limb weight-bearing and balance-related gait quality not captured by bedside scales, in subacute stroke inpatients with admission FAC 2-3. The Youden cut-offs (MI ≥ 40, velocity ≥ 32.1 cm/s, single support ≥ 29.7%) are hypothesis-generating and require external validation before clinical use.

PMID:42335499 | DOI:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2026.110264