Tag: pubmed

J Glob Health. 2025 Nov 28;15:04354. doi: 10.7189/jogh.15.04354.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer (OC) has the worst prognosis and highest death rate of all gynaecological cancers in the USA. We examined the independent effects of individual-, neighbourhood-, and state-level factors on ovarian cancer incidence using a multilevel analytical framework.

METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we analysed de-identified data from the All of Us research database, identifying women ≥18 years without prior ovarian cancer before January 2017. Participants were followed from 1 January 2017 through October 2023 (median follow-up: 6.6 years). Mixed-effects Cox regression models examined data on 85 388 individuals nested within ZIP-code areas and states, analysing individual-level risk factors and neighbourhood-level socioeconomic determinants, while accounting for geographic clustering. We fitted four progressive models: a null (random effects only), individual-level factors, neighbourhood-level factors, and full model with all covariates.

RESULTS: Among 85 388 women followed for a total of 569 847 person-years, 419 (0.49%) developed OC. Age demonstrated the strongest associations, with significantly elevated risks of developing OC among women aged 50-59 years (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-2.61), 60-69 years (aHR = 2.01; 95% CI = 1.39-2.90), and ≥70 years (aHR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.07-2.59) compared to those <40 years. Retired women had increased risk of OC compared to employed women (aHR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.04-1.86). Non-Hispanic Black women demonstrated lower risk of OC than non-Hispanic White women (aHR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.45-0.88). Regional variations showed 53% lower risk in the South vs. Northeast (aHR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.25-0.86). Hormone replacement therapy was associated with increased risk of OC (aHR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.07-5.67). Significant geographic clustering of OC was observed at neighbourhood and state levels.

CONCLUSIONS: Individual-level factors, particularly age and employment status, are the primary determinants of OC risk, while apparent geographic disparities reflect population composition, rather than unmeasured environmental factors. The complete explanation of geographic clustering through measured covariates could provide important insights for targeted prevention strategies and future epidemiological research.

PMID:41307908 | DOI:10.7189/jogh.15.04354

J Glob Health. 2025 Nov 28;15:04350. doi: 10.7189/jogh.15.04350.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Diarrhoea among children under five years old (i.e. childhood diarrhoea) causes significant morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the proportion of childhood diarrhoea attributable to Campylobacter spp., diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. in LMIC settings.

METHODS: We included epidemiological studies published between 2000 and 2025, and extracted data on study location, sample size, and pathogen-specific parameters. Two reviewers independently performed database searches, publication screening, data extraction, and quality assessment, with any conflicts resolved by a third reviewer. We reported the results of the meta-analysis as pooled proportions (positive samples divided by the total samples tested for each enteropathogen) and 95% confidence intervals. We assessed all potential sources of heterogeneity using univariable and multivariable meta-regression, quantified moderator contributions as pseudo-R² values based on reductions in τ², and tested for interaction effects. We also evaluated robustness through leave-one-out analyses, sequentially excluding individual studies to examine their influence on pooled estimates and heterogeneity.

RESULTS: We included 71 records encompassing 84 studies. Pooled proportions were 8.6% for Campylobacter spp., 23.0% for diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), 2.6% for Salmonella spp., and 8.8% for Shigella spp., with wide variation across studies. Subgroup analyses showed higher proportions of Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. in Asia and with polymerase chain reaction-based detection, and greater DEC proportions in America and Africa. Salmonella spp. remained low across regions and study designs. Year- and country-specific analyses showed no consistent temporal trends, though DEC peaked in 2014 (77.9%, two studies) and Shigella spp. was higher in 2020 (20.7%, ten studies), both driven by a limited number of studies.

CONCLUSIONS: Standardising diagnostic methods and study designs is essential for reducing heterogeneity and improving the reliability of pooled proportion estimates in epidemiological research on enteric pathogens. Improving water supply, sanitation, hygiene, and food safety remains crucial for reducing the burden of childhood diarrhoea in LMICs.

PMID:41307907 | DOI:10.7189/jogh.15.04350

J Am Chem Soc. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c14970. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Developing efficient strategies to copolymerize carbon dioxide (CO₂) with unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers, such as olefins, to produce CO₂-based polyesters is highly desirable but remains challenging owing to thermodynamic and kinetic barriers. Herein, we demonstrate that allenes, specifically cyclohexylallene (CA), serve as effective comonomers for one-pot copolymerization with CO₂. Using a nickel(0)-bidentate diarylphosphine complex, we achieve the statistical copolymerization of CA and CO₂ to deliver long-chain polyester P(CA-co-CO₂) with widely spaced ester linkages, via a classical sequence of oxidative addition, coordination-insertion, and reductive elimination. Systematic tuning of both phosphine ligand and solvent reveals their crucial roles in facilitating CO₂ insertion into the Ni-C bond and subsequent allene insertion into the Ni-O bond, thereby driving efficient chain propagation. Notably, incorporation of a small amount of CO₂ into the polymer backbone enhances the degradability of P(CA-co-CO₂) while preserving its high thermal stability and glass-transition temperature, compared with the allene homopolymer.

PMID:41307894 | DOI:10.1021/jacs.5c14970

Hepatol Int. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1007/s12072-025-10972-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: A recent international consensus introduced revised nomenclature for steatotic liver disease (SLD). This study evaluated the impact of SLD subtypes on adverse pregnancy outcomes (apos) using updated criteria.

METHODS: In this nationwide, population-based study, we analyzed 290,527 female who underwent health check-ups within 1 year before pregnancy and delivered singleton infants. Participants were categorized into non-SLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD), and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) groups.

RESULTS: A total of 290,527 female were analyzed. Compared to female without SLD, those with MASLD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.44, 95% CI 2.33-2.55), MetALD (aOR 2.45, 95% CI 2.26-2.66) and ALD (aOR 2.28, 95% CI 2.11-2.47) had significantly higher risks of apos. These associations were observed for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), and preterm birth. Both MASLD and ALD were associated with increased risk of low birthweight (aOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.05-1.27 and aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.02-1.43, respectively), whereas MetALD was not (aOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.79-1.18). Due to the low incidence of placental abruption across all groups (0.3-0.5%), associations with this outcome remained inconclusive. Additionally, a higher number of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) was associated with an increased risk of apos (p for trend of odds < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION: MASLD, MetALD, and ALD were independently associated with increased risks of apos, with risk further amplified by a greater number of CMRFs. These findings underscore the importance of enhanced prenatal management for female with pre-existing SLD, particularly those with multiple CMRFs, to mitigate the risk of apos.

PMID:41307877 | DOI:10.1007/s12072-025-10972-7

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1007/s12011-025-04918-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

A large number of South American camelids (SAC) presented to a veterinary clinic are diagnosed with anemia. While various causes are known, such as infections with Haemonchus contortus, chronic inflammation, neoplasia, gastric ulcers, or deficiencies, little is known about the role of the trace elements copper and iron in SAC. In this retrospective study, the laboratory diagnostic data, in particular the red and white blood count, as well as the findings of the initial clinical examination of 181 alpacas presented at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany in the period from January 2020 to September 2023 were therefore analyzed. In addition, iron, copper, transferrin, and ceruloplasmin were determined in the serum collected during the initial examination. The statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between the serum iron content and various degrees of anemia, and also between serum copper content and various degrees of anemia. These observations confirm the need to characterize the iron metabolism of SAC more precisely to improve differentiation between different causes of anemia.

PMID:41307871 | DOI:10.1007/s12011-025-04918-1

Drugs Real World Outcomes. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1007/s40801-025-00526-6. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is a common comorbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease, often requiring long-term urate-lowering therapy. Febuxostat, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, has raised cardiovascular safety concerns. Dotinurad, a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, has emerged as a potential alternative, but clinical evidence in patients with Stage B/C heart failure remains limited.

METHODS: This single-center retrospective study evaluated 30 patients with Stage B (n = 10) and C (n = 20) heart failure and hyperuricemia who were switched from febuxostat (10, 20, or 40 mg) to dotinurad (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg, respectively), based on the prior febuxostat dose. Laboratory and urinary parameters were assessed at baseline and at follow-up (median 65 days [56-84] after switching).

RESULTS: In Stage B heart failure, serum uric acid showed a non-significant trend toward reduction (5.8 [4.4-6.3] to 5.3 [4.8-7.5] mg/dL, p = 0.09), whereas in Stage C heart failure, serum uric acid increased significantly (5.1 [4.6-6.6] to 5.4 [4.8-6.8] mg/dL, p = 0.02). The proportion of patients achieving serum uric acid ≤ 6.0 mg/dL was maintained (Stage B: 60.0 to 50.0%; Stage C: 70.0 to 75.0%). Urinary uric acid excretion increased, while urinary pH remained stable in both groups. The uricosuric effect of dotinurad was evident with or without concomitant use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. No adverse events, including cardiovascular events, urolithiasis, or gout flares, were observed.

CONCLUSIONS: Switching from febuxostat to dotinurad may be effective and safe over the short term in patients with Stage B/C heart failure and hyperuricemia.

PMID:41307868 | DOI:10.1007/s40801-025-00526-6

Dig Dis Sci. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1007/s10620-025-09584-w. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: We aim to test the hypothesis that “primary early surgery (i.e., within 2 years from symptoms onset) in chronic calcific pancreatitis (CCP) has better durable long-term Quality of Life (QOL) than patients undergoing late surgery (> 2 years from symptom onset)” using the SF-36 questionnaire.

METHODS: This is a prospective observational study conducted between 2016 and 2025. 162 patients with large-duct CCP (MPD diameter ≥ 6 mm) underwent either Frey’s procedure or lateral pancreatico-jejunostomy (LPJ). 62/162 patients on regular follow -up were included in the study. The 62 patients were grouped into primary early surgery group (PESG) and late surgery group (LSG). After long term (> 3 year) of follow-up, patient’s responses regarding QOL were recorded using the SF-36 questionnaire and compared. The primary outcome measures were pain, physical functioning and role limitations due to physical health and the other components on the SF-36 were taken as secondary outcome measures.

RESULTS: 27/62 cases were in LSG and 35/62 belonged to PESG. Mann-Whitney U test was used to make group comparisons. 7 out of 8 components namely Pain, Physical Functioning, Role Limitations Due to Physical Health, Role Limitations Due to Emotional Problems, Energy/ Fatigue, Emotional Well-Being, Social Functioning had statistically significant difference favoring better QOL in PESG.

CONCLUSION: Primary early surgery has a positive impact on long-term QOL in patients with CCP. However, future RCTs will help to draw solid conclusions to support or refute our observations.

PMID:41307862 | DOI:10.1007/s10620-025-09584-w

J Assist Reprod Genet. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1007/s10815-025-03731-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Sperm mature as they transit through the epididymis, during which they gain progressive motility and the capability to fertilize oocytes. Autophagy plays a significant role in the regulation of testicular spermiogenesis. Autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) is recognized as a crucial regulator of autophagy progression. However, the role of Atg5 in regulating epididymal sperm maturation has yet to be elucidated.

METHODS: To investigate the function of Atg5 in regulating epididymal sperm maturation, Atg5 conditional knockout mice were generated using Cre/LoxP technology, and sperm quality and fertility were assessed. Comprehensive quantitative analyses and bioinformatics evaluations of the proteome in segments 4-5 of the caput epididymis and sperm from the cauda epididymis were conducted.

RESULTS: Atg5 deletion reduced autophagy in the caput epididymis but did not significantly affect sperm motility. Quantitative proteomics via data-independent acquisition (DIA) and subsequent bioinformatics analysis revealed significant alterations in the expression of several sperm proteins. Among these, the upregulated proteins were strongly associated with Atg5-independent surrogate autophagy, while the downregulated proteins were linked to sperm maturation. Additionally, qRT-PCR assays demonstrated that seven genes closely related to autophagy and sperm quality were differentially expressed in the 4-5 segments of the caput epididymis.

CONCLUSIONS: Atg5 affects protein expression and abundance in both the caput epididymis (segments 4-5) and cauda epididymal sperm, without statistically significant effects on sperm motility or male fertility. However, the potential impact of autophagy inhibition on sperm maturation may arise under challenging survival conditions by influencing the expression of sperm proteins.

PMID:41307852 | DOI:10.1007/s10815-025-03731-y

Discov Oncol. 2025 Nov 27. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-04173-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inflammatory condition with increasing evidence of comorbidity with breast cancer (BRCA). While epidemiological studies suggest an association, the underlying genetic mechanisms remain largely unexplored.

METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive genome-wide investigation to explore the shared genetic basis between IBD (including CD and UC) and breast cancer. Summary statistics from large-scale GWAS were analyzed using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), GNOVA, stratified LDSC (S-LDSC), MAGMA, PLACO, and summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR). Tissue-specific enrichment was evaluated using GTEx data, and functional annotation was performed using FUMA.

RESULTS: We identified significant genetic correlations between IBD and breast cancer at the genome-wide level. Subsequent pleiotropy analyses detected 83 genome-wide significant pleiotropic SNPs and 24 shared risk loci, including 9p24.1 and 10q21.2, involving key immune-regulatory genes such as JAK2, CD274, and ZNF365. MAGMA and FUMA revealed enrichment of shared genes in immune pathways such as cytokine signaling, JAK-STAT signaling, and antigen presentation. Tissue-specific analyses indicated significant expression of pleiotropic genes in the colon, terminal ileum, and breast. SMR analysis further supported the transcriptional regulatory role of genes like P4HA2, ZNF365, SLC22A4, and SLC22A5 in both diseases.

CONCLUSION: This study presents the first systematic genetic evidence of a shared immunogenetic basis between IBD and breast cancer. The identification of pleiotropic loci and candidate drug targets provides novel insights into inflammation-associated tumorigenesis and lays the groundwork for future cross-disease prevention and therapeutic strategies.

PMID:41307839 | DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-04173-9

Discov Ment Health. 2025 Nov 27;5(1):189. doi: 10.1007/s44192-025-00324-0.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that imposes significant physical, psychological, and social burdens on patients and their family caregivers. Family caregivers play a crucial role in patient care, but often experience substantial caregiving burden and psychological distress. Telenursing, as an emerging approach in healthcare, offers an accessible and cost-effective method for providing education and support to caregivers. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of telenursing in care education for family caregivers of patients with psoriasis.

METHODS: A single-site, open-label randomized clinical trial with two parallel groups (intervention and control) will be conducted at the dermatology clinic of Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, between June 2025 and November 2025. Seventy family caregivers of patients with psoriasis who meet the inclusion criteria will be recruited and randomly assigned (38 per group) to either a telenursing-based care education program (intervention) or usual education (control). The intervention will last six weeks, including four weeks of structured online education via WhatsApp and Skyroom, followed by two weeks of follow-up. Primary outcomes (psychological well-being and caregiving burden) and the secondary outcome (caregiver self-efficacy) will be assessed at baseline and post-intervention using validated questionnaires. Statistical analyses will be conducted using SPSS software V.23, with a significance level of p < 0.05.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This trial will evaluate whether a structured telenursing program can improve psychological well-being and caregiver self-efficacy while reducing caregiving burden among family caregivers of patients with psoriasis. The findings may inform scalable nurse-led telehealth strategies to support caregivers in chronic dermatological conditions. Trial registration IRCT20240319061338N2, registered on 17 January 2025 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) ( http://www.irct.ir/ ).

PMID:41307833 | DOI:10.1007/s44192-025-00324-0