Tag: pubmed

Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2026;54(2):183-189. doi: 10.36740/Merkur202602113.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To find out the features of individual anatomical variability of the urinary system organs in the fetal period of human ontogenesis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: 102 human fetuses with a parieto-calcaneal length (PCL) of 160.0-480.0 mm (4-10 months of gestation) were studied. A complex of morphological research methods was applied, which included anthropometry, morphometry, injection of blood vessels with dyes for visualization of blood vessels of macrospecimens, preparation of macrospecimens, and statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Results: Our material revealed a number of variants of the shape and structure of the ureters, in particular, doubling of the renal pelvis and ureters – 4 observations. The reasons for this may be impaired morphogenesis of the metanephros at the end of the 6th – beginning of the 7th week of intrauterine development. Bends of the proximal part of the ureter, megaureter were observed in 2 cases, polymegacolix, megacolix – in 2 cases. Aberrant renal vessels were detected in 8 specimens. The reasons for their occurrence may be impaired angiogenesis at the end of the 6th week of prenatal development.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: 1. Variants of the structure and topography, as well as malformations of the upper urinary tract, were detected in 15.7% of 102 studied fetal specimens. 2. The ratio of detected variants and anomalies of the structure and topography in female fetuses prevailed over those in male fetuses in the ratio of 5:3. 3. Extreme forms of anatomical variability of the structure of renal vessels and their syntopy with the renal pelvis and ureter in all observations were a potential danger of vasorenal conflicts, which would subsequently lead to hydronephrotic transformation of the kidney.

PMID:42048508 | DOI:10.36740/Merkur202602113

Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2026;54(2):176-182. doi: 10.36740/Merkur202602112.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Aim: This study aimed to verify experimentally the effectiveness of a problem-search approach for teaching Histology in enhancing the level of cognitive engagement among first-year medical students enrolled in specialty I2 “Medicine,” as well as to substantiate the feasibility of its implementation in the educational process of future physician training.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The study was conducted during the 2024-2025 academic year and consisted of three stages (summative, formative, and final) using a pedagogical quasi-experimental design. A total of 756 undergraduate students enrolled in specialty I2 “Medicine” participated and were divided into a control group (n=352) and an experimental group (n=354). The level of cognitive engagement was assessed before and after the formative stage using B. K. Pashnev’s questionnaire. The experimental group was taught using a combination of problem-based learning, the case method, heuristic dialogue, smallgroup work, project-based learning, and digital interactive technologies.

RESULTS: Results: At the summative stage, no statistically significant differences between the groups were identified. After the implementation of the problem-inquiry teaching methodology, the experimental group demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of medical students with an advanced level of cognitive engagement (from 32.5% to 70.1%) compared with the control group (χ2=38.369; p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The proposed methodology for teaching Histology to future physicians, grounded in a problem-search approach, is an effective means of enhancing medical students’ cognitive engagement and may be recommended for implementation in higher medical education practice.

PMID:42048507 | DOI:10.36740/Merkur202602112

Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2026;54(2):169-175. doi: 10.36740/Merkur202602111.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Aim: Our study aims to compare the outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) who have sarcoidosis and who do not have sarcoidosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: We used data from the TriNetX US collaborative network database, including DCM patients with and without sarcoidosis between Aug 1, 2015 and Aug 1, 2025. Propensity score matching was done to minimize differences in baseline characteristics. A total of 4,514 patients in each cohort (sarcoidosis vs. non-sarcoidosis) were studied after propensity score matching. The primary outcome was ventricular assist device (VAD) placement, and the secondary outcomes were ventricular arrhythmia, hospitalization or ED visits, acute kidney injury, and stroke.

RESULTS: Results: The incidence of VAD insertion was more frequent in the sarcoidosis group (2.2% vs. 1.3%; OR: 1.676, 95% CI: 1.210-2.321; P<0.001). Secondary outcomes also showed significant differences, with higher rates of ventricular arrhythmia (OR: 2.082, 95% CI: 1.833-2.364; P<0.001), acute kidney injury (OR: 1.305, 95% CI: 1.157-1.473; P<0.001), and hospitalization/ED visits (OR: 1.159, 95% CI: 1.003-1.340; P<0.001) in the sarcoidosis cohort. Other arrhythmia events were more frequent (OR: 2.517, 95% CI: 2.425-2.613; P<0.001). The risk of composite stroke did not differ significantly between groups (OR: 1.132, 95% CI: 0.957-1.339; P=0.146).

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Sarcoidosis in DCM was associated with higher risk of VAD insertion and most secondary outcomes, except stroke, indicating worse prognosis and need for closer monitoring and targeted management.

PMID:42048506 | DOI:10.36740/Merkur202602111

Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2026;54(2):163-168. doi: 10.36740/Merkur202602110.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To investigate the impact of adaptive swimming training sessions on the psycho-emotional and functional state of individuals with musculoskeletal disorders.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in 2025, with 32 male service members aged 26-58 who underwent rehabilitation for musculoskeletal injuries over 6 weeks. The research used a combination of theoretical, empirical, and mathematical statistical methods. The psycho-emotional state was assessed using the Wessman-Ricks technique, and the functional state was assessed using a 100 m swimming test and the duration of heart rate recovery after exercise.

RESULTS: Results: Data analysis showed that adaptive swimming training sessions have a pronounced rehabilitative effect: they normalize the psycho-emotional state, reduce stress levels, and increase the body’s adaptive capabilities. The integral indicator of emotional state after 6 weeks of training increased by 1.15 points (p≤0.001) and reached a good level, reflecting the restoration of emotional balance. Functional indicators also improved: the time to cover a distance of 100 meters was reduced by 51 seconds (p≤0.001); the duration of heart rate recovery was reduced by 3.65 beats per minute (p≤0.001).

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: It has been established that adaptive swimming training sessions contribute to improving the psycho-emotional state and functional capabilities of individuals with musculoskeletal disorders. A significant improvement in the integral indicators of the cardiovascular system’s emotional and functional states has been observed.

PMID:42048505 | DOI:10.36740/Merkur202602110

Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2026;54(2):137-143. doi: 10.36740/Merkur202602106.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Aim: To conduct histological and immunohistochemical analysis and distribution of lymphocytes and Kupffer cells in the liver of rats with long-term experimental use of hemp seed oil (HSO).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: 26 sexually mature male rats (180-230 g, 5-7 months old) were divided into three groups: experimental (n=14, 0.5 ml/kg/day HSO orally for 10 weeks), control (n=6, 0.1 ml/kg/day HSO orally for 10 weeks), and intact (n=6). Histological and immunohistochemical (CD3, CD20, CD56, CD68) studies, alongside quantitative analysis of lymphocyte and macrophage distribution in hepatic lobules, were performed. Statistical significance was assessed using Mann-Whitney and Pearson tests, with p<0.05 considered significant.

RESULTS: Results: After 10 weeks of 0.5 ml/kg/day HSO, 71.43% of experimental rats developed mild fatty liver disease (Kleiner grade S1 steatosis), a significant difference from the control group (p<0.0001). No histological inflammation or necrotic changes in hepatocytes were observed. Small numbers of CD3 lymphocytes were present in portal tracts, without extending into or damaging the adjacent parenchyma. CD20 and NK resident lymphocytes were sparse. Aggregates of CD68-positive Kupffer cells were most common near liver lobule triads. The average number of Kupffer cells (5.79±0.06 per 0.01 mm2) in the experimental group significantly (p<0.001) exceeded the control by 1.49 times, suggesting hyperplasia of specialized macrophages and their increased role in liver immune function.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Ten weeks of experimental use indicates that hemp seed oil is safe to consume at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg/day.

PMID:42048501 | DOI:10.36740/Merkur202602106

Clin Ter. 2026 May-Jun;177(3):642-651. doi: 10.7417/CT.2026.2052.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify the continuous dose-response relationship between the duration of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and the probability of neonatal and maternal infectious morbidity.

METHODS: This meta-analysis and systematic review synthesise data from 15 studies worldwide involving more than 70,000 mother-neonate pairs. A two-step random-effects model of PROM duration as a continuous dose, using restricted cubic splines, was used to estimate specific risk thresholds.

RESULTS: The analysis established a progressive, non-linear escalation of risk. The onset of statistical risks at 16 hours is the early-onset pneumonia (Adjusted OR 1.86, 95% CI: 1.152.99). At the age of 18 hours, the incidence of culture-proven sepsis in neonates was 4.0%, and the odds ratio for maternal fever was significantly higher (AOR 36.6). The analysis of the ROC curves revealed a critical mathematical pivot point at 37 hours, after which complications escalate exponentially. Latency greater than 48 hours was the most significant independent predictor of culture-proven sepsis, with an increased risk of 8.2 (p < 0.001). Histologic chorioamnionitis was detected in 39% of mothers, and in many cases, they are clinically silent. Considerable heterogeneity (I2 > 60%) was mainly caused by gestational age disparities in cohorts of extremely preterm and term babies.

CONCLUSION: PROM latency risk is not a threat but accelerates with time. Although 18 hours will be an acceptable early warning level, the range of 37 to 48 hours is a high-risk period that needs aggressive treatment. International guidelines need to be reviewed to reflect this non-linear trend, especially regarding pregnancy, where the risks of delivery are low compared to the rising risk of latency.

PMID:42047155 | DOI:10.7417/CT.2026.2052

Clin Ter. 2026 May-Jun;177(3):606-617. doi: 10.7417/CT.2026.2047.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify psychosocial determinants of medication adherence among hypertensive patients and examine urban-rural disparities.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 385 hypertensive patients from urban and rural areas completed a comprehensive questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, psychosocial factors, and medication adherence measured by the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8). Multiple statistical approaches, including logistic regression, path analysis, and structural equation modeling, were employed to examine direct and indirect relationships between predictors and medication adherence.

RESULTS: 52.7% of participants demonstrated high medication adherence, with significantly higher rates in urban (62%) than rural (43%) populations. Multivariate analysis identified family support (AOR=2.34, 95% CI: 1.76-3.12), self-efficacy (AOR=1.87, 95% CI: 1.38-2.54), and health literacy (AOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.42-2.61) as significant positive predictors of adherence, while perceived stigma (AOR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.48-0.83) and cultural beliefs about traditional remedies (AOR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.43-0.78) were significant barriers. Path analysis revealed that psychosocial factors mediated the relationship between education level and medication adherence, with health literacy accounting for 42% of this relationship. Significant urban-rural differences were observed in the strength of associations between psychosocial factors and adherence.

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides novel insights into the complex interplay between demographic characteristics, psychosocial determinants, and medication adherence among hypertensive patients in Saudi Arabia. The identified urban-rural disparities and cultural influences highlight the need for tailored interventions that address specific psychosocial barriers in different contexts. Our findings suggest that comprehensive approaches enhancing health literacy, self-efficacy, and family support while addressing cultural beliefs could significantly improve medication adherence.

PMID:42047149 | DOI:10.7417/CT.2026.2047

Clin Ter. 2026 May-Jun;177(3):591-596. doi: 10.7417/CT.2026.2045.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentary disorder with autoimmune and neurogenic mechanisms. Neurotensin, a neuropeptide with immunomodulatory properties, has been implicated in inflammatory skin conditions, but its role in vitiligo remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES: To compare serum neurotensin levels in active and stable vitiligo patients versus healthy controls, and to evaluate their correlation with disease activity (VIDA score) and extent (VASI score).

METHODS: A case-control study was conducted including 40 vitiligo patients (20 active, 20 stable) and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum neurotensin was measured using ELISA. Disease activity and extent were assessed with VIDA and VASI scores, respectively. Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman rank correlation tests.

RESULTS: The median serum neurotensin levels were 20.40 ng/ml (range 7.35-74.00) in active patients, 14.55 ng/ml (range 6.10-30.00) with stable patients and 11.20 ng/ml (range 6.40-18.30) with controls. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that there was a statistically significant overall difference between the three groups (H=16.506, p<0.001). Serum neurotensin showed a modest but statistically significant positive correlation with VIDA score (rs = 0.333, p = 0.036), but no significant correlation with VASI score (p = 0.190).

CONCLUSIONS: Serum neurotensin is elevated in vitiligo, particularly in active disease, supporting a potential role for neurogenic mechanisms in melanocyte destruction. Its association with disease activity suggests its potential utility as a biomarker of vitiligo activity.

PMID:42047147 | DOI:10.7417/CT.2026.2045

Clin Ter. 2026 May-Jun;177(3):549-553. doi: 10.7417/CT.2026.2040.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The optimal management of patients with concurrent gallbladder and common bile duct (CBD) stones remains a topic of debate, especially in resource-limited settings. Single-stage laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) under the same anesthesia has the potential to lower operative risks, reduce hospital stay, and cut healthcare costs.

METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 374 consecutive patients who underwent single-stage LC + ERCP between January 2018 and December 2024 at 115 People’s Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Demographic data, perioperative outcomes, operative time, complication rates, and postoperative recovery were analyzed.

RESULTS: The mean age was 60 ± 15 years; 59% were female. The mean total operative time was 123 ± 33 minutes, and the average postoperative hospital stay was 2 ± 1 days. Successful CBD stone clearance was achieved in 100% of patients, with 16% requiring temporary biliary stent placement. Postoperative complications occurred in 4% of patients, all mild pancreatitis, with no bile leakage, bleeding, or mortality. ERCP time >45 minutes, CBD diameter <10 mm, and previous ERCP were significantly associated with post-ERCP pancreatitis.

CONCLUSION: Single-stage LC + ERCP for concurrent gallbladder and CBD stones is safe, effective, and feasible in a tertiary Vietnamese hospital setting. The procedure achieved high success and low complication rates, with shortened hospital stay and minimal morbidity.

PMID:42047142 | DOI:10.7417/CT.2026.2040

Clin Ter. 2026 May-Jun;177(3):496-501. doi: 10.7417/CT.2026.2034.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Orthostatic hypotension (OH) represents a link between haemodynamic instability and psychosocial adversity in low-resource settings.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of OH among postpartum women in Ndola, Zambia, and examine associations with family scapegoating abuse (FSA) and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.

METHODS: In a community-based cross-sectional study, postpartum women aged 20-30 years within one year of delivery (N = 666) underwent active-stand blood pressure testing. OH was defined as a ≥20 mmHg fall in systolic and/or ≥10 mmHg fall in diastolic pressure within 3 minutes of standing. FSA was measured using the FSA-25 and mental health symptoms using the DASS-21. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, logistic regression (including a stepwise sensitivity model), and structural equation modelling (SEM) evaluated direct, indirect, and moderated associations with OH.

RESULTS: OH was identified in 93 (13.9%) women. Any FSA was reported by 164 (24.6%) women, and moderate-to-severe scapegoating was present in 136 (20.4%). In SEM, depressive symptoms showed a positive direct association with OH, with indirect pathways involving anxiety and FSA, while stress related to OH primarily through FSA. In logistic regression, Stress_G(1) was associated with lower odds of OH (OR = 0.109, 95% CI: 0.042-0.280), whereas employment status was not independently associated with OH; interaction estimates with employment were unstable. In the stepwise model, Stress_G(1) was the only retained significant predictor of OH.

CONCLUSIONS: OH is a clinically relevant postpartum finding in this Zambian cohort and co-occurs with substantial family scapegoating and internalising symptoms. Integrating orthostatic blood pressure assessment with structured psychosocial screening may help identify women at heightened risk for dizziness, falls, and persistent mood and anxiety problems, supporting more holistic postpartum care in similar low-resource settings.

PMID:42047136 | DOI:10.7417/CT.2026.2034