Tag: pubmed

Immunohematology. 2023 Jul 5;39(2):55-60. doi: 10.21307/immunohematology-2023-009. eCollection 2023 Jun 1.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to define risk factors for jaundice and anemia in newborns with a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and/or with an incompatible crossmatch due to ABO incompatibility between mother and newborn. ABO incompatibility has become a more significant cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn since the introduction of effective anti-D prophylaxis. The condition is common and, if clinically significant at all, causes only mild jaundice, which can be treated with phototherapy (PT). However, rare and serious presentations, requiring transfusion therapy, have been noted. Clinical, laboratory, and immunohematologic data were collected retrospectively from medical records of ABO-incompatible newborns and their mothers over a 5-year period (2016-2020) from University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Two groups of newborns were compared: those who needed medical intervention because of hyperbilirubinemia or anemia and those who did not. Within the group of newborns requiring intervention, we also compared those with A and B blood groups. Over the 5-year period, 72 of 184 (39%) newborns required treatment. The treatment was PT in 71 (38%) newborns and erythrocyte transfusion in 2 (1%). In 112 (61%) newborns, ABO incompatibility was an accidental finding while performing blood group typing; these newborns did not require any therapy. In conclusion, we found a statistical, but not clinically significant, difference between the groups of treated and untreated newborns, related to the mode of delivery and DAT positivity within hours of delivery. There were no statistically significant differences in characteristics between the groups of treated newborns, except for two newborns with blood group A who received erythrocyte transfusions.

PMID:37405847 | DOI:10.21307/immunohematology-2023-009

Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2022;72(4):183-199. doi: 10.4467/16891716AMSIK.22.021.17621.

ABSTRACT

The problems with obtaining expert opinions from court-appointed physicians in Poland have been known for a long time and are well-diagnosed. The reasons for this state of affairs are: an overall insufficient number of physicians compared to the general needs, uncompetitive remuneration levels, and the difficulty of reconciling professional and court-appointed expert duties, while taking into consideration the availability expected of experts. The ongoing generational transition may further exacerbate these problems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the latter phenomenon by comparing the age profile of court-appointed physicians with that of physicians in general. Information on the age of court-appointed physicians was obtained from the presidents of regional courts and the Central Register of Physicians, while general statistics on physicians were also acquired from the latter. Research allowed us to formulate the following conclusions: only 0.8% of all physicians in Poland serve a court-appointed expert function. Almost two-thirds of court-appointed physicians belong to the Baby Boomer generation (born in 1946-1964), nearly one-third to Generation X (1965-1980), and only one-sixteenth (6.10%) to Generation Y (1981-1996), or Millennials. The results obtained, as well as data from the literature, suggest that the current bad state of affairs regarding access to the opinions of court-appointed physicians will further deteriorate in the coming years due to generational changes, i.e., the replacement of Baby Boomers and Generation X, currently dominant among court-appointed experts, by Generation Y, i.e., Millennials, with a different attitude to life.

PMID:37405839 | DOI:10.4467/16891716AMSIK.22.021.17621

Eur J Neurol. 2023 Jul 5. doi: 10.1111/ene.15965. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the most sensitive combination of tests to detect peri-personal unilateral neglect (UN) after stroke.

METHODS: The present study is a secondary analysis of a previously reported multicentric study of 203 individuals with right hemisphere damage (RHD), mainly subacute stroke, 11 weeks post onset on average, and 307 healthy controls. A battery of 7 tests, providing 19 age and education adjusted z scores were given: the bells test, line bisection, figure copying, clock drawing, overlapping figures test, reading and writing. Statistical analyses used a logistic regression and a ROC after adjustment on demographic variables.

RESULTS: A combination of 4 z-scores based on the following three tests provided a good discrimination of patients with RHD from matched healthy controls: the starting point and the difference between the number of omissions on left and right sides from the Bells test, rightward deviation in bisection of long lines (20 cm), and left-sided omissions in a reading task. The area under the ROC curve was 0.865 (95%CI: 0.83-0.901) with a sensitivity= 0.68; a specificity = 0.95, an accuracy =0.85, a PPV= 0.90, and a NPV=0.82.

DISCUSSION / CONCLUSION: The most sensitive and parsimonious combination of tests to detect UN after stroke relies on 4 scores from 3 simple tests (bells test, line bisection and reading). Future study is warranted to assess its ability to account for the functional difficulties of UN in daily life in the patient’s actual environment.

PMID:37405828 | DOI:10.1111/ene.15965

JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Jul 5;9:e46289. doi: 10.2196/46289.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety is very common among children and adolescents. Few studies have examined how comorbid anxiety and depression are associated with health risk behaviors (HRBs) in adolescents, which could inform preventative approaches for mental health.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between HRBs and comorbid anxiety and depression in a large adolescent cohort.

METHODS: We used data from 22,868 adolescents in the National Youth Cohort (China). Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire scale and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, respectively. Comorbidity was determined by the coexistence of anxiety and depression. HRBs including poor diet, smoking, physical inactivity, and poor sleep, as well as the above HRB scores, were added to obtain the total HRB score (HRB risk index). Based on single and total HRB scores, we divided participants into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups. Potential confounders included gender, presence of siblings, regional economic level, educational status, self-rated health, parental education level, self-reported family income, number of friends, learning burden, and family history of psychosis. Correlation analysis was used to explore associations between single risk behaviors. Binary logistic regression estimated the association between HRBs and anxiety-depression comorbidity before and after adjusting for potential confounders.

RESULTS: The comorbidity rate of anxiety and depression among Chinese adolescents was 31.6% (7236/22,868). There was a statistically significant association between each HRB (P<.05), and HRBs were positively associated with comorbid anxiety and depression in the above population. For single HRBs, adolescents with poor diet, smoking, and poor sleep (medium-risk) were more prone to anxiety-depression comorbidity after adjusting for confounders compared to low-risk adolescents. However, adolescents with all high-risk HRBs were more likely to have comorbid anxiety and depression after adjusting for confounders (poor diet odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.39-1.62; smoking OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.67-2.81; physical inactivity OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.28; poor sleep OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.70-2.01). Moreover, in both unadjusted (medium risk OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.56-2.05; high risk OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.72-3.52) and adjusted (medium risk OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.37-1.80; high risk OR 2.33, 95% CI 2.03-2.68) models, HRB risk index, like clustered HRBs, was positively associated with anxiety-depression comorbidity, and the strength of the association was stronger than for any single HRB. In addition, we found that compared to girls, the association between clustered HRBs and anxiety-depression comorbidity was stronger in boys after adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that HRBs are related to comorbid anxiety and depression. Interventions that decrease HRBs may support mental health development in adolescence, with the potential to improve health and well-being through to adulthood.

PMID:37405826 | DOI:10.2196/46289

J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Jul 5. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004019. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The coagulopathy of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains poorly understood. Contradictory descriptions highlight the distinction between systemic and local coagulation, with descriptions of systemic hypercoagulability despite intracranial hypocoagulopathy. This perplexing coagulation profile has been hypothesized to be due to tissue factor release. The objective of this study was to assess the coagulation profile of TBI patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. We hypothesize that dura violation is associated with higher tissue factor and conversion to a hypercoagulable profile and unique metabolomic and proteomic phenotype.

METHODS: This is a prospective, observational cohort study of all adult TBI patients at an urban, level-1 trauma center who underwent a neurosurgical procedure from 2019 to 2021. Whole blood samples were collected before and then one hour following dura violation. Citrated rapid and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) thrombelastography (TEG) were performed, in addition to measurement of tissue factory activity, metabolomics, and proteomics.

RESULTS: Overall, 57 patients were included. The majority (61%) were male, the median age was 52 years, 70% presented after blunt trauma, and the median Glasgow Coma Score was 7. Compared to pre-dura violation, post-dura violation blood demonstrated systemic hypercoagulability, with a significant increase in clot strength (maximum amplitude of 74.4 mm versus 63.5 mm, p < 0.0001) and a significant decrease in fibrinolysis (LY30 on tPA-challenge TEG of 1.4% versus 2.6%, p = 0.04). There were no statistically significant differences in tissue factor. Metabolomics revealed notable increases in metabolites involved in late glycolysis, cysteine and one carbon metabolites, and metabolites involved in endothelial dysfunction/arginine metabolism/responses to hypoxia. Proteomics revealed notable increase in proteins related to platelet activation and fibrinolysis inhibition.

CONCLUSION: A systemic hypercoagulability is observed in TBI patients, characterized by increased clot strength and decreased fibrinolysis and a unique metabolomic and proteomics phenotype independent of tissue factor levels.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: n/a (basic science).

PMID:37405823 | DOI:10.1097/TA.0000000000004019

Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2023 Jul 3;12(7):4. doi: 10.1167/tvst.12.7.4.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess in vivo regional variability in the densitometry parameters of corneal stroma and the modulating effect of age on those parameters using statistical characterization of optical coherence tomography (OCT) speckle.

METHODS: OCT imaging of central and peripheral cornea was performed in a group of 20 younger (24 to 30 years old) and 19 older (50 to 87 years old) subjects. The sample size was estimated using normal assumptions and previously reported data on speckle parameter variability. Statistical parameters of corneal OCT speckle were calculated in the regions of interest (ROI) encompassing central and peripheral stroma as well as taking into account their anterior and posterior subregions. Both parametric (Burr-2 parameters: α and k) and a nonparametric approach (contrast ratio [CR]) were considered. Two-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in densitometry parameters with respect to ROI position and age.

RESULTS: Both approaches showed statistically significant differences within the ROI positions (all P < 0.001 for α, k, and CR) and age (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, and P = 0.003, for α, k, and CR, respectively) indicating substantial stromal asymmetry. Additionally, CR showed statistically significant differences between anterior and posterior subregions (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Corneal OCT-based densitometry is inherently asymmetrical and are influenced by age. The results indicate that regional variability of stromal structure is not limited to the central and peripheral regions but that differences exist also between the nasal and temporal parts of the cornea.

TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: The in vivo acquired parameters of corneal OCT speckle can be used to indirectly assess corneal structure.

PMID:37405797 | DOI:10.1167/tvst.12.7.4

JAMA Psychiatry. 2023 Jul 5. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2105. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Face processing is foundational to human social cognition, is central to the hallmark features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and shapes neural systems and social behavior. Highly efficient and specialized, the face processing system is sensitive to inversion, demonstrated by reduced accuracy in recognition and altered neural response to inverted faces. Understanding at which mechanistic level the autistic face processing system may be particularly different, as measured by the face inversion effect, will improve overall understanding of brain functioning in autism.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize data from the extant literature to determine differences of the face processing system in ASD, as measured by the face inversion effect, across multiple mechanistic levels.

DATA SOURCES: Systematic searches were conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed databases from inception to August 11, 2022.

STUDY SELECTION: Original research that reported performance-based measures of face recognition to upright and inverted faces in ASD and neurotypical samples were included for quantitative synthesis. All studies were screened by at least 2 reviewers.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Multiple effect sizes were extracted from studies to maximize information gain and statistical precision and used a random-effects, multilevel modeling framework to account for statistical dependencies within study samples.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Effect sizes were calculated as a standardized mean change score between ASD and neurotypical samples (ie, Hedges g). The primary outcome measure was performance difference between upright and inverted faces during face recognition tasks. Measurement modality, psychological construct, recognition demand, sample age, sample sex distribution, and study quality assessment scores were assessed as moderators.

RESULTS: Of 1768 screened articles, 122 effect sizes from 38 empirical articles representing data from 1764 individual participants (899 ASD individuals and 865 neurotypical individuals) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, face recognition performance differences between upright and inverted faces were reduced in autistic individuals compared with neurotypical individuals (g = -0.41; SE = 0.11; 95% credible interval [CrI], -0.63 to -0.18). However, there was considerable heterogeneity among effect sizes, which were explored with moderator analysis. The attenuated face inversion effect in autistic individuals was more prominent in emotion compared with identity recognition (b = 0.46; SE = 0.26; 95% CrI, -0.08 to 0.95) and in behavioral compared with electrophysiological measures (b = 0.23; SE = 0.24; 95% CrI, -0.25 to 0.70).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study found that on average, face recognition in autism is less impacted by inversion. These findings suggest less specialization or expertise of the face processing system in autism, particularly in recognizing emotion from faces as measured in behavioral paradigms.

PMID:37405787 | DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2105

JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jul 3;6(7):e2321792. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21792.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: The marketing of health care devices enabled for use with artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) is regulated in the US by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which is responsible for approving and regulating medical devices. Currently, there are no uniform guidelines set by the FDA to regulate AI- or ML-enabled medical devices, and discrepancies between FDA-approved indications for use and device marketing require articulation.

OBJECTIVE: To explore any discrepancy between marketing and 510(k) clearance of AI- or ML-enabled medical devices.

EVIDENCE REVIEW: This systematic review was a manually conducted survey of 510(k) approval summaries and accompanying marketing materials of devices approved between November 2021 and March 2022, conducted between March and November 2022, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Analysis focused on the prevalence of discrepancies between marketing and certification material for AI/ML enabled medical devices.

FINDINGS: A total of 119 FDA 510(k) clearance summaries were analyzed in tandem with their respective marketing materials. The devices were taxonomized into 3 individual categories of adherent, contentious, and discrepant devices. A total of 15 devices (12.61%) were considered discrepant, 8 devices (6.72%) were considered contentious, and 96 devices (84.03%) were consistent between marketing and FDA 510(k) clearance summaries. Most devices were from the radiological approval committees (75 devices [82.35%]), with 62 of these devices (82.67%) adherent, 3 (4.00%) contentious, and 10 (13.33%) discrepant; followed by the cardiovascular device approval committee (23 devices [19.33%]), with 19 of these devices (82.61%) considered adherent, 2 contentious (8.70%) and 2 discrepant (8.70%). The difference between these 3 categories in cardiovascular and radiological devices was statistically significant (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic review, low adherence rates within committees were observed most often in committees with few AI- or ML-enabled devices. and discrepancies between clearance documentation and marketing material were present in one-fifth of devices surveyed.

PMID:37405771 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21792

JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jul 3;6(7):e2321805. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21805.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Youths incarcerated in adult correctional facilities are exposed to a variety of adverse circumstances that could diminish psychological and physical health, potentially leading to early mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether being incarcerated in an adult correctional facility as a youth was associated with mortality between 18 and 39 years of age.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study relied on longitudinal data collected from 1997 to 2019 as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1997, a nationally representative sample of 8984 individuals born in the United States between January 1, 1980, and December 1, 1984. The data analyzed for the current study were derived from annual interviews between 1997 and 2011 and interviews every other year from 2013 to 2019 (19 interviews in total). Participants were limited to respondents aged 17 years or younger during the 1997 interview and alive during their 18th birthday (8951 individuals; >99% of the original sample). Statistical analysis was performed from November 2022 to May 2023.

INTERVENTION: Incarceration in an adult correctional facility before the age of 18 years compared with being arrested before the age of 18 years or never arrested or incarcerated before the age of 18 years.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome for the study was age at mortality between 18 and 39 years of age.

RESULTS: The sample of 8951 individuals included 4582 male participants (51%), 61 American Indian or Alaska Native participants (1%), 157 Asian participants (2%), 2438 Black participants (27%), 1895 Hispanic participants (21%), 1065 participants of other race (12%), and 5233 White participants (59%). A total of 225 participants (3%) died during the study period, with a mean (SD) age at death of 27.7 (5.9) years. Incarceration in an adult correctional facility before the age of 18 years was associated with an increased risk of earlier mortality between 18 and 39 years of age compared with individuals who were never arrested or incarcerated before the age of 18 years (time ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.95). Being arrested before the age of 18 years was associated with an increased risk of earlier mortality between 18 and 39 years of age when compared with individuals who were never arrested or incarcerated before the age of 18 years (time ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.73-0.93).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study of 8951 youths, the survival model suggested that being incarcerated in an adult correctional facility may be associated with an increased risk of early mortality between 18 and 39 years of age.

PMID:37405770 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21805

JAMA Psychiatry. 2023 Jul 5. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2157. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Possible associations between stimulant treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subsequent substance use remain debated and clinically relevant.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of stimulant treatment of ADHD with subsequent substance use using the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA), which provides a unique opportunity to test this association while addressing methodologic complexities (principally, multiple dynamic confounding variables).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: MTA was a multisite study initiated at 6 sites in the US and 1 in Canada as a 14-month randomized clinical trial of medication and behavior therapy for ADHD but transitioned to a longitudinal observational study. Participants were recruited between 1994 and 1996. Multi-informant assessments included comprehensively assessed demographic, clinical (including substance use), and treatment (including stimulant treatment) variables. Children aged 7 to 9 years with rigorously diagnosed DSM-IV combined-type ADHD were repeatedly assessed until a mean age of 25 years. Analysis took place between April 2018 and February 2023.

EXPOSURE: Stimulant treatment of ADHD was measured prospectively from baseline for 16 years (10 assessments) initially using parent report followed by young adult report.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Frequency of heavy drinking, marijuana use, daily cigarette smoking, and other substance use were confidentially self-reported with a standardized substance use questionnaire.

RESULTS: A total of 579 children (mean [SD] age at baseline, 8.5 [0.8] years; 465 [80%] male) were analyzed. Generalized multilevel linear models showed no evidence that current (B [SE] range, -0.62 [0.55] to 0.34 [0.47]) or prior stimulant treatment (B [SE] range, -0.06 [0.26] to 0.70 [0.37]) or their interaction (B [SE] range, -0.49 [0.70] to 0.86 [0.68]) were associated with substance use after adjusting for developmental trends in substance use and age. Marginal structural models adjusting for dynamic confounding by demographic, clinical, and familial factors revealed no evidence that more years of stimulant treatment (B [SE] range, -0.003 [0.01] to 0.04 [0.02]) or continuous, uninterrupted stimulant treatment (B [SE] range, -0.25 [0.33] to -0.03 [0.10]) were associated with adulthood substance use. Findings were the same for substance use disorder as outcome.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study found no evidence that stimulant treatment was associated with increased or decreased risk for later frequent use of alcohol, marijuana, cigarette smoking, or other substances used for adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD. These findings do not appear to result from other factors that might drive treatment over time and findings held even after considering opposing age-related trends in stimulant treatment and substance use.

PMID:37405756 | DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.2157