Tag: pubmed

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2025.1833. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: The palatine tonsil is the most common subsite of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There is debate on how to manage the contralateral clinically uninvolved tonsil in patients undergoing a primary surgical approach via transoral robotic surgery (TORS).

OBJECTIVE: To assess postoperative complications, functional outcomes, contralateral tonsil second primary rates, and survival in patients undergoing unilateral vs bilateral TORS with pathology-guided adjuvant treatment.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in a quaternary care academic medical center. All consecutive unilateral tonsillar patients with SCC undergoing TORS as primary treatment from June 2016 to July 2023 were included. Analysis was conducted between October 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025.

EXPOSURE: Unilateral TORS (ipsilateral radical tonsillectomy) vs bilateral TORS (ipsilateral radical tonsillectomy and contralateral extracapsular tonsillectomy).

MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome measure was rate of postoperative oropharyngeal hemorrhage. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative emergency department (ED) visit/hospitalization rate, time to nasogastric tube (NGT) removal, rate of discharge with an NGT tube, G-tube dependence rates, second primary rates in the contralateral tonsil, length of stay, and 2-year and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS: A total of 158 (106 unilateral, 52 bilateral TORS) patients with HPV-associated tonsillar SCC were evaluated, including 18 women and 139 men with a mean (SD) age of 60 (10) years. There were clinically meaningful differences in oropharyngeal hemorrhage rates (7% vs 15%; percent difference, -7.8; 95% CI, -18.8% to 3.2%), 30-day ED visit/hospitalization rates (9% vs 21%; percent difference, -11.7%; 95% CI, -24.1 to 0.7), and median length of stay (2 vs 3 days) for unilateral and bilateral TORS, respectively. Swallowing outcomes, DFS, and OS were not significantly different between the 2 groups. A total of 3 patients (1.9%) had a second primary tumor in the contralateral tonsil, including 2 metachronous primary tumors in the unilateral group (1.8%) and 1 synchronous primary tumor incidentally removed at the time of surgery in the bilateral group (1.9%).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This cohort study found that omission of contralateral elective extracapsular tonsillectomy in HPV-positive SCC was safe and associated with a trend toward lower posttonsillectomy hemorrhage, postoperative ED visits for pain control, and hospital length of stay without compromising survival. Prophylactically resecting the contralateral tonsil may add patient harm without any clear benefits.

PMID:40638110 | DOI:10.1001/jamaoto.2025.1833

J Craniofac Surg. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000011116. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the patients who underwent himi-lengthening genioplasty (HLG) in our department since 2020, using digital technology for a comprehensive comparative analysis of bone stability, facial symmetry, and neurosensory evaluation, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness and potential risks of HLG and provide a reference for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. A total of 23 patients were included in our study. Among them, 13 patients underwent HLG, while 10 patients underwent conventional genioplasty. The follow-up period was 1 year postoperatively. The measurements the authors recorded included 2-point discrimination (TPD) test values of lip and chin, the mandibular similarity index, the volumes of chin segments, and the absorption rates. All these measurements were compared by statistical method. The TPD values increased 1 day and 4 days postoperatively and were statistically significant (P<0.05), but when 1 month and 3 months postoperatively, the differences in TPD values were not statistically significant. The mandibular similarity index of the HLG group is better at 1 year after surgery (P=0.005). The difference in the stability of the chin segments was not statistically significant between the 2 groups.

PMID:40638093 | DOI:10.1097/SCS.0000000000011116

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Jul 15;122(28):e2503088122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2503088122. Epub 2025 Jul 10.

ABSTRACT

How the brain recovers the three-dimensional structure of surfaces and objects from 2D retinal images remains mysterious. Shading patterns provide one of the most powerful-yet least understood-visual depth cues. Most theories assume the brain infers surface normals from luminance values. However, this seems unlikely as visual neurons are broadly insensitive to luminance. To identify alternative cues, we measured responses of model orientation-selective cell populations to images of shaded objects. We found a surprising statistical relationship between image orientations and surface curvature properties, suggesting a way to estimate shape from shading. We find that the orientation-based cues not only predict striking illusions of shape perception when lighting varies, but also the impressive robustness of shape perception when large image modifications are introduced to directly pit luminance and image orientation cues against one another. The findings resolve the longstanding question of which image measurements drive shape from shading perception.

PMID:40638088 | DOI:10.1073/pnas.2503088122

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0379. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic minority patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are underrepresented in studies on health behavior and mortality.

METHODS: We examined the association between post-diagnosis health behavior and mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), a diverse group of 215,000 participants from Hawai’i and Los Angeles (recruited 1993-1996). Follow-up was through December 31, 2019. Post-diagnosis health behavior was assessed using a modified World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) score (excluding ultra-processed foods). The primary outcome was overall mortality; CRC-specific mortality was secondary.

RESULTS: Among 1,079 eligible participants, 489 (45.3%) were women, and 850 (78.8%) self-identified as racial/ethnically minoritized people. Over a median follow-up of 12.2 years, there were 613 all-cause deaths and 105 CRC-related deaths. Median time from diagnosis to questionnaire completion was 5 years (interquartile range, IQR: 2-8). Higher WCRF/AICR scores (4.5-7) were associated with lower risk of overall mortality compared to lower scores (≤2.25) (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.87). Risk of CRC-specific mortality was also lower but not statistically significant. Among individual health behaviors, physical activity was associated with lower risk of all-cause and CRC-specific mortality (reference: <75 min/week), with HRs of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.81) for 75-<150 min/week and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.64) for ≥150 min/week.

CONCLUSIONS: Higher adherence to WCRF/AICR guidelines, particularly engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, was associated with lower risk of mortality in long-term CRC survivors.

IMPACT: These findings support the generalizability of prior studies examining adherence to WCRF/AICR guidelines to a broader group of patients with CRC.

PMID:40638065 | DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0379

Ophthalmol Ther. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1007/s40123-025-01199-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate early postoperative changes in the posterior corneal surface, anterior chamber parameters, and Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display (BAD) scores following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using Pentacam tomography.

METHODS: This observational study included 102 eyes of 51 patients (mean age 28.43 ± 6.27 years) undergoing alcohol-assisted PRK for myopia and/or astigmatism. Preoperative and 1-month postoperative assessments were performed using the Pentacam system, measuring, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), central corneal thickness, posterior keratometry, posterior elevation, and BAD scores. PRK was conducted with a WaveLight^® EX 500 excimer laser, followed by mitomycin-C application. Statistical analysis utilized paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation.

RESULTS: At 1 month post-PRK, ACV significantly decreased (p < 0.01), while ACD reduction was not significant (p = 0.40). Posterior keratometry (K1, K2, Kmean) and astigmatism decreased (p < 0.01), with a mean posterior elevation increase of -2.50 ± 2.94 µm (p < 0.01). A weak negative correlation was observed between maximum posterior elevation difference and ablation depth (p = 0.03, r = -0.20) and ablation depth/preoperative pachymetry ratio (p = 0.03, r = -0.20). BAD-D scores (Dp, Dt, Da, total D) significantly increased (p < 0.01), except for Df (p = 0.41). No correlation was found with preoperative pachymetry or residual stroma.

CONCLUSIONS: PRK induces minimal posterior corneal protrusion and BAD score changes at 1 month, potentially mimicking early ectasia. Multimodal testing is advised for accurate ectasia detection. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to validate these findings.

PMID:40638060 | DOI:10.1007/s40123-025-01199-8

Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2953:311-322. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4694-6_20.

ABSTRACT

Proximity labeling combined with mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has become an essential tool in interactomics. Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) is a versatile method for identifying interacting and neighboring proteins within their native cellular environments. In BioID, the target (bait) protein is fused to a mutated BirA tag that biotinylates vicinal proteins (preys), which are subsequently purified and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. While data-dependent acquisition (DDA) has been the standard for MS-based proteomics, it suffers from bias toward abundant peptides, leading to missing data. In contrast, data-independent acquisition (DIA) improves the identification of low-abundant peptides, providing a more comprehensive proteomic analysis. This chapter outlines a data analysis workflow for BioID experiments in both DDA and DIA modes, using data from a study on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as an example. Data analysis was performed using MaxQuant, FragPipe, and DIA-NN, with downstream processing and statistical analysis conducted in R, incorporating SAINTq to enhance the reliability of bait-prey interaction identification.

PMID:40638057 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-4694-6_20

J Robot Surg. 2025 Jul 10;19(1):369. doi: 10.1007/s11701-025-02558-0.

ABSTRACT

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the differences in efficacy and safety between robotic navigated pedicle screw insertion and conventional free-hand techniques in the management of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Utilizing a predefined search strategy, we systematically searched four major biomedical databases-PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase-up to January 27, 2025. After rigorous screening, six eligible clinical studies (comprising prospective cohort studies and retrospective analyses) involving 260 patients in total were incorporated into the quantitative synthesis. The primary outcomes measured included screw placement accuracy, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, length of hospital stay, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the incidence of complications. The results revealed that robot-assisted pedicle screw placement significantly outperformed traditional manual placement regarding screw placement accuracy, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, length of hospital stay, and VAS score (P < 0.05). However, robot-assisted surgery was linked to a notably longer surgical duration compared to manual methods (WMD > 0, P < 0.05). To summarize, robot-assisted pedicle screw placement demonstrates significant advantages over traditional manual placement in the management of lumbar spondylolisthesis, with its safety and efficacy further validated.

PMID:40638017 | DOI:10.1007/s11701-025-02558-0

Psychiatr Q. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1007/s11126-025-10185-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments that persist into adulthood. Despite advancements in our understanding of ADHD, the factors influencing its course remain unclear. The inflammatory hypothesis suggests that immune dysregulation may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology. However, research examining inflammation in adult ADHD is limited. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare complete blood count (CBC) parameters and derived inflammatory indices between adult patients with ADHD and healthy controls, with particular attention to sex differences. The study included 72 drug-free adults with ADHD (aged 18-38 years) diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and 72 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. CBC parameters and inflammatory indices, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), basophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (BLR), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII), and pan-immune inflammatory value (PIV), were compared between the groups. Monocyte counts were significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group (p = 0.019). Sex-specific analysis revealed no significant differences in inflammatory parameters among females. However, male patients with ADHD showed significantly elevated leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts compared to male controls (p = 0.031, p = 0.049, and p = 0.038, respectively). These findings suggest that elevated monocyte levels, indicative of chronic inflammation, may have diagnostic implications in adult ADHD, particularly among males. These findings underscore the necessity to incorporate sex-specific biological mechanisms when investigating and developing therapeutic strategies for ADHD.

PMID:40638003 | DOI:10.1007/s11126-025-10185-z

Ann Biomed Eng. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1007/s10439-025-03777-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Iliac wing fractures due to lap belt loading have been observed in laboratory settings for 50 years and recent data suggest they are also occurring in the field. Automated driving systems (ADS) and other occupant compartment advancements are expected to offer enhanced flexibility in seating orientation, which could place a greater reliance on the seatbelt to restrain occupants. Such changes may increase seatbelt loads and create new challenges in successfully restraining occupants and mitigating injury to areas, such as the pelvis. Injury criteria exist for component-level male iliac wing fractures resulting from frontal lap belt loading, but not for females.

METHODS: This study explored female iliac wing fracture tolerance in the same loading environment as a previous study that explored the fracture tolerance of isolated male iliac wings. Male and female fracture data were combined to evaluate the effect of sex. Injury risk functions were created by fitting Weibull survival models to data that integrated censored and exact failure observations.

RESULTS: Twenty female iliac wings were tested; fourteen of them sustained fracture with known failure forces (exact), but the remaining six wings either (1) did not fracture or (2) fractured after an event that changed the boundary conditions (right-censored). The fracture tolerance of the tested specimens ranged widely (1134-8759 N) and averaged 4240 N (SD 2516 N).

CONCLUSION: Female data and combined male-female data were analyzed. Age was the only covariate investigated in this study that had a statistically significant effect and improved the predictive performance of the models.

PMID:40638001 | DOI:10.1007/s10439-025-03777-0

Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2025 Jul-Aug;60(4):e70084. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.70084.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: As people with Parkinson’s experience progressive communication changes, effective, implementable speech and language therapy (SLT) interventions are needed. Process evaluations alongside pragmatic randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are of clinical value if they describe, compare and understand the implementation of trial interventions. This paper reports the PD COMM process evaluation. PD COMM was a large, UK multi-centre phase III pragmatic RCT of SLT in the National Health Service (NHS). It recruited 388 people with Parkinson’s who were randomised to Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT), Standard NHS SLT, or no dysarthria intervention.

AIMS: To describe and compare the content and service delivery components of the PD COMM SLT interventions; understand experiences of implementing LSVT; explain trial outcomes; and reflect on implications for practice and research.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES: We took a pragmatic, mixed methods approach. The intervention description team used a sub-sample of routine therapy notes and trial record forms, the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) and simple descriptive statistics to compare Individual Participant Therapy Data (LSVT n = 51; Standard NHS SLT n = 54). In parallel, informed by Normalisation Process Theory (NPT), the implementation team conducted qualitative interviews with a sub-sample of therapists (n = 20) and participants (n = 24) to understand the additional work of implementing LSVT. The core process evaluation team met to integrate the findings in relation to the trial outcomes.

OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: LSVT was largely delivered per protocol, tailored to participants’ interests and interactions. Dosage was a key difference between the two interventions, commonly achieved by two or more therapists delivering LSVT. Effective mechanisms were LSVT’s structured design, repetitive and social nature, practise requirements and focus on volume. Standard NHS SLT was eclectic, reflecting a range of clinical approaches at a lower intensity, including some techniques and activities in common with LSVT. Although focused on impairment therapy, including specific voice therapy techniques, it also featured cognitive-linguistic and psychosocial targets and low technology augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The trial design may have limited opportunities for group intervention.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Any LSVT roll-out needs service support and coordination, and should take an inclusive approach. Future research of Standard NHS SLT should explore a rationale for dosage and more explicit tailoring to individuals and their families. There is also a pressing need to deliver the benefits of LSVT in a cost-effective manner and to develop a range of evidence-based, implementable alternatives as people’s communication support needs change.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) has a body of incrementally-developed evidence from effectiveness trials but has not previously been tested in a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) with an embedded process evaluation. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge This mixed methods process evaluation paper describes and compares content and service delivery components to understand similarities and differences between LSVT and Standard NHS SLT interventions and experiences of implementing LSVT in the UK NHS. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Services can use the findings to plan delivery of intensive interventions and to reflect on the content and service delivery aspects of locally Standard NHS SLT and how it might be improved.

PMID:40637984 | DOI:10.1111/1460-6984.70084