Tag: pubmed

Comput Inform Nurs. 2025 Jul 3. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000001348. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated clinically significant association rules within pressure injury (PI) data from adult hospitalized patients to inform evidence-based prevention and management strategies. A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on a multicenter sample comprising 2386 PI cases (January 2018 to October 2023) across two tertiary hospital districts in Zhejiang Province, China. The analytical framework incorporated five patient-level demographic/clinical variables and six PI-specific characteristics. Association rule mining was conducted using the Apriori algorithm (minimum support = 10%, confidence threshold = 80%, lift >1), yielding 579 preliminary rules. Subsequent validation via χ2 testing retained 540 statistically significant associations (P < .05), of which 11 clinically actionable rules were established through Delphi consensus by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The results corroborate existing epidemiological evidence: advanced age (≥65 years), hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/L), and comorbid respiratory/neurological disorders constitute predominant risk factors for PI development. This study demonstrates the methodological rigor of association rule mining in identifying high-risk patient profiles, facilitating targeted early interventions to reduce PI incidence in inpatient populations.

PMID:40638211 | DOI:10.1097/CIN.0000000000001348

J Zoo Wildl Med. 2025 Jun;56(2):293-302. doi: 10.1638/2023-0124.

ABSTRACT

Both blood and liver samples can be used to evaluate vitamin, mineral, and heavy metal concentrations clinically. In elasmobranchs, it is unknown whether circulating concentrations of these analytes reflect concentrations in storage organs such as the liver. The purpose of this study was to report hepatic concentrations of select heavy metals and to compare concentrations of select vitamins and minerals in paired blood and liver samples in captive elasmobranchs. Blood (serum or lithium heparinized plasma) samples collected perimortem and hepatic tissue samples collected during necropsy from 27 elasmobranchs were included. Taxa (order, species), sex (male, female), and age class (immature, mature) were recorded. Vitamin A, vitamin E, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc were measured in both blood and liver. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and thallium concentrations were reported for liver only. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each analyte. Statistical analysis was performed with scatter plots with fitted regression lines, box plots, and a multiple linear regression model for multivariate analysis. Only the correlation between blood and liver concentrations of molybdenum (P < 0.001), cobalt (P = 0.001), iron (P = 0.014), and vitamin A (P = 0.020) were statistically significant. Significant differences in blood manganese and molybdenum, and hepatic vitamin A, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc were found between taxonomic orders. However, no differences based on sex or age class were detected. Future research is needed to elucidate the clinical significance of circulating versus tissue vitamin and mineral concentrations in elasmobranchs.

PMID:40638169 | DOI:10.1638/2023-0124

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jul 1;8(7):e2519693. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.19693.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: World Health Organization guidelines on azithromycin mass drug administration for child survival target infants aged 1 to 11 months, although prior studies included those aged 1 to 59 months. The AVENIR trial suggested that infants aged 1 to 11 months have lower mortality if children aged 12 to 59 months in the same household are also included.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possibility of a spillover effect by examining the association of azithromycin and mortality among children aged 1 to 11 months in subgroups defined by the presence of a child aged 12 to 59 months in the same household.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This exploratory secondary analysis of the AVENIR (Azithromycine Pour la Vie des Enfants au Niger: Implementation et Recherche) adaptive cluster-randomized clinical trial was performed in 3000 rural and periurban communities in Niger. AVENIR communities were randomized to 3 arms and followed up for 2 years (November 24, 2020, to July 31, 2023). Study arms consisted of children aged 1 to 59 months receiving azithromycin (child arm); infants aged 1 to 11 months receiving azithromycin with placebo to children aged 12 to 59 months (infant arm); and children aged 1 to 59 months receiving placebo (placebo arm). Participants, investigators, data collectors, and data analysts were masked to randomization.

INTERVENTION: A single 20-mg/kg dose of oral azithromycin or placebo administered by study staff biannually.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: All-cause mortality in infants aged 1 to 11 months (deaths per 1000 person-years) measured through biannual census. Subgroups were defined by the presence of a child aged 12 to 59 months in the household recorded during the census.

RESULTS: After exclusions, 2883 communities and 98 969 infants aged 1 to 11 months were included in the analysis. Among the 23 770 infants in allocation 1 at baseline, mean (SD) age was 6.2 (3.1) months and 11 974 (50.4%) were female. Mortality was 18.5 (95% CI, 16.7-20.4) deaths per 1000 person-years in the child arm, 22.3 (95% CI, 20.0-24.7) in the infant arm, and 23.9 (95% CI, 21.6-26.2) in the placebo arm. The incidence rate ratio comparing mortality in the child and infant arms among children with an older sibling was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.65-0.93) compared with 0.91 (95% CI, 0.73-1.15; P = .26 for interaction) among those without. Comparing the infant and placebo arms, the incidence rate ratio among children with an older sibling was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.81-1.14) compared with 0.90 (95% CI, 0.71-1.12; P = .61 for interaction) among those without.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized clinical trial, interaction for the presence of a older sibling was not statistically significant, but results were consistent with lower mortality among infants aged 1 to 11 months living with older, treated children.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04224987.

PMID:40638118 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.19693

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2025.1833. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: The palatine tonsil is the most common subsite of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). There is debate on how to manage the contralateral clinically uninvolved tonsil in patients undergoing a primary surgical approach via transoral robotic surgery (TORS).

OBJECTIVE: To assess postoperative complications, functional outcomes, contralateral tonsil second primary rates, and survival in patients undergoing unilateral vs bilateral TORS with pathology-guided adjuvant treatment.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in a quaternary care academic medical center. All consecutive unilateral tonsillar patients with SCC undergoing TORS as primary treatment from June 2016 to July 2023 were included. Analysis was conducted between October 1, 2024, and January 1, 2025.

EXPOSURE: Unilateral TORS (ipsilateral radical tonsillectomy) vs bilateral TORS (ipsilateral radical tonsillectomy and contralateral extracapsular tonsillectomy).

MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome measure was rate of postoperative oropharyngeal hemorrhage. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative emergency department (ED) visit/hospitalization rate, time to nasogastric tube (NGT) removal, rate of discharge with an NGT tube, G-tube dependence rates, second primary rates in the contralateral tonsil, length of stay, and 2-year and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS: A total of 158 (106 unilateral, 52 bilateral TORS) patients with HPV-associated tonsillar SCC were evaluated, including 18 women and 139 men with a mean (SD) age of 60 (10) years. There were clinically meaningful differences in oropharyngeal hemorrhage rates (7% vs 15%; percent difference, -7.8; 95% CI, -18.8% to 3.2%), 30-day ED visit/hospitalization rates (9% vs 21%; percent difference, -11.7%; 95% CI, -24.1 to 0.7), and median length of stay (2 vs 3 days) for unilateral and bilateral TORS, respectively. Swallowing outcomes, DFS, and OS were not significantly different between the 2 groups. A total of 3 patients (1.9%) had a second primary tumor in the contralateral tonsil, including 2 metachronous primary tumors in the unilateral group (1.8%) and 1 synchronous primary tumor incidentally removed at the time of surgery in the bilateral group (1.9%).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This cohort study found that omission of contralateral elective extracapsular tonsillectomy in HPV-positive SCC was safe and associated with a trend toward lower posttonsillectomy hemorrhage, postoperative ED visits for pain control, and hospital length of stay without compromising survival. Prophylactically resecting the contralateral tonsil may add patient harm without any clear benefits.

PMID:40638110 | DOI:10.1001/jamaoto.2025.1833

J Craniofac Surg. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000011116. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of the patients who underwent himi-lengthening genioplasty (HLG) in our department since 2020, using digital technology for a comprehensive comparative analysis of bone stability, facial symmetry, and neurosensory evaluation, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness and potential risks of HLG and provide a reference for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. A total of 23 patients were included in our study. Among them, 13 patients underwent HLG, while 10 patients underwent conventional genioplasty. The follow-up period was 1 year postoperatively. The measurements the authors recorded included 2-point discrimination (TPD) test values of lip and chin, the mandibular similarity index, the volumes of chin segments, and the absorption rates. All these measurements were compared by statistical method. The TPD values increased 1 day and 4 days postoperatively and were statistically significant (P<0.05), but when 1 month and 3 months postoperatively, the differences in TPD values were not statistically significant. The mandibular similarity index of the HLG group is better at 1 year after surgery (P=0.005). The difference in the stability of the chin segments was not statistically significant between the 2 groups.

PMID:40638093 | DOI:10.1097/SCS.0000000000011116

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Jul 15;122(28):e2503088122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2503088122. Epub 2025 Jul 10.

ABSTRACT

How the brain recovers the three-dimensional structure of surfaces and objects from 2D retinal images remains mysterious. Shading patterns provide one of the most powerful-yet least understood-visual depth cues. Most theories assume the brain infers surface normals from luminance values. However, this seems unlikely as visual neurons are broadly insensitive to luminance. To identify alternative cues, we measured responses of model orientation-selective cell populations to images of shaded objects. We found a surprising statistical relationship between image orientations and surface curvature properties, suggesting a way to estimate shape from shading. We find that the orientation-based cues not only predict striking illusions of shape perception when lighting varies, but also the impressive robustness of shape perception when large image modifications are introduced to directly pit luminance and image orientation cues against one another. The findings resolve the longstanding question of which image measurements drive shape from shading perception.

PMID:40638088 | DOI:10.1073/pnas.2503088122

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0379. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic minority patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are underrepresented in studies on health behavior and mortality.

METHODS: We examined the association between post-diagnosis health behavior and mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), a diverse group of 215,000 participants from Hawai’i and Los Angeles (recruited 1993-1996). Follow-up was through December 31, 2019. Post-diagnosis health behavior was assessed using a modified World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) score (excluding ultra-processed foods). The primary outcome was overall mortality; CRC-specific mortality was secondary.

RESULTS: Among 1,079 eligible participants, 489 (45.3%) were women, and 850 (78.8%) self-identified as racial/ethnically minoritized people. Over a median follow-up of 12.2 years, there were 613 all-cause deaths and 105 CRC-related deaths. Median time from diagnosis to questionnaire completion was 5 years (interquartile range, IQR: 2-8). Higher WCRF/AICR scores (4.5-7) were associated with lower risk of overall mortality compared to lower scores (≤2.25) (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.87). Risk of CRC-specific mortality was also lower but not statistically significant. Among individual health behaviors, physical activity was associated with lower risk of all-cause and CRC-specific mortality (reference: <75 min/week), with HRs of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.81) for 75-<150 min/week and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.64) for ≥150 min/week.

CONCLUSIONS: Higher adherence to WCRF/AICR guidelines, particularly engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, was associated with lower risk of mortality in long-term CRC survivors.

IMPACT: These findings support the generalizability of prior studies examining adherence to WCRF/AICR guidelines to a broader group of patients with CRC.

PMID:40638065 | DOI:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0379

Ophthalmol Ther. 2025 Jul 10. doi: 10.1007/s40123-025-01199-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate early postoperative changes in the posterior corneal surface, anterior chamber parameters, and Belin/Ambrósio Enhanced Ectasia Display (BAD) scores following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using Pentacam tomography.

METHODS: This observational study included 102 eyes of 51 patients (mean age 28.43 ± 6.27 years) undergoing alcohol-assisted PRK for myopia and/or astigmatism. Preoperative and 1-month postoperative assessments were performed using the Pentacam system, measuring, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV), central corneal thickness, posterior keratometry, posterior elevation, and BAD scores. PRK was conducted with a WaveLight^® EX 500 excimer laser, followed by mitomycin-C application. Statistical analysis utilized paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation.

RESULTS: At 1 month post-PRK, ACV significantly decreased (p < 0.01), while ACD reduction was not significant (p = 0.40). Posterior keratometry (K1, K2, Kmean) and astigmatism decreased (p < 0.01), with a mean posterior elevation increase of -2.50 ± 2.94 µm (p < 0.01). A weak negative correlation was observed between maximum posterior elevation difference and ablation depth (p = 0.03, r = -0.20) and ablation depth/preoperative pachymetry ratio (p = 0.03, r = -0.20). BAD-D scores (Dp, Dt, Da, total D) significantly increased (p < 0.01), except for Df (p = 0.41). No correlation was found with preoperative pachymetry or residual stroma.

CONCLUSIONS: PRK induces minimal posterior corneal protrusion and BAD score changes at 1 month, potentially mimicking early ectasia. Multimodal testing is advised for accurate ectasia detection. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to validate these findings.

PMID:40638060 | DOI:10.1007/s40123-025-01199-8

Methods Mol Biol. 2025;2953:311-322. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4694-6_20.

ABSTRACT

Proximity labeling combined with mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has become an essential tool in interactomics. Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) is a versatile method for identifying interacting and neighboring proteins within their native cellular environments. In BioID, the target (bait) protein is fused to a mutated BirA tag that biotinylates vicinal proteins (preys), which are subsequently purified and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. While data-dependent acquisition (DDA) has been the standard for MS-based proteomics, it suffers from bias toward abundant peptides, leading to missing data. In contrast, data-independent acquisition (DIA) improves the identification of low-abundant peptides, providing a more comprehensive proteomic analysis. This chapter outlines a data analysis workflow for BioID experiments in both DDA and DIA modes, using data from a study on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as an example. Data analysis was performed using MaxQuant, FragPipe, and DIA-NN, with downstream processing and statistical analysis conducted in R, incorporating SAINTq to enhance the reliability of bait-prey interaction identification.

PMID:40638057 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-4694-6_20

J Robot Surg. 2025 Jul 10;19(1):369. doi: 10.1007/s11701-025-02558-0.

ABSTRACT

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the differences in efficacy and safety between robotic navigated pedicle screw insertion and conventional free-hand techniques in the management of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Utilizing a predefined search strategy, we systematically searched four major biomedical databases-PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase-up to January 27, 2025. After rigorous screening, six eligible clinical studies (comprising prospective cohort studies and retrospective analyses) involving 260 patients in total were incorporated into the quantitative synthesis. The primary outcomes measured included screw placement accuracy, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, length of hospital stay, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the incidence of complications. The results revealed that robot-assisted pedicle screw placement significantly outperformed traditional manual placement regarding screw placement accuracy, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage volume, length of hospital stay, and VAS score (P < 0.05). However, robot-assisted surgery was linked to a notably longer surgical duration compared to manual methods (WMD > 0, P < 0.05). To summarize, robot-assisted pedicle screw placement demonstrates significant advantages over traditional manual placement in the management of lumbar spondylolisthesis, with its safety and efficacy further validated.

PMID:40638017 | DOI:10.1007/s11701-025-02558-0