Tag: pubmed

Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2026 Apr;108:106866. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2025.106866. Epub 2025 Nov 20.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most prevalent neuroinflammatory disorder significantly impacting patients’ health outcomes and economic burden. The increasing incidence of MS in Tehran, Iran, underscores the urgent need for effective patient care and management. While disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) play a crucial role in enhancing patient quality of life and reducing disease progression, they also contribute substantially to healthcare expenditures. Understanding the factors influencing changes in DMDs is essential for optimizing treatment strategies and managing costs effectively.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to elucidate the underlying reasons for DMD changes among patients with MS (PwMS) in Tehran, Iran and to identify associated demographic and clinical factors.

METHODS: A registry-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 2,771 PwMS who altered their DMD regimen within five years prior to October 15, 2023. Data were sourced from the National Multiple Sclerosis Registry of Iran (NMSRI) and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with a significance level set at P < 0.05. The primary outcome focused on the reasons for DMT changes, while secondary outcomes included disease severity metrics, initial symptoms, and treatment history.

RESULTS: Among the participants, 70.3% reported a change in their DMD regimen. The primary reasons for these alterations included inadequate disease control or relapse (62.3%), adverse drug reactions (30.7%), and non-adherence (11.3%). Notably, demographic factors such as gender and age did not significantly correlate with changes in DMDs. Patients with progressive forms of MS exhibited a higher frequency of DMT modifications compared to those with non-progressive forms. Additionally, initial symptoms such as motor dysfunction significantly influenced the likelihood of changing therapies.

CONCLUSION: The findings underscore that inadequate disease control and adverse drug reactions are significant determinants driving DMT modifications among MS patients in Tehran. The higher rates of changes observed in patients with progressive forms of MS reflect the need for more effective treatment strategies tailored to individual clinical presentations. Overall, this study highlights the importance of personalized care approaches that consider disease severity and symptomatology to optimize therapeutic outcomes for patients with MS.

PMID:41825974 | DOI:10.1016/j.msard.2025.106866

Obes Rev. 2026 Mar 13:e70128. doi: 10.1111/obr.70128. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The objective of this scoping review is to examine the nature, extent, and impact of AI-supported interventions that include an AI agent intended to influence obesity-related behavior change. Empirical studies published from 2020 to 2025 examining AI-supported interventions that provide personalized feedback, support natural language communication, or adapt content based on user progress will be included. A search of Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed will be undertaken, limited to English-language publications, with backward and forward citation searching to improve coverage. Data will be extracted and synthesized narratively by AI agent characteristics, interaction design, targeted behaviors, and intervention outcomes using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

PMID:41825969 | DOI:10.1111/obr.70128

J Health Psychol. 2026 Mar 13:13591053261425474. doi: 10.1177/13591053261425474. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular Emotional Dampening (CED) refers to reduced recognition of facial and vocal emotions among individuals with elevated blood pressure (BP). While CED is well established, the contribution of attentional and working memory deficits has rarely been examined. This cross-sectional study tested whether BP-related differences in emotion recognition remain after statistically adjusting for attention and working memory, and whether cognitive performance itself differs across BP groups. Ninety-six participants aged 18-55 years were categorised as hypotensives, normotensives, prehypertensives, or hypertensives. They completed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and tasks assessing attention, working memory, and emotion recognition. High BP groups showed significantly poorer emotion recognition accuracy (but not response time), even after controlling for cognitive and demographic covariates. Hypertensives also exhibited greater attentional and working memory deficits than normotensives. These findings support CED as an emotion recognition impairment rather than a byproduct of cognitive deficits. Future studies should consider cognitive confounds to clarify mechanisms underlying CED.

PMID:41825966 | DOI:10.1177/13591053261425474

Laryngoscope. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1002/lary.70482. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of balance disorders in young and middle-aged adults, examine associations with risk factors, and changes over the past 20 years.

METHODS: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a cross-sectional complex random sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized United States population. In 2001-2004 and 2021-2023, NHANES included questions about balance, dizziness, and falls in the past 12 months. The modified Romberg test (MRT) was used to examine vestibular balance function. Logistic regression models were used to assess risk factor associations with balance disorders.

RESULTS: Among 4525 middle-aged adults 40-69 years in 2001-2004, 21.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.1%, 23.9%) reported difficulty with balance and dizziness, and 29.7% (27.3%, 32.1%) failed to pass four MRT (MRT-4) conditions. Among 3986 middle-aged adults in 2021-2023, 36.2% (34.5%, 37.8%) reported specific balance and dizziness problems (BDP), and 25.9% (23.2%, 28.6%) failed the MRT-4. An enhanced MRT with a fifth condition (MRT-5) increased the discrimination of adults at risk of balance problems and falls. Risk factors for vestibular balance disorders, including age, education, income, cigarette smoking, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, trouble hearing, and severe headaches/migraines, remained consistent. Reported functional disabilities (hearing, mobility, and vision) were significantly associated with BDP and MRT. In 2021-2023, comparisons of 2084 young adults 20-39 years with middle-aged adults showed increased age-specific prevalences of BDP and falls.

CONCLUSION: Middle-age-specific MRT-4 results in 2021-2023 improved. Balance disorders are associated with other health conditions, increased risk of falls, and need for medical services.

PMID:41825962 | DOI:10.1002/lary.70482

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000013031. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Facial asymmetry is often overlooked in evaluations of nasal function and aesthetics, despite its potential impact on assessments in facial plastic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to utilize AI tools to identify facial asymmetry metrics that correlate with both nasal function and aesthetic measures evaluated by pre-op SCHNOS Scores.

METHODS: Two facial landmark detection models were applied to frontal plain facial images of 1,523 patients to extract 506 fiducial points. From these, over 64 million facial elements were computed, including point-to-point and point-to-line distances. Then asymmetry indexes were calculated based on each element with its mirrored counterpart. Finally, Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between these asymmetry metrics and 13 outcome scores.

RESULTS: Facial elements correlated with SCHNOS-O demonstrated modest but statistically significant Spearman correlations (0.185-0.224, p < 10⁻¹¹), particularly those capturing vertical facial height differences relative to a horizontal reference line between the nasal tip and ear base. No meaningful correlations were observed with SCHNOS-C scores.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest vertical midfacial asymmetry may impact nasal function, whereas facial asymmetry has minimal influence on patients’ perception of nasal aesthetics. The study also underscores the potential of AI-based facial analysis as a valuable tool in rhinoplasty evaluation.

PMID:41825084 | DOI:10.1097/PRS.0000000000013031

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000013032. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Targeted therapies, including pembrolizumab and CDK4/6 inhibitors, have expanded treatment options for breast cancer subtypes such as triple-negative (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative cancers. However, their impact on surgical outcomes in two-stage prepectoral breast reconstruction remains unclear. This study evaluates surgical outcomes in patients receiving pembrolizumab or CDK4/6 inhibitors.

METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients at a single institution who underwent immediate two-stage prepectoral reconstruction at a single center between January 2018 and October 2024 with ≥3 months of follow-up. Exclusion criteria included autologous, delayed, or direct-to-implant reconstructions, and chemotherapy after implant exchange. Variables analyzed included cancer characteristics, treatments, and postoperative complications. Major complications were defined as those requiring readmission or reoperation. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher’s Exact and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests.

RESULTS: Of 472 patients, 27 received pembrolizumab and 30 received CDK4/6 inhibitors. Pembrolizumab had significantly higher seroma rates during expansion (44.4% vs. 27%, p=0.05). After implant exchange, major complications (26.3% vs. 8%, p=0.02) and reoperation rates (19.1% vs. 3.7%, p=0.01) were significantly higher. Patients receiving CDK4/6 inhibitors did not experience an increased risk of infection; in fact, the observed rate of minor infections was lower (0.0% vs. 12.4%, p=0.04), although no significant differences were seen in other outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Pembrolizumab is a promising therapy for TNBC, but its association with increased seromas, major complications, and reoperations warrants further investigation. Use of CDK4/6 inhibitors was not associated with an increased risk of infection following tissue expander placement.

PMID:41825078 | DOI:10.1097/PRS.0000000000013032

J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2026 Mar 13:1-8. doi: 10.3171/2025.11.PEDS25460. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Moyamoya arteriopathy and middle aortic syndrome (MAS) are each rare, often progressive vascular diseases; their comorbid intersection increases their complexity because of the independent and contradictory demands on blood pressure. The management of pediatric patients with these comorbid conditions requires multidisciplinary consultation given the high risk involved. In the current study, the authors aim to describe the clinical and surgical history of pediatric patients with comorbid moyamoya arteriopathy and MAS and describe a multidisciplinary approach to care for these patients.

METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of the clinical and radiological records of patients at Boston Children’s Hospital who were treated with cerebral revascularization surgery for comorbid moyamoya arteriopathy and MAS from January 2004 to January 2024. Analysis of collected perioperative, surgical, inpatient, and follow-up data was conducted using R version 4.4.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).

RESULTS: Eleven patients, 5 male (45.5%), were included in the study. At presentation, 9 patients (81.8%) had symptoms from brain ischemia. Nine patients were on antihypertensive medications (median 2, IQR 1-2). All patients underwent surgery for moyamoya arteriopathy, and 6 patients (54.5%) also underwent surgical treatment for MAS. After moyamoya surgery, 4 patients (36.4%) required an intensified blood pressure regimen to achieve the same goal, whereas 3 patients (27.3%) had a reduced need for blood pressure medications. Four (66.7%) of the 6 patients who underwent MAS surgical treatment did so after moyamoya treatment. Perioperative stroke occurred after renal stent angioplasty before moyamoya surgery but also after aortic bypass following moyamoya surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: Managing comorbid moyamoya arteriopathy and MAS is challenging, as patients have a higher risk of ischemic perioperative complications. These patients may have hypertension secondary to their aortic disease, and treating the aortic disease may correct the hypertension but with possible new relative hypotension and relative cerebral hypoperfusion. Consequently, moyamoya revascularization prior to aortic repair may be a strategy to reduce the risk of stroke.

PMID:41825070 | DOI:10.3171/2025.11.PEDS25460

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):083405. doi: 10.1103/g5fp-ws7z.

ABSTRACT

Pauli crystals are unique geometric structures of noninteracting fermions, resembling crystals, that emerge solely from Fermi statistics and confinement. Unlike genuine quantum crystals that arise from interparticle interactions, Pauli crystals do not break translation symmetry but nonetheless exhibit nontrivial many-body correlations. In this Letter, we explore Pauli crystal formation in a cavity-fermion setup. We analytically show that when coupled to a cavity, degeneracy in Pauli crystals can trigger zero-threshold transitions to superradiance. This superradiance is accompanied by the emergence of a genuine quantum crystalline state, wherein the atomic density is periodically modulated. We substantiate our findings using state-of-the-art numerical simulations. The combined interplay between statistics, confinement geometry, and interactions mediated by light thus facilitates a novel pathway to quantum crystallization.

PMID:41825045 | DOI:10.1103/g5fp-ws7z

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):081201. doi: 10.1103/kfld-35xl.

ABSTRACT

Various theoretical models predict the existence of extended γ-ray halos around normal galaxies that could be produced by interactions of cosmic rays with the circumgalactic medium or by annihilation or decay of hypothetical dark matter particles. Observations of M31, the closest massive galaxy, also corroborate this possibility. In this Letter, we describe our search for gamma-ray emission from the galaxies within 15 Mpc at energies higher than 2 GeV and try to assess its spatial extension. We use the latest catalog of local galaxies and apply a simple yet robust method of aperture photometry. By imposing the mass, energy, and spatial cuts, we selected a set of 16 late-type galaxies and found a statistically significant excess above the background level: a p value of 3.7×10^{-7} at E>2 GeV, reaching maximal significance of p-val=2.3×10^{-8} for a subset of front-converted events with E>2 GeV, where the angular resolution is higher. More importantly, our analysis shows that this excess can be ascribed to an extended source with a radius ∼0.3° rather than a pointlike one. This, for D=15 Mpc, corresponds to a physical halo radius of r_{h}=80 kpc. In contrast, six early-type galaxies, which satisfied the same cuts, showed no excess. Our results are supported by the stacking likelihood analysis technique, which significantly (5.6σ) detected an extended excess. The difference between the late- and early-type galaxies and a rather irregular shape of the extended source that we found, indicate that this high-energy emission is more likely caused by the interactions of cosmic rays with the circumgalactic medium, in preference to dark matter annihilation and decay processes.

PMID:41825021 | DOI:10.1103/kfld-35xl

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):081601. doi: 10.1103/c75g-xbw4.

ABSTRACT

We show that Langer’s rate of bubble nucleation is quantitatively correct up to small higher-loop corrections, in comparison to lattice simulations. These results are a significant advancement on decades of lattice studies showing only qualitative trends, and the first showing agreement for any conservative field theory. We confirm that the failure to fully thermalize the metastable phase explains discrepancies with recent lattice studies that found disagreement with Langer’s rate. The key theoretical development is the translation of Langer’s perturbative definition of a thermal metastable phase into a nonperturbative statement that can be implemented on the lattice. Our statistical and systematic errors are small enough to allow us to measure on the lattice the coefficient of the two-loop contribution, missing from the perturbative prediction. Our conclusions also exclude a possible systematic uncertainty in ^{3}He experiments.

PMID:41825018 | DOI:10.1103/c75g-xbw4