Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-46417-w. Online ahead of print.
NO ABSTRACT
PMID:41957445 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-46417-w
Tag: pubmed
Sci Data. 2026 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/s41597-026-07207-1. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Grain kernel morphology strongly influences aerodynamic loads, breakage susceptibility, and processing performance. Conventional two-dimensional projection imaging and manual measurements lack the accuracy and completeness needed to represent the true three-dimensional structure of kernels. We present an open X-ray computed tomography dataset of wheat kernels that includes axial slice stacks and three-dimensional shape models for 100 individual kernels, together with per-sample morphometrics including principal-axis lengths, elongation index, flatness index, convexity, and sphericity. The dataset supports statistics of kernel shape, enables analysis of internal microstructure from the provided slice stacks, and facilitates high-fidelity discrete element modelling with realistic particle geometry.
PMID:41957421 | DOI:10.1038/s41597-026-07207-1
Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-44063-w. Online ahead of print.
NO ABSTRACT
PMID:41957397 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-44063-w
Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-44702-2. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Environmental enrichment (EE) offers a non-invasive strategy to enhance fish welfare, yet its immunological benefits in fish remain incompletely explored and rarely applied in aquaculture practice. This study assessed whether EE exposure alone can modulate immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). EE was implemented as simple physical structures added to otherwise barren tanks, either as horizontally placed gravel substrate (H) simulating a riverbed or vertically suspended rubber cords (V) simulating plant like structures. Tanks without enrichment served as barren controls (C). In experiment 1 (Exp1), trout reared with H, or V enrichment were compared to C for behavioural, neuroendocrine, and immune parameters. The H setup increased social interactions and showed signs of inflammatory activation in the head kidney leukocyte (HKL) functional assays. The V setup led to reduced monocyte counts and slightly higher spontaneous respiratory burst activity (SRBA), although the latter was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In the subsequent experiment using a 2 × 2 factorial design combining enrichment and high (× 2) stocking density (Exp2), trout in the V setup maintained significantly higher immune activity (evident through elevated SRBA, cellular peroxidase content in the HKL, and serum lysozyme activity) under × 2 stocking density conditions (p < 0.05). In both experiments, the coefficient of variation (CV) for serum cortisol was higher in the V setup, including at × 2 stocking density, but not significantly different from the C setup (p > 0.05). Behavioural modulation was indirectly evidenced by a negative correlation between cortisol levels and body size, suggesting hierarchy formation. Overall, EE influenced neuroendocrine, behavioural, and immune parameters in trout, with V emerging as a practical immunostimulatory measure suitable for juveniles (< 1 year; 5-50 g).
PMID:41957396 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-44702-2
Nat Commun. 2026 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-71393-0. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Determining the clinical relevance of BRCA2 variants of uncertain significance is critical for informed risk management. Recently, two saturation genome editing studies assessed the functional effects of all single nucleotide variants in the BRCA2 C-terminal DNA Binding Domain. To improve the accuracy of functional data used for ACMG/AMP variant classification, we combined results from these studies in four composite models and evaluated the performance of each model using variants with known classifications. Here, we show that an “Integrated VarCall Model”, which combined raw functional data for 6383 variants from the original studies, yielded 98.8% accuracy and out-performed the original studies and other combined data models. Incorporation of the “Integrated VarCall Model” functional data with other sources of evidence according to ClinGen BRCA1/2 variant curation expert panel specifications resulted in classification of 5926 (92.8%) BRCA2 variants as pathogenic (n = 735) or benign (n = 5191) and provides valuable insights for individuals with BRCA2 variants.
PMID:41957374 | DOI:10.1038/s41467-026-71393-0
Arch Med Res. 2026 Apr 8;57(5):103415. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103415. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, results from trisomy 21 (T21). T21 can be regular or due to translocation, isochromosome, or mosaicism, among other chromosomal alterations. In Mexico, frequencies of these chromosomal variants reported internationally are used; therefore, national data are necessary.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequencies of cytogenetic findings in patients with DS referred to a research center in western Mexico over the past 31 years (1993-2024).
METHODS: Physical and digital records from the cytogenetics laboratory were reviewed to extract data from patients who were clinically diagnosed with DS, including date of birth, age at diagnosis, parental age at birth, Mexican state of origin, and karyotype. Descriptive statistics and a non-parametric test were used.
RESULTS: 3,238 patients were identified, of whom 3,124 were confirmed to have T21. Of those 94.17% had regular T21; 2.72% had T21 by Robertsonian translocation; 1.54% were mosaic; 0.93% had T21 by isochromosome; and 0.64% had T21 with other chromosomal alterations. Of the patients without T21, 105 had a normal karyotype without alterations, and nine showed other chromosomal alterations, mainly sex aneuploidies. The patients’ age at diagnosis was 1 year (ranging from newborn to 28 years), with maternal and paternal ages both averaging 34 years old (13-49 years and 15-69 years, respectively).
CONCLUSION: These findings align with international reports but differ slightly from local data, possibly due to sample size. This is the largest study of T21 chromosomal variant frequencies in the Mexican population.
PMID:41955674 | DOI:10.1016/j.arcmed.2026.103415
Nat Prod Res. 2026 Apr 9:1-11. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2026.2654631. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
The root of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium (BSR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for treating fever, hepatitis, depression, etc. Currently, cultivated BSR has been widely used in clinical practice. However, its chemical components have not been systematically studied, and quality indicators remain unclear. In this study, the chemical composition of 13 batches of cultivated BSR was analysed using GC-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. A total of 89 volatile components and 68 non-volatile components were identified. Through multivariate statistical analysis, 11 chemical components with VIP > 1, p < 0.05, FC > 1 or FC < 0.5 were selected as potential markers. The quantitative methods for 3 volatile components (decyl acetate, dodecanal, and 1-dodecanol) and 3 saikosaponins (saikosaponins a, b2, and c) were established using GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. These six components can serve as indicators for assessing the quality of cultivated BSR. These findings provide a theoretical basis for establishing a quality evaluation system for cultivated BSR and guiding its clinical application.
PMID:41955640 | DOI:10.1080/14786419.2026.2654631
Obstet Gynecol. 2026 Apr 9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000006281. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how epilepsy and intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) affect contraceptive provision among females with Medicaid insurance.
METHODS: We obtained Medicaid claims data from 2016-2021 for females aged 12-51 years. We excluded individuals with diagnosis codes for menopause and those who underwent sterilization in 2016-2017. Using a validated definition of epilepsy, we identified females who met the criteria for epilepsy in 2016-2017, and we identified a comparison group of females enrolled in 2016-2017 who never met the criteria for epilepsy. We used International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes from previous claims studies to determine IDD diagnoses. We ascertained contraceptive prescriptions from 2018-2021. To evaluate the effects of epilepsy and IDD and their interaction on contraceptive prescription, we performed a multivariable logistic regression for prescription of any contraceptive method from 2018-2021. We performed similar logistic regressions for prescription of individual contraceptive methods from 2018-2021 among females prescribed any method of contraception.
RESULTS: Our final sample included 207,699 females with epilepsy and 3,573,052 females without epilepsy. The logistic regression for contraceptive prescription showed that, compared with females who did not have epilepsy or IDD, females with epilepsy were significantly more likely to be prescribed any contraceptive method (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.05, 95% CI, 1.04-1.06, P<.007), females with IDD were significantly less likely to be prescribed any contraceptive method (aOR, 0.57, 0.56-0.58, P<.007), and there was intermediate likelihood of contraceptive provision to females with co-occurring epilepsy and IDD (aOR, 0.83, 95% CI, 0.81-0.85, P<.007). There were statistically significant differences in prescription patterns for specific contraceptives among females with epilepsy alone, IDD alone, co-occurring epilepsy and IDD, and neither epilepsy nor IDD.
CONCLUSION: Epilepsy has a small and statistically significant effect on contraceptive prescription for females with Medicaid insurance, even when adjusting for confounders. There is a statistically significant interaction between epilepsy and IDD that affects overall contraceptive prescriptions and prescriptions for specific methods.
PMID:41955623 | DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000006281
JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2026 Apr 9;12:e81746. doi: 10.2196/81746.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Vaccination in early childhood is essential to prevent serious infectious diseases and protect community health. In the United States, 7 vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis; polio; measles, mumps, and rubella; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hepatitis B; varicella; and pneumococcal conjugate) are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children aged 19-35 months, along with 3 others (hepatitis A, influenza, and rotavirus), which are recommended for full protection. Despite these guidelines, recent measles outbreaks in the United States have drawn attention to persistent gaps in coverage.
OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study explores immunization patterns among children aged 19-35 months using provider-verified data from the National Immunization Survey-Child between 2010 and 2023.
METHODS: Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to assess associations between vaccination status and social determinants of health, including child age group, maternal education, insurance status, birth order, and region. Separate survey-weighted logistic regression models were fit for each survey year from 2010 to 2023. We considered the complex survey design to calculate vaccination coverage rates and their CIs, accounting for clustering and stratification in the sampling methodology. A composite variable was created to measure full coverage of the 7 recommended vaccines, and within each year, models were estimated separately for each individual vaccine and for the 7-vaccine series composite outcome to identify vaccine-specific barriers to immunization.
RESULTS: Provider-verified response rates declined from 70.8% (17004/24013) in 2010 to 47.7% (18412/38619) in 2023, although the analytic sample size remained stable. Coverage for the Combined 7-Vaccine Series increased from 70.8% (11893/16798) in 2010 to 77.4% (13957/18032) in 2023. Older age was consistently associated with higher odds of complete vaccination (2010: odds ratio [OR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19; 2023: OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.35), whereas lack of insurance and Hispanic origin were associated with lower uptake for selected vaccines. In 2022, uninsured children had 26% lower odds of complete vaccination compared with insured children (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84). Higher income-to-poverty ratio was consistently associated with increased vaccination uptake, including influenza vaccination in 2020 (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.39). Regional and language-related disparities persisted across survey years.
CONCLUSIONS: Persistent socioeconomic and structural gradients in childhood vaccination coverage highlight the need for equity-focused immunization strategies that address insurance access, language barriers, and geographic disparities.
PMID:41955615 | DOI:10.2196/81746
JMIR Infodemiology. 2026 Apr 9;6:e74440. doi: 10.2196/74440.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders, especially attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), have seen a marked rise in public attention, yet research on public opinion remains limited. Social media analysis offers real-time, unfiltered insights into public perceptions, enabling empirical examination of public attitudes and opinions.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the evolution of public opinion on ADHD and ASD between 2009 and 2023 by analyzing posts from X (formerly known as Twitter; X Corp), comparing perceptions across English and Spanish languages and against other mental health conditions.
METHODS: Posts mentioning keywords related to ADHD and ASD and control conditions (eg, depression, anxiety, insomnia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, suicide, and substance use disorders) were collected from X between 2009 and 2023. The dataset included posts in both English and Spanish. Machine learning algorithms were then applied to classify post content into predefined categories, including volume of posts, engagement, personal experiences, trivialization, perceived causes, and perceived treatability. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to assess for differences by language. Descriptive statistics were presented using tables and graphical representations.
RESULTS: A total of 852,990 posts were analyzed, including 511,510 (59.97%) in English and 341,480 (40.03%) in Spanish. Overall, post volume on mental health conditions increased across the study period. In English, posts about ADHD (97,084/511,510, 18.98%) and ASD (74,619/511,510, 14.59%) were among the most frequent, while of the 341,480 Spanish posts, there were 49,475 (14.49%) ASD posts, significantly outnumbering ADHD posts (n=18,223, 5.34%; chi-square test P<.001). Engagement analysis indicated a notable increase in likes and reposts per post over time, particularly after 2019, with ADHD-related posts in English experiencing peak engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, ASD posts had comparatively lower engagement across languages. Posts sharing personal experiences were more polarized in Spanish, with higher proportions of negative and positive experiences compared with English posts. Trivialization of mental illnesses was less common in Spanish posts than in English posts, particularly for ADHD (17,053/18,223, 93.59%; chi-square test P<.001) and ASD (41,933/49,475, 84.73%; chi-square test P<.001). User-perceived causes included multifactorial factors, biological or genetic factors, substance use, psychological susceptibility, acute psychosocial stressors, and COVID-19. Perceived treatability varied by language but consistently included high perceived incurability, limited improvement despite professional help, and low perceived self-manageability except for anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of social media discourse showed that ADHD attracted higher post volumes, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, often described with multifactorial causes including substance use and genetics. ASD consistently received lower engagement. Both language groups showed low trivialization, awareness of the chronicity of the illness, and limited support for the self-management of mental health conditions. These findings underscore social media’s value for capturing direct public perceptions to guide future educational and intervention efforts.
PMID:41955613 | DOI:10.2196/74440