Tag: pubmed

BMC Med. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s12916-026-04858-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Central obesity is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) and may better reflect obesity-related risk than body mass index (BMI). Its global burden, however, remains poorly quantified. We aimed to estimate the number and proportion of CRC cases attributable to central obesity in 2022 across global, regional, and national levels.

METHODS: We estimated population attributable fractions (PAFs) by combining sex-specific prevalence of central obesity from national surveys with pooled relative risks from meta-analysis. Central obesity was defined as elevated waist circumference using standardised sex- and ethnicity-specific thresholds, accounting for variation in definitions via probabilistic modelling. We addressed missing data through multiple imputation. CRC incidence estimates for 2022 were obtained from GLOBOCAN for 185 countries. Monte Carlo simulations propagated uncertainty in exposure prevalence and risk estimates.

RESULTS: In 2022, an estimated 311 418 (95% uncertainty interval 242 603-378 880) CRC cases were attributable to central obesity, corresponding to a global PAF of 16.2% (12.6-19.7). PAFs were higher in females (18.2%, 13.0-23.3) than in males (14.5%, 9.6-19.3), though age-standardised rates (ASRs) were slightly higher in males. The highest PAF was in North America, and the highest ASRs in Australia-New Zealand and northern Europe. PAFs and ASRs declined with decreasing income levels among males but not females. Regional variation in sex differences was substantial, with higher female PAFs in parts of Africa and Asia, and smaller or reversed gaps in high-income settings. In high-income countries, the estimated 10-year CRC risk at screening age (55-69 years) was 1.32% in males with central obesity versus 0.90% in those without, and 0.92% versus 0.64% in females, corresponding to one excess CRC case per 236 (180-353) men and 357 (279-502) women.

CONCLUSIONS: Central obesity accounts for a substantial share of the global CRC burden, with large geographical variability. Applying established waist circumference thresholds in surveillance and incorporating central obesity into individual risk stratification may inform more effective CRC screening and prevention strategies.

PMID:41963940 | DOI:10.1186/s12916-026-04858-0

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s13002-026-00895-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: European landscapes have developed into biocultural heritage over millennia of extensive livestock production. Much of this biodiversity and cultural richness has been preserved by small-scale farms; however, these farms are disappearing across Europe due to intense competition with industrial agriculture. Recognizing the interconnectedness of social and natural systems, this study examined the socio-cultural background of livestock keepers in Estonia. The main research question focused on understanding the context in which livestock keepers decide to begin or continue free-range livestock farming, viewed through the lens of culture and tradition.

METHODS: An anonymous, voluntary online survey was conducted among beef cattle and sheep keepers in Estonia, who are the primary users of semi-natural grasslands. In total, 88 completed questionnaires were received and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.

RESULTS: Nearly one-third of respondents reported continuing a family tradition of livestock keeping. However, 62% of respondents had no prior experience in agriculture before starting their activities, and 58% managed only a single type of agricultural animal. The most frequently reported emotional motive was the desire to maintain aesthetically pleasing landscapes around their homes through grazing (74% of respondents). In addition, 56% of respondents indicated that grazing is the most effective management practice for their farmland. The most commonly cited constraints preventing herd expansion were the lack of additional pastures and the inability to manage larger herds. A slight majority of livestock keepers valued the preservation of national culture, and nearly 40% considered local knowledge, such as unwritten rules, important in their farming practices. Furthermore, more than half of respondents reported the presence of a natural area near their farm that they regard as sensitive or sacred. Livestock keepers generally do not celebrate any specific holidays associated with the traditional folk calendar; the only customary practise reported was giving bread to animals during the Christmas season. Moreover, 76% of respondents declared that they do not engage in any historically significant magical protection rituals aimed at safeguarding their livestock.

CONCLUSIONS: Grazing in heritage grasslands supported by nature conservation subsidies is increasingly carried out by a new generation of livestock keepers who are establishing their own traditions. To effectively understand and communicate with livestock keepers, it is essential to consider their socio-cultural background and the motives underlying their decisions. We conclude that, when transitioning to an agroecological system, livestock keepers are strongly motivated by the pursuit of personal well-being, which in turn contributes to the overall health of the environment and society. Supporting the social well-being of farmers therefore requires expanding the concept of livestock keepers as custodians of biodiversity beyond protected areas and recognizing the value of their everyday practices, which play a crucial role in slowing the decline of small farms and traditional livestock farming practices.

PMID:41963938 | DOI:10.1186/s13002-026-00895-4

BMC Palliat Care. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s12904-026-02084-2. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41963933 | DOI:10.1186/s12904-026-02084-2

BMC Oral Health. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s12903-026-08246-1. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41963919 | DOI:10.1186/s12903-026-08246-1

BMC Pediatr. 2026 Apr 11. doi: 10.1186/s12887-026-06835-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Aimed to investigate the association between a low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) score and the prevalence of obesity in a large, nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in the United States.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized data from participants aged 2-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2003 to 2018. The exposure of interest was an LCD score, calculated based on the relative intake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from the mean of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The primary outcome was obesity, defined as a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with three progressive models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, and subgroup analyses were performed.

RESULTS: A total of 12,684 participants were included in the final analysis, including 7,392 with obesity and 11,679 without obesity. After comprehensive adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary covariates (including total energy intake), a higher LCD score was positively associated with the odds of obesity. When treated as a continuous variable, each one-unit increase in the LCD score corresponded to a 2% increase in the odds of obesity (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.03, P < 0.001). When categorized into quartiles, participants in the highest quartile (Q4) had 40% higher odds of obesity compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.17-1.68, P < 0.001). The RCS analysis confirmed a significant non-linear association between the LCD score and the odds of obesity (P for non-linearity = 0.001). Furthermore, subgroup analyses indicated that the association varied across strata; for instance, a significant positive association was observed in children aged 12 years and younger but not in older adolescents, and was stronger in males than in females, though formal tests for interaction were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: In this nationally representative sample of U.S. children and adolescents, a higher LCD score was associated with increased odds of obesity. This finding suggests that a dietary pattern characterized by a lower proportion of carbohydrates and higher proportions of fat and protein may reflect poor overall dietary quality rather than a structured, health-promoting diet, which is associated with higher obesity prevalence.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

PMID:41963893 | DOI:10.1186/s12887-026-06835-1

BMC Public Health. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s12889-026-27147-0. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41963892 | DOI:10.1186/s12889-026-27147-0

BMC Med Genomics. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s12920-026-02364-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Biallelic DIAPH1 mutations are linked to hereditary microcephaly syndrome, yet the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains unelucidated. This study aimed to clarify how DIAPH1 biallelic mutations cause microcephaly and visual impairment, focusing on the gene’s regulatory role in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed on a patient’s peripheral blood to identify DIAPH1 mutations. A zebrafish model was established by microinjecting mutant human DIAPH1 cDNA into one-cell embryos (no zebrafish DIAPH1 homolog exists). Phenotypic analyses (morphology, neuronal axon growth, behavior) and quantitative real-time PCR for Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes were conducted. Data were mean ± SEM; statistical tests (Student’s t-test, ANOVA, χ²) used GraphPad Prism 5.0 (P < 0.05, P < 0.0001 for significance).

RESULTS: Compound heterozygous DIAPH1 mutations (c.1051 C > T, p.R351X; c.609delA, p.E203E fs*19) were found and associated with clinical symptoms. Mutant DIAPH1 zebrafish showed abnormal eye shape, shortened body length, axis defects, impaired motor axon growth, reduced locomotor activity, upregulated WNT8A, WNT9A, LRP5, LRP6, and downregulated AXIN1, AXIN2, β-CATENIN, indicating excessive Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation.

CONCLUSIONS: DIAPH1 compound heterozygous mutations may trigger microcephaly and visual impairment by abnormally activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The zebrafish model provides a reliable in vivo system for studying DIAPH1-related microcephaly, advancing understanding of hereditary primary microcephaly pathogenesis and potential therapeutic target exploration.

PMID:41963888 | DOI:10.1186/s12920-026-02364-z

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2026 Apr 10. doi: 10.1186/s12884-026-09047-8. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:41963856 | DOI:10.1186/s12884-026-09047-8

J Epidemiol Popul Health. 2026 Apr 9;74(4):203387. doi: 10.1016/j.jeph.2026.203387. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection being a major risk factor. To date, existing predictive scores of HCC are mainly based on traditional Cox proportional hazard (CPH) models. This study aimed to compare the variable selection process and performance of CPH models with those of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms in predicting HCC among patients with chronic HBV infection.

METHODS: We used data from 4,370 individuals with chronic HBV infection enrolled in the French prospective multicentre ANRS CO22 HEPATHER cohort, of which 56 (1.3%) developed an HCC. Two published CPH-based scores (ADAPTT and SADAPTT) were compared to Random Survival Forest (RSF), Survival Support Vector Machine (SVM), Survival XGBoost, and DeepSurv algorithms. Models were evaluated using Harrell’s C-index, Inverse-Probability-of-Censoring Weighting win ratio statistic, and time-dependent area under the ROC curve at 3, 5, and 8 years. The same set of covariables was used to build all the models.

RESULTS: CPH models demonstrated similar or higher performances (C-index [95% confidence interval]: 0.84 [0.82-0.85]) for HCC prediction compared to ML and DL models, with less overfitting. Survival SVM and RSF performed similarly (0.81 [0.79-0.83] and 0.81 [0.79-0.82], respectively) without outperforming CPH models. Variable selection was consistent across top-performing models, though CPH models more effectively captured the predictive value of certain behavioural factors, such as soft drink intake.

CONCLUSIONS: In this dataset with a limited sample size and strongly imbalanced outcome, traditional CPH models provided robust, interpretable, and computationally efficient predictions for HCC risk. ML and DL methods did not outperform traditional models, reinforcing the validity of traditional statistical approaches in small to medium datasets.

PMID:41962179 | DOI:10.1016/j.jeph.2026.203387

J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2026 Apr 10:1-12. doi: 10.3171/2025.11.PEDS25377. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Surgical management of hypothalamic hamartomas (HHs) presents substantial challenges due to their deep-seated location and proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Less invasive techniques, such as endoscopic disconnection and laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), have become preferred over traditional microsurgery to enhance seizure control while minimizing complications. Notably, LITT has steadily gained popularity in recent years. The aim of this study was to assess seizure, neurocognitive, and endocrine outcomes following endoscopic disconnection in patients with HH-related epilepsy, and to determine whether endoscopy remains a viable treatment option in the management of HH.

METHODS: This retrospective analysis included patients with HH-related epilepsy who underwent robotic-assisted endoscopic disconnection between 2011 and 2023 at a single institution. All patients received comprehensive presurgical evaluation, and formal assessments of global cognitive and neuropsychological function were conducted preoperatively and postoperatively in eligible patients.

RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients who underwent 37 procedures were included in this analysis. All patients experienced gelastic seizures, and most patients (51.7%) had type II HH according to the Delalande classification system. Twenty-two patients (75.9%) underwent a single intervention. The procedure was repeated 2 times in 6 patients and 3 times in 1 patient. Endoscopy proved effective in providing direct visualization, real-time monitoring, and histopathological sampling during procedures. Permanent postoperative complications occurred after 4 procedures (10.8%); these included mild CN VI deficit (n = 1), hypothalamic obesity (n = 1), and hypothyroidism (n = 2) after second procedure. Over a mean follow-up of 6.9 years, Engel class I seizure freedom was achieved in 65.5% of patients, with the best outcomes seen for those with type II HH. Among the 22 patients who underwent a single procedure, the long-term endocrinological status remained unchanged compared with the preoperative condition in 17 (77.3%), improved in 4 (18.2%), and worsened in 1 (4.5%). Among the 20 patients with available comparative data, cognitive outcomes remained stable or improved for most patients, although some exhibited decline. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate correlation between the HH type and postoperative Engel class outcome. Comparison between patients who underwent single versus multiple procedures revealed a significantly poorer seizure outcome in the repeat surgery group, while the complication rates were comparable. The outcome was significantly associated with the number of procedures.

CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic disconnection remains a viable and minimally invasive surgical option for the treatment of HH-related epilepsy, particularly for newly diagnosed or residual HHs with intraventricular involvement.

PMID:41962169 | DOI:10.3171/2025.11.PEDS25377