Tag: pubmed

Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 May 10. doi: 10.1111/dom.70856. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Evidence suggests that COVID-19 may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes. We aimed to examine this association by investigating the role of socioeconomic and metabolic factors on the risk of new-onset type 2 (T2D) and type 1 (T1D) diabetes after COVID-19 diagnosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study using linked electronic health records from NHS England’s Secure Data Environment for England via the CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT consortium. Adults (≥ 18 years), alive, registered with a general practice within 1 January 2020 and 28 May 2024 were included. Exposed individuals with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and no prior diabetes were matched to up to three unexposed individuals without COVID-19 and diabetes on age, sex, region and deprivation. Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate associations between COVID-19 and incident diabetes by sex and across age, BMI, deprivation, ethnicity, and region.

RESULTS: Of 50 156 810 eligible individuals, 12 859 545 with a COVID-19 diagnosis and no prior diabetes were matched to 29 221 285 without COVID-19; the median follow-up was 2.4 years. Although BMI was strongly and positively associated with the risk of T2D, differences between exposed and unexposed individuals were little to none, with the excess risk concentrated in the first year (e.g., in 70-year-old men with BMI 35 kg/m², rates were 44.2 [95% CI: 43.6-44.8] and 44.2 [43.7-44.8] per 1000 person-years in the exposed and unexposed group, respectively, at 1 year; corresponding figures in women were 28.0 [27.6-28.5] and 29.1 [28.7-29.5]). These rate differences by COVID-19 exposure were considerably smaller than those across BMI levels: for example, 22 more T2D cases per 1000 person-years at 1 year for those with a BMI of 35 versus 30 kg/m² in unexposed 70-year-old men. Similarly, higher deprivation and Asian ethnicity were also more strongly associated with the risk of T2D than COVID-19 exposure. There was no evidence of an association between COVID-19 and T1D across all analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, COVID-19 was associated with a modest, short-term increase in T2D risk and showed no meaningful association with T1D. Established metabolic, demographic and socioeconomic factors-including age, BMI, deprivation and ethnicity-were more strongly associated with T2D incidence than COVID-19 exposure.

PMID:42108424 | DOI:10.1111/dom.70856

J Hum Nutr Diet. 2026 Jun;39(3):e70253. doi: 10.1111/jhn.70253.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The elimination of industrial trans-fatty acids (i-TFA) is a global public health priority. In Brazil, food regulatory changes were implemented in 2012, limiting the use of TFA-free claims and in 2019, restricting i-TFA content in food. This study analysed i-TFA declarations on labels of packaged foods sold in Brazil in 2010, 2013 and 2020, before, during and after food policy changes.

METHODS: This repeated cross-sectional study analysed labels of packaged foods from an outlet of a large supermarket chain in Brazil (n = 2327 products in 2010; n = 3176 in 2013, n = 4397 in 2020). The i-TFA terms listed in the ingredient list, content of trans-fatty acids (TFA) declared on nutrition information panels (NIPs), and TFA-free claims were examined. Descriptive and comparative analysis over time were conducted using binary and multinomial logistic regressions.

RESULTS: The percentage of foods containing potential i-TFA ingredients was 50.6% in 2010, 36.4% in 2013 and 28.5% in 2020. Overall, the likelihood that NIPs declared TFA decreased over time (OR: 0.46; 95%CI: 0.40; 0.53, p < 0.001), but this was not consistent across all food groups and years. The likelihood of using TFA-free claims also decreased (OR: 0.12; 95%CI: 0.10; 0.15, p < 0.001) over time. However, in 2020, 24.1% of foods labelled as containing 0 g TFA in their NIPs still listed ingredients that could be sources of i-TFA.

CONCLUSION: This is the largest study to analyse TFA labelling in Brazil, informing regulatory discussions and offering a basis for assessing compliance with TFA-focused labelling regulations. Our findings suggest that the 2019 regulation on i-TFA restrictions contributed to amplifying and sustaining the impact of the 2012 labelling regulations in reducing i-TFA packaged food sold at the retail level.

PMID:42108411 | DOI:10.1111/jhn.70253

Magn Reson Med. 2026 May 10. doi: 10.1002/mrm.70414. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) is subject to physiological noise, thermal noise, and signal corruption, which cause errors in diffusion measures. While a larger dataset can be decimated to investigate the general precision of measures from fitting smaller datasets, uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods for fitting entire particular datasets are required for UQ to be output from cDTI post-processing pipelines.

THEORY AND METHODS: To account for non-idealized errors in cDTI, repetition bootstrap methods with whole-image resampling are required to approximate the sampling distribution of measures. We demonstrate UQ of voxel-wise diffusion measures and myocardial summary statistics over multiple voxels, as well as uncertainty-weighted summary statistics and their uncertainties. Methods are demonstrated on datasets of healthy volunteers and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients.

RESULTS: Group differences are larger (and p values smaller) for MD, FA and $\mid E2A\mid$ when myocardial averages of diffusion measures are weighted by uncertainty. This is particularly true for $\mid E2A\mid$ (difference of group medians: ${24.0}^{°}$ for unweighted average, ${36.7}^{°}$ for uncertainty weighted average). The uncertainty of averages over myocardial voxels is useful to understand outlier cases where it is difficult to determine if the result is trustworthy from diffusion measures alone. Uncertainty maps are also useful for highlighting regions of less trustworthy diffusion measures.

CONCLUSION: Uncertainty quantification in cardiac diffusion tensor imaging can be performed with respect to the sampling distribution of the available cDTI dataset, provided the dataset design is suitable for repetition bootstrapping.

PMID:42108407 | DOI:10.1002/mrm.70414

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2026 May 10. doi: 10.1111/ppe.70152. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with fetal growth. However, prior studies have assumed specific timing and latency between GWG and fetal growth.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the latency period between the cumulative GWG rate and fetal growth and assess whether accounting for it changes their association.

METHODS: We analysed data from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons (N = 2445) and NICHD Fetal 3D Study (n = 1946). Maternal cumulative GWG rate was the exposure; fetal growth outcomes were estimated fetal weight (EFW) from 2D ultrasound and fractional arm volume (AVol) from 3D. Weekly cumulative GWG rate and fetal growth trajectories were estimated. Two procedures were used to select latency period: one approach identifies the lag with the largest association, and the other the best model fit. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle covariates.

RESULTS: Latency selection procedures identified a lag of 7-8 weeks between the cumulative GWG rate and fetal growth. Accounting for this lag, the weekly cumulative GWG rate was positively associated with both EFW and AVol at all gestational weeks evaluated. For example, under the 7-week lag model, for every 1 kg/week increase in the cumulative GWG rate at week 33, there was an average increase of 947 g (95% confidence interval [CI] 894, 1000) in EFW and 7.2 cm³ (95% CI 6.6, 7.8) in AVol at week 40. Results were similar under the 8-week lag specification, with overlapping confidence intervals.

CONCLUSIONS: Using two common latency selection procedures, we identified a 7-8 week latency period between GWG and subsequent fetal growth, with consistent findings across 2D and 3D fetal growth parameters. These findings highlight the importance of identifying relevant latency periods between GWG and its relationship with fetal growth and the need for improved statistical methods to address the limitations of current latency selection procedures.

PMID:42108402 | DOI:10.1111/ppe.70152

J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2026 Dec;39(1):2663199. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2026.2663199. Epub 2026 May 10.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The postpartum period carries substantial risk for preventable morbidity, particularly among individuals with high-risk pregnancies complicated by chronic or pregnancy-associated conditions. Despite recommendations for early and ongoing postpartum follow-up, patterns of postpartum and acute care utilization across high-risk conditions remain poorly characterized. We evaluated postpartum and acute care utilization among individuals with high-risk pregnancies versus low-risk pregnancies in an urban safety-net health system.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of individuals who delivered at two campuses of a tertiary academic medical center between 1 June 2018 and 31 May 2022. High-risk pregnancy status was defined using ICD-9/10 codes corresponding to chronic medical or pregnancy-associated conditions; low-risk was defined by the absence of these codes. The primary outcome was attendance of ≥1 postpartum visit (PPV) within 12 weeks of delivery. Secondary outcomes included emergency department (ED) visits and hospital readmissions within 12 weeks postpartum. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs).

RESULTS: Of 13,874 included individuals, 9435 (68.0%) had ≥1 high-risk diagnosis, and nearly half had multiple coexisting conditions. High-risk individuals were more likely than low-risk individuals to attend any PPV (59.2% vs. 45.4%) and an early PPV within 21 days (40.5% vs. 24.2%, both p < 0.001). ED visits (16.9% vs. 13.9%) and readmissions (5.4% vs. 2.7%) were also more frequent among high-risk individuals (p < 0.001). In adjusted analyses, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (aOR 1.67), mental health conditions (aOR 1.49), cesarean delivery, and greater prenatal care utilization were associated with higher odds of PPV attendance, while gestational diabetes was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.79). High-risk conditions, particularly hypertensive disorders and pregestational diabetes, were associated with increased acute care utilization.

CONCLUSIONS: Although high-risk individuals were more likely to attend PPVs, overall engagement remained suboptimal and acute care utilization was high. These findings highlight the need for risk-tailored postpartum care and improved care coordination to reduce preventable morbidity.

PMID:42108383 | DOI:10.1080/14767058.2026.2663199

Int J Dent Hyg. 2026 May 10. doi: 10.1111/idh.70089. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the antigingivitis and antiplaque efficacy of a 2% chlorhexidine (CHX)-impregnated dental floss in adults with gingivitis.

METHODS: This randomised clinical study included 42 patients diagnosed with gingivitis. They were randomly allocated into three groups: no interdental cleaning (NIC) group, which did not use any interdental cleaning device; dental floss (DF) group, individuals who used unwaxed dental floss without impregnation; and dental floss+CHX (DF + CHX) group, those who used the same dental floss, but with 2% CHX digluconate impregnation. A manual toothbrush and fluoride dentifrice were provided for all groups. Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) and Quigley-Hein modified by Turesky plaque index (PI) were assessed by the same trained and calibrated examiner. Individuals were evaluated after 4- and 6-week. Taste preference was also evaluated at 6-week of follow-up. Groups were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test using α < 5%.

RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients completed the study. To both outcomes, no statistically significant differences among groups were observed regardless of the follow-up (p > 0.05). However, within groups showed that all groups presented a significantly reduction of GBI and PI (p < 0.05). Regarding taste preference, no significant differences among groups were detected (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The use of dental floss impregnated with 2% chlorhexidine did not present additional antigingivitis and antiplaque efficacy over 6 weeks of follow-up.

PMID:42108370 | DOI:10.1111/idh.70089

Ann Surg Oncol. 2026 May 11. doi: 10.1245/s10434-026-19761-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Gender equity in surgery remains an ongoing focus of investigation and while there are more women entering the surgical oncology workforce, disparities persist. Professional surgical organizations, such as the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO), are powerful engines for scientific advancement and career growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate contemporary trends in gender representation related to active participation and leadership within the SSO.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the SSO database and website that included all membership, committee membership, and leadership roles as well as annual meeting program information from 2010 to 2025. Gender of individuals was determined by self-report or from institutional websites. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including logistic regression and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

RESULTS: From 2010 to 2024, there was a significant increase in female committee membership, with women comprising 49.3% of members in 2024, up from 25.5% in 2010 (p < 0.001). Female representation was noted in relation to committee leadership with an increase from 2010, where women comprised 20.3% of leadership roles, to an increase of 48.1% in 2024 (p < 0.01). From 2013 to 2025, there was an overall increase in female SSO meeting presenters from 38.8% in 2013 to 44.4% in 2025 (p = 0.018).

CONCLUSIONS: Representation of women within the SSO membership, committee leadership, and presenters at the annual meeting has increased from 2010 to 2025. This finding reflects both broader societal advances towards inclusivity as well as the SSO’s ongoing efforts in working toward promoting career development for all members.

PMID:42108363 | DOI:10.1245/s10434-026-19761-4

Sci Rep. 2026 May 10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-52703-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates variation in the phytochemical composition of Cedrus libani A. Rich. leaves across an altitudinal gradient, focusing on volatile and flavonoid profiles. Leaf samples were collected from three elevations (1300, 1500, and 1700 m) in the Yukarı Gökdere Forest region (Isparta, Turkey). Volatile compounds were analyzed using GC-MS, and flavonoid compounds were determined by RP-HPLC. A total of 45 volatile compounds were identified, predominantly consisting of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Major components included limonene, β-myrcene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, and germacrene-D, with significant variation observed among elevation groups. One-way ANOVA indicated that several volatile compounds differed significantly across elevations (p < 0.05). Flavonoid analysis showed that rutin and kaempferol decreased with increasing elevation, whereas quercetin and catechin exhibited higher values at higher elevations. All analyzed flavonoid compounds showed statistically significant differences among elevation groups (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed separation patterns among samples based on their chemical composition. Overall, the results indicate that the phytochemical composition of C. libani leaves varies along the studied elevational gradient. These findings provide a preliminary and descriptive assessment of altitude-related chemical variation and highlight the need for further studies incorporating broader sampling designs and environmental measurements.

PMID:42108332 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-52703-4

Diabetologia. 2026 May 11. doi: 10.1007/s00125-026-06732-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates insulin dosing and increases glycaemic instability in diabetes. We aimed to compare feasibility, safety and efficacy of automated insulin delivery (AID) with usual care in people with diabetes and advanced CKD.

METHODS: We conducted a prospective, open-label, randomised crossover trial at five tertiary hospitals in Australia and one tertiary centre in Denmark. Adults aged ≥18 years with type 1 diabetes or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and advanced CKD (stage 3b or higher, including dialysis) were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 sequence to receive either AID followed by usual care with real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), or the reverse sequence, each for 8 weeks. Allocation was generated centrally using computerised randomisation. Due to the nature of the intervention, participants and clinicians were aware of treatment assignment. The primary outcome was percentage time in range (3.9-10.0 mmol/l) during the final 3 weeks of each treatment period.

RESULTS: Forty participants (24 type 1 diabetes, 16 type 2 diabetes; median [IQR] age 60 [55, 69] years; HbA_1c 64 [54, 73] mmol/mol [8.0% (7.1%, 8.8%)]; eGFR 30 [18, 37] ml/min per 1.73 m²) were enrolled: 33 not on dialysis, four on peritoneal dialysis and three on haemodialysis. AID significantly improved all hyperglycaemic CGM metrics compared with usual care. Time in range (3.9-10.0 mmol/l) improved from 60% (51%, 66%) at the end of usual care to 73% (65%, 78%) at the end of AID (p<0.001). Hypoglycaemia rates were unchanged. Participants were predominantly pre-frail at baseline and remained stable on-trial. No serious adverse events were attributed to the study devices. Nonetheless, 25% of participants experienced hospital admissions during the trial period for medical issues unrelated to device use.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: AID is feasible and safe and compared with usual care provides superior glucose management in predominantly pre-frail people with diabetes complicated by advanced CKD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622000889752; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06330194 FUNDING: This trial was funded by the Australian Centre for Advancing Diabetes Innovations (ACADI), St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne and Diabetes Australia.

PMID:42108331 | DOI:10.1007/s00125-026-06732-3

Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2026 May 11;36(1):189. doi: 10.1007/s00590-026-04774-2.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) may cause side effects after orthopedic procedures. With total hip arthroplasty (THA) rates increasing, this study evaluates the relationship between TRT and postoperative complications in THA patients.

METHODS: A retrospective review in a large academic hospital was conducted of hypogonadal patients treated with TRT, who underwent primary, elective THA between 2012 and 2024. These were 1:2 propensity-matched based on age, body-mass index, and comorbidities to a “control” group that was not treated with TRT. Patient and TRT characteristics including serum testosterone levels, form of administration, 90-day emergency department visits (ED) and readmissions, reoperations and revisions were explored.

RESULTS: Among 152 patients aged 61.3 years who underwent THA with a 2.7-year follow-up, TRT was mainly administered intramuscularly (51.3%) or via transdermal gel (46.1%), followed by pellets (2.0%), and oral tablets (1.6%). Overall rates of 90-day ED visits and readmissions did not differ significantly between TRT and control patients (7.9% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.270 and 7.9% vs. 5.6%, P = 0.225, respectively). TRT patients had a significantly lower rate of 90-day ED visits due to surgery-related causes (0.7% vs. 2.3%, P = 0.048) but a significantly higher rate due to non-surgery-related causes (7.2% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.034). The incidence of PJI did not differ significantly between the groups (2.0% vs. 1.0%, P = 0.319). Reoperations and revisions were not different between the groups (P = 0.650 and P = 0.057, respectively). TRT administration form was not associated with 90-day ED visits (P = 0.380), readmissions (P = 0.563), reoperations (P = 0.441) or revisions (P = 0.669). Testosterone levels demonstrated a weak, negative, yet significant correlation with 90-day ED visits (r = -0.35, P = 0.040), but not with reoperations or revisions (P = 0.348 and P = 0.431, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS: TRT in THA patients was associated with a reduced rate of surgery-related 90-day ED visits but an increased rate of non-surgery-related 90-day ED visits. Incidence of PJI and overall 90-day ED visits and readmission rates did not significantly differ. Administration form had no significant impact, while higher testosterone levels were linked to fewer 90-day ED visits. Although limited by its retrospective design and patient exclusions, further investigation is warranted to guide perioperative management in these patients, particularly given the known immunomodulatory effects of exogenous TRT.

PMID:42108328 | DOI:10.1007/s00590-026-04774-2