Tag: pubmed

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000013031. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Facial asymmetry is often overlooked in evaluations of nasal function and aesthetics, despite its potential impact on assessments in facial plastic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to utilize AI tools to identify facial asymmetry metrics that correlate with both nasal function and aesthetic measures evaluated by pre-op SCHNOS Scores.

METHODS: Two facial landmark detection models were applied to frontal plain facial images of 1,523 patients to extract 506 fiducial points. From these, over 64 million facial elements were computed, including point-to-point and point-to-line distances. Then asymmetry indexes were calculated based on each element with its mirrored counterpart. Finally, Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess associations between these asymmetry metrics and 13 outcome scores.

RESULTS: Facial elements correlated with SCHNOS-O demonstrated modest but statistically significant Spearman correlations (0.185-0.224, p < 10⁻¹¹), particularly those capturing vertical facial height differences relative to a horizontal reference line between the nasal tip and ear base. No meaningful correlations were observed with SCHNOS-C scores.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest vertical midfacial asymmetry may impact nasal function, whereas facial asymmetry has minimal influence on patients’ perception of nasal aesthetics. The study also underscores the potential of AI-based facial analysis as a valuable tool in rhinoplasty evaluation.

PMID:41825084 | DOI:10.1097/PRS.0000000000013031

Plast Reconstr Surg. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000013032. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Targeted therapies, including pembrolizumab and CDK4/6 inhibitors, have expanded treatment options for breast cancer subtypes such as triple-negative (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative cancers. However, their impact on surgical outcomes in two-stage prepectoral breast reconstruction remains unclear. This study evaluates surgical outcomes in patients receiving pembrolizumab or CDK4/6 inhibitors.

METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients at a single institution who underwent immediate two-stage prepectoral reconstruction at a single center between January 2018 and October 2024 with ≥3 months of follow-up. Exclusion criteria included autologous, delayed, or direct-to-implant reconstructions, and chemotherapy after implant exchange. Variables analyzed included cancer characteristics, treatments, and postoperative complications. Major complications were defined as those requiring readmission or reoperation. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher’s Exact and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests.

RESULTS: Of 472 patients, 27 received pembrolizumab and 30 received CDK4/6 inhibitors. Pembrolizumab had significantly higher seroma rates during expansion (44.4% vs. 27%, p=0.05). After implant exchange, major complications (26.3% vs. 8%, p=0.02) and reoperation rates (19.1% vs. 3.7%, p=0.01) were significantly higher. Patients receiving CDK4/6 inhibitors did not experience an increased risk of infection; in fact, the observed rate of minor infections was lower (0.0% vs. 12.4%, p=0.04), although no significant differences were seen in other outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Pembrolizumab is a promising therapy for TNBC, but its association with increased seromas, major complications, and reoperations warrants further investigation. Use of CDK4/6 inhibitors was not associated with an increased risk of infection following tissue expander placement.

PMID:41825078 | DOI:10.1097/PRS.0000000000013032

J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2026 Mar 13:1-8. doi: 10.3171/2025.11.PEDS25460. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Moyamoya arteriopathy and middle aortic syndrome (MAS) are each rare, often progressive vascular diseases; their comorbid intersection increases their complexity because of the independent and contradictory demands on blood pressure. The management of pediatric patients with these comorbid conditions requires multidisciplinary consultation given the high risk involved. In the current study, the authors aim to describe the clinical and surgical history of pediatric patients with comorbid moyamoya arteriopathy and MAS and describe a multidisciplinary approach to care for these patients.

METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of the clinical and radiological records of patients at Boston Children’s Hospital who were treated with cerebral revascularization surgery for comorbid moyamoya arteriopathy and MAS from January 2004 to January 2024. Analysis of collected perioperative, surgical, inpatient, and follow-up data was conducted using R version 4.4.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing).

RESULTS: Eleven patients, 5 male (45.5%), were included in the study. At presentation, 9 patients (81.8%) had symptoms from brain ischemia. Nine patients were on antihypertensive medications (median 2, IQR 1-2). All patients underwent surgery for moyamoya arteriopathy, and 6 patients (54.5%) also underwent surgical treatment for MAS. After moyamoya surgery, 4 patients (36.4%) required an intensified blood pressure regimen to achieve the same goal, whereas 3 patients (27.3%) had a reduced need for blood pressure medications. Four (66.7%) of the 6 patients who underwent MAS surgical treatment did so after moyamoya treatment. Perioperative stroke occurred after renal stent angioplasty before moyamoya surgery but also after aortic bypass following moyamoya surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: Managing comorbid moyamoya arteriopathy and MAS is challenging, as patients have a higher risk of ischemic perioperative complications. These patients may have hypertension secondary to their aortic disease, and treating the aortic disease may correct the hypertension but with possible new relative hypotension and relative cerebral hypoperfusion. Consequently, moyamoya revascularization prior to aortic repair may be a strategy to reduce the risk of stroke.

PMID:41825070 | DOI:10.3171/2025.11.PEDS25460

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):083405. doi: 10.1103/g5fp-ws7z.

ABSTRACT

Pauli crystals are unique geometric structures of noninteracting fermions, resembling crystals, that emerge solely from Fermi statistics and confinement. Unlike genuine quantum crystals that arise from interparticle interactions, Pauli crystals do not break translation symmetry but nonetheless exhibit nontrivial many-body correlations. In this Letter, we explore Pauli crystal formation in a cavity-fermion setup. We analytically show that when coupled to a cavity, degeneracy in Pauli crystals can trigger zero-threshold transitions to superradiance. This superradiance is accompanied by the emergence of a genuine quantum crystalline state, wherein the atomic density is periodically modulated. We substantiate our findings using state-of-the-art numerical simulations. The combined interplay between statistics, confinement geometry, and interactions mediated by light thus facilitates a novel pathway to quantum crystallization.

PMID:41825045 | DOI:10.1103/g5fp-ws7z

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):081201. doi: 10.1103/kfld-35xl.

ABSTRACT

Various theoretical models predict the existence of extended γ-ray halos around normal galaxies that could be produced by interactions of cosmic rays with the circumgalactic medium or by annihilation or decay of hypothetical dark matter particles. Observations of M31, the closest massive galaxy, also corroborate this possibility. In this Letter, we describe our search for gamma-ray emission from the galaxies within 15 Mpc at energies higher than 2 GeV and try to assess its spatial extension. We use the latest catalog of local galaxies and apply a simple yet robust method of aperture photometry. By imposing the mass, energy, and spatial cuts, we selected a set of 16 late-type galaxies and found a statistically significant excess above the background level: a p value of 3.7×10^{-7} at E>2 GeV, reaching maximal significance of p-val=2.3×10^{-8} for a subset of front-converted events with E>2 GeV, where the angular resolution is higher. More importantly, our analysis shows that this excess can be ascribed to an extended source with a radius ∼0.3° rather than a pointlike one. This, for D=15 Mpc, corresponds to a physical halo radius of r_{h}=80 kpc. In contrast, six early-type galaxies, which satisfied the same cuts, showed no excess. Our results are supported by the stacking likelihood analysis technique, which significantly (5.6σ) detected an extended excess. The difference between the late- and early-type galaxies and a rather irregular shape of the extended source that we found, indicate that this high-energy emission is more likely caused by the interactions of cosmic rays with the circumgalactic medium, in preference to dark matter annihilation and decay processes.

PMID:41825021 | DOI:10.1103/kfld-35xl

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):081601. doi: 10.1103/c75g-xbw4.

ABSTRACT

We show that Langer’s rate of bubble nucleation is quantitatively correct up to small higher-loop corrections, in comparison to lattice simulations. These results are a significant advancement on decades of lattice studies showing only qualitative trends, and the first showing agreement for any conservative field theory. We confirm that the failure to fully thermalize the metastable phase explains discrepancies with recent lattice studies that found disagreement with Langer’s rate. The key theoretical development is the translation of Langer’s perturbative definition of a thermal metastable phase into a nonperturbative statement that can be implemented on the lattice. Our statistical and systematic errors are small enough to allow us to measure on the lattice the coefficient of the two-loop contribution, missing from the perturbative prediction. Our conclusions also exclude a possible systematic uncertainty in ^{3}He experiments.

PMID:41825018 | DOI:10.1103/c75g-xbw4

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):087103. doi: 10.1103/sdbx-wx5t.

ABSTRACT

We introduce a spectral approach to characterizing the three-dimensional Edwards-Anderson spin glass. By analyzing the eigenvalue statistics of overlap matrices constructed from two-dimensional cross sections, we identify a crossover from the Wigner semicircle law at high temperatures toward a Gaussian distribution, which is consistently attained near the spin-glass critical point. Visible for different distributions of the random coupling, the Gaussian distribution can potentially serve as a robust spectral indicator of criticality. Remarkably, the spectral density is well described by Tsallis statistics, with the entropic index q evolving from q=-1 (semicircle, T=∞) to q=1 (Gaussian) at T_{c}, revealing a statistical structure inside the paramagnetic phase. We find q≤1 within numerical precision. While the local level statistics remain consistent with Gaussian orthogonal ensemble statistics, reflecting standard level repulsion, the temperature dependence appears mainly in the global spectral density. Our results present spectral statistics as a computationally efficient complement to multireplica correlator methods and provide a new perspective on cooperative and critical phenomena in disordered systems.

PMID:41825013 | DOI:10.1103/sdbx-wx5t

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):080601. doi: 10.1103/4b99-xmqn.

ABSTRACT

Quantum advantage schemes probe the boundary between classically simulatable and classically intractable quantum dynamics. We explore the impact of midcircuit measurements on the computational power of quantum circuits. To this effect, we focus on quantum sampling and introduce a constant-depth measurement-driven approach for efficiently sampling from a broad class of commuting diagonal quantum circuits and associated structured phase states, previously requiring polynomial-depth unitary circuits. By interleaving midcircuit measurements with feedforward in randomized “fan-out staircases,” our dynamical circuits bypass Lieb-Robinson light-cone constraints, enabling global entanglement with flexible auxiliary qubit usage on bounded-degree lattices (e.g., two-dimensional grids). The generated phase states exhibit random-matrix statistics and anticoncentration comparable to fully random architectures. We further demonstrate measurement-driven feature maps that distinguish phases of an extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model from random eigenstates in a quantum machine-learning benchmark (reservoir computing). Technologically, our results harness midcircuit measurements to realize quantum advantages on bounded-degree hardware with a favorable topology. Conceptually, they provide complexity-theoretic support for quantum speedups by midcircuit measurements.

PMID:41824987 | DOI:10.1103/4b99-xmqn

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):080403. doi: 10.1103/x164-8n1w.

ABSTRACT

The simulation of quantum field theories, both classical and quantum, requires regularization of infinitely many degrees of freedom. However, in the context of field digitization (FD)-a truncation of the local fields to N discrete values-a comprehensive framework to obtain continuum results is currently missing. Here, we propose to analyze FD by interpreting the parameter N as a coupling in the renormalization group (RG) sense. As a first example, we investigate the two-dimensional (2D) classical N-state clock model as a Z_{N} FD of the U(1) symmetric XY model. Using effective field theory, we employ the RG to derive generalized scaling hypotheses involving the FD parameter N, which allows us to relate data obtained for different N-regularized models in a procedure that we term field digitization scaling (FDS). Using numerical tensor-network calculations at finite bond dimension χ, we further uncover an unconventional universal crossover around a low-temperature phase transition induced by finite N, demonstrating that FDS can be extended to describe the interplay of χ and N. Finally, we analytically prove that our calculations for the 2D classical-statistical Z_{N} clock model are directly related to the quantum physics in the ground state of a (2+1)D Z_{N} lattice gauge theory, which serves as a FD of compact quantum electrodynamics. Our Letter thus paves the way for applications of FDS to quantum simulations of more complex models in higher spatial dimensions, where it could serve as a tool to analyze the continuum limit of digitized quantum field theories.

PMID:41824981 | DOI:10.1103/x164-8n1w

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Feb 27;136(8):086601. doi: 10.1103/4jww-6b6t.

ABSTRACT

Anyons, unique to two spatial dimensions, underlie extraordinary phenomena such as the fractional quantum Hall effect, but their generalization to higher dimensions has remained elusive. The topology of Eilenberg-MacLane spaces constrains the loop statistics to be only bosonic or fermionic in any dimension. In this Letter, we introduce the novel anyonic statistics for membrane excitations in four dimensions. Analogous to the Z_{N} particle exhibiting Z_{N×gcd(2,N)} anyonic statistics in two dimensions, we show that the Z_{N} membrane possesses Z_{N×gcd(3,N)} anyonic statistics in four dimensions. Given unitary volume operators that create membrane excitations on the boundary, we propose an explicit 56-step unitary sequence that detects the membrane statistics. We further analyze the boundary theory of (5+1)D 1-form Z_{N} symmetry-protected topological phases and demonstrate that their domain walls realize all possible anyonic membrane statistics. We then show that the Z_{3} subgroup persists in all higher dimensions. In addition to the standard fermionic Z_{2} membrane statistics arising from Stiefel-Whitney classes, membranes also exhibit Z_{3} statistics associated with Pontryagin classes. We explicitly verify that the 56-step process detects the nontrivial Z_{3} statistics in five, six, and seven spatial dimensions. Moreover, in seven and higher dimensions, the statistics of membrane excitations stabilize to Z_{2}×Z_{3}, with the Z_{3} sector consistently captured by this process.

PMID:41824970 | DOI:10.1103/4jww-6b6t