Tag: pubmed

Int J Legal Med. 2026 Jun 8. doi: 10.1007/s00414-026-03858-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Determining the shooting distance is one of the most crucial factors in firearm injuries and fatalities. When determining distance, it is important to carefully consider the barrel length, cartridge and fuse structures, extension, and environmental conditions. This study aims to measure the distance and ascertain the effects of extensions on pellet dispersal.

RESULTS: It was determined that there were noticeable differences in the pellet distributions between rounds fired at the same distance without extensions and those fired with 5-10-15 cm extensions. The diameter of the pellet dispersion decreased statistically as the choke length increased at distances greater than 100 cm (p < 0,05). It was also seen that the diameter of the pellet entry hole shrank in rounds fired between 200 and 400 cm due to an increase in extension length. Statistics showed that the differences were significant (p < 0.05). The largest satellite entrance hole distance decreased with extension length at 200 and 300 cm. There were statistically significant differences in satellite entrance hole distance (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The study’s findings showed that the shotgun extensions directly impact pellet dispersal. It was acknowledged that the shot distance should not be calculated solely on the basis of target features without carefully analyzing the weapon and cartridge used in the incident.

PMID:42252364 | DOI:10.1007/s00414-026-03858-2

Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 7. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-57333-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Mango fruits undergo various biochemical changes and ripen rapidly after harvest. This study evaluated the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and hot water treatment (HWT) on the maintenance of postharvest quality of mango cv. Dashehari under ambient storage conditions. Physiologically mature fruits were subjected to different treatments, including SA 1 mM, SA 2 mM, HWT, HWT + SA 1 mM, HWT + SA 2 mM, and distilled water (control). Compared with untreated fruits, the combined treatments HWT + SA 1 mM and HWT + SA 2 mM significantly reduced weight loss, decay incidence, electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and activities of fruit softening enzymes, while better maintaining fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid during storage. The responses of these two combined treatments were statistically comparable for most quality attributes; however, fruits treated with HWT + SA 1 mM exhibited significantly lower malondialdehyde content after storage. These findings suggest that the integration of SA with HWT is an effective strategy for delaying ripening and preserving the postharvest biochemical quality of mango fruits under ambient conditions.

PMID:42252351 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-57333-4

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2026 Jun 8. doi: 10.1007/s00259-026-07925-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Numerous clinical features of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) are attributed to dysfunction in subcortical anatomy. Despite this, [¹⁸F]FDG PET imaging as a diagnostic tool for DLB largely relies on the metabolic signature of the occipital lobe, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex. This study aimed to assess subcortical brain metabolism in patients with DLB using [¹⁸F]FDG PET imaging.

METHODS: Patients diagnosed with probable DLB were included from both a prospectively maintained regional database (n = 33), and the ADNI database (n = 43). Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis, metabolic activity was compared with a cohort of subjects exhibiting normal brain metabolism (n = 19). A sub-analysis was conducted with disease progression included as a covariate.

RESULTS: Hypermetabolism was observed in various subcortical regions, notably in the dentate nucleus, anterolateral thalamus, and regions of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Increased metabolism was also detected in the mesencephalic tectum, likely representing heightened activity in the superior colliculus. All findings were reproduced in the ADNI cohort and were found to be dependent on the DLB disease stage. Additionally, the well-established cortical hypometabolic signature of DLB pathology was evident, validating our methods and findings.

CONCLUSION: Increased metabolic activity is evident in a variety of brainstem, cerebellar, and subcortical regions in patients with DLB. The dentatorubrothalamic tract, in particular, emerges as a structure of interest that connects these structures and potentially helps in understanding DLB pathophysiology. Correction for disease stage eliminated this pattern, suggesting a driver associated with disease progression.

PMID:42252350 | DOI:10.1007/s00259-026-07925-z

Bull Math Biol. 2026 Jun 7;88(6):105. doi: 10.1007/s11538-026-01668-6.

ABSTRACT

High-resolution imaging provides dense trajectories of migrating cells, flocking animals, and synthetic active particles, from which interaction laws can be determined with a wide variety of methods. Yet, distinguishing whether front-back or lateral biases seen in such data reflect intrinsic anisotropy in the interaction kernel or emergent correlations that are nevertheless produced by isotropic pairwise interaction forces remains an open challenge. We resolve this ambiguity by deriving a linear partial differential equation that connects measurable two-point velocity correlations to an unknown, distance- and angle-dependent interaction kernel. Turing-like instabilities can occur which allows for dipolar or quadrupolar patterns to arise even when agents interact according to an underlying attraction-repulsion law that is angle-independent. We then show that incorporating a weak velocity-alignment force can interfere with anisotropic pattern formation by suppressing dipolar patterns. We validate these predictions with agent-based simulations and provide design guidance for experiments that seek to discriminate intrinsic anisotropy from emergent effects.

PMID:42252345 | DOI:10.1007/s11538-026-01668-6

J Clin Neurosci. 2026 Jun 7;152:112128. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2026.112128. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has increasingly been used as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the treatment of carotid artery disease. However, neurological complications following carotid angiography or CAS remain a clinical concern. This study aimed to evaluate whether naturally occurring ABO blood group antigens and hematological parameters are associated with cerebrovascular complications after diagnostic or therapeutic carotid angiography.

METHODS: In this single-center retrospective study, patients were classified as blood group O or non-O (A, B, or AB). Cerebrovascular complications were defined as in-hospital amaurosis fugax, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or stroke occurring after carotid angiography or carotid artery stenting (CAS).

RESULTS: A total of 316 patients who underwent carotid angiography were included; 106 (33.5%) had blood group O and 210 (66.5%) had non-O blood groups. Cerebrovascular events were significantly more frequent in patients with non-O blood groups. Stroke occurred in 13.8% of patients with non-O blood groups compared with 1.9% in those with blood group O (p < 0.001), while TIA was also more common in the non-O group (11.0% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.033). When stratified by procedure type, this association was predominantly observed in patients undergoing CAS, whereas cerebrovascular event rates were low and comparable between groups in patients undergoing diagnostic angiography alone. In univariable analysis, diabetes mellitus was associated with stroke (OR = 2.392, p = 0.024), while blood group O was associated with lower odds of stroke (OR = 0.120, p = 0.004). In multivariable analysis, blood group O (OR = 0.127, p = 0.007) and contrast volume (OR per 10 mL increase: 1.218, p < 0.001) remained independently associated with stroke, whereas diabetes mellitus was no longer statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Non-O blood groups were associated with a higher risk of stroke and TIA following carotid angiography, particularly in patients undergoing CAS, whereas blood group O was associated with a lower risk of stroke. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the observational design and potential residual confounding.

PMID:42251813 | DOI:10.1016/j.jocn.2026.112128

J Anxiety Disord. 2026 Jun 4;122:103199. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103199. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Understanding how symptom domains relate to one another (e.g., whether generalized anxiety is more similar to depression than to panic) is central to psychiatric classification. We demonstrate a procedure for quantifying relative proximity, defined as whether one symptom domain is statistically closer to another compared to other domains. As a motivating application, we examine the structure of internalizing symptoms characterized by fear, distress, avoidance, and heightened arousal. Using a network approach, we analyzed data from six questionnaires assessing depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms. In a community sample of young adults (n = 2051; ages 17-23), we estimated a symptom-level Gaussian graphical model, used community detection to characterize the network’s modular structure, and derived shortest path length to quantify the relative proximity of predefined symptom domains. We then used permutation testing to determine whether distress-related symptom domains (depression, GAD, and PTSD) showed greater empirical proximity to one another compared to fear-related domains (social anxiety, panic, and OCD). Results indicated reciprocal proximity between the depressive and GAD symptom domains compared to other internalizing domains. PTSD showed its greatest relative proximity to depression and GAD. Panic, social anxiety, and OCD did not form a cohesive fear community and showed variable relative proximity to both distress- and fear-related domains. Overall, these findings lend support for a distress-based internalizing dimension encompassing depression, GAD, and possibly PTSD, while providing limited evidence for a fear-based dimension including social anxiety, panic, and OCD.

PMID:42251811 | DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103199

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2026 Jun 4;324:115227. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.115227. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the increased birth size linked to frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) compared with fresh embryo transfer (FreET) and natural conception persists at 12 years of age.

METHODS: This multicenter prospective cohort study included singleton children born between 2008 and 2009 at 23 JISART-affiliated facilities in Japan. Children conceived via assisted reproductive technology (ART) (FreET and FET) were compared with those conceived naturally by couples who are infertile without ART. Overweight and obesity were defined according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria (overweight: body mass index [BMI] ≥ 23, obesity: BMI ≥ 27). Analyses were performed using analysis of covariance and multiple regression, adjusting for gestational age, maternal age, parity, small/large for gestational age (SGA/LGA), parental body size, education, and infertility duration. Logistic regression was used to assess the risk of overweight/obesity.

RESULTS: Of 6,434 children initially contacted, 3,002 eligible singletons (1,115 FreET, 1,341 FET, and 546 non-ART) were included in the birth cohort, with 671 (331 boys, 340 girls) finally enrolled. The adjusted mean weight, height, and BMI did not differ among the FreET, FET, and non-ART groups. The odds ratios for overweight and obesity also showed no significant group differences. Parental body size was associated with child anthropometry, and LGA at birth independently predicted a larger body size and being overweight in boys.

CONCLUSIONS: At 12 years, body size and overweight risk were comparable among the three conception groups (FreET, FET, and non-ART groups). We found no statistical evidence that the FET-associated increase in birth size persisted into early adolescence. Continued follow-up during adolescence is warranted.

PMID:42251806 | DOI:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.115227

Int J Drug Policy. 2026 Jun 7;155:105382. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105382. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The increasing presence of fentanyl in the illicit drug supply has been associated with rising overdose mortality in the United States, but the extent to which it is associated with nonfatal overdose morbidity remains unknown. We examined the association between the proportion of fentanyl reports in illicit drug seizures and state-level rates of nonfatal overdose emergency department (ED) visits.

METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal ecological analysis of 40 US states from 2021 to 2024. Outcomes were annual state-level rates of nonfatal overdose ED visits per 10,000 ED visits, obtained from Drug Overdose Surveillance and Epidemiology Syndromic Surveillance System. The proportion of fentanyl reports among all illicit drug seizure reports was obtained from the National Forensic Laboratory Information System. Annual state-level sociodemographic covariates were obtained from the American Community Survey. Adjusted associations and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated via linear regression using generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, a 10 percentage-point increase in fentanyl seizure proportion was significantly associated with higher nonfatal overdose ED visit rates: opioid-involved (2.18 increase, 95% CI: 0.89, 3.46), fentanyl-involved (0.73 increase, 95% CI: 0.27, 1.18), and cocaine-involved (0.08 increase, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.15). There was no evidence of statistically significant associations with heroin-, stimulant-, methamphetamine-, and benzodiazepine-involved overdose ED visit rates.

CONCLUSIONS: Greater fentanyl penetration in illicit drug seizure reports was significantly associated with higher opioid-, fentanyl-, and cocaine-involved nonfatal overdose ED visit rates across states. These findings suggest that fentanyl saturation is not only a driver of overdose mortality but also contributes to nonfatal overdose burden, with important implications for health system demand and public health preparedness.

PMID:42251803 | DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105382

J Environ Manage. 2026 Jun 7;410:130054. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130054. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

European Union’s 2024 mandate for separate collection of bio-waste has catalysed significant changes in organic waste management across Member States, aiming to increase the share of bio-waste collected separately for organic treatment. This study analyses per capita kitchen waste collection in municipalities across Catalonia and Italy. It applies panel regression models for the period 2010-2021 and a cross-sectional analysis for 2021, to assess the impact of geographic, demographic, socio-economic, and waste management variables on separate collection outcomes. Main results show that advanced collection systems, particularly door-to-door schemes, are associated with an increase in kitchen waste capture rates by 12-50 kg per capita and year, with investments in separate collection translating into improvements in collection performance. Municipalities with smaller areas, medium levels of population as well as a higher proportion of older residents were also positively associated with higher per capita collection. Conversely, socio-economic challenges such as high unemployment are linked to reduced participation, while the influence of income appears context dependent. These findings provide robust empirical evidence that kitchen waste collection is shaped by a combination of factors, highlighting the effectiveness of individualised systems and the importance of socio-demographic and local context variables. Future research could explore the role of technological innovations, behavioural responses, and policy interventions related to collection system design, investment and monitoring, as well as the interaction of tourism and seasonal variations with service efficiency, and the influence of income and other socio-economic factors to inform more targeted and adaptable bio-waste management strategies.

PMID:42251795 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130054

JAMA. 2026 Jun 7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2026.9512. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: The effects of orforglipron, an oral, nonpeptide glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, added to insulin glargine for treatment of type 2 diabetes have not been described.

OBJECTIVE: To assess efficacy and safety of orforglipron added to titrated insulin glargine in adults with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study conducted at 72 sites across the US, Brazil, China, Japan, and Romania between November 10, 2023, and September 15, 2025, in adults with type 2 diabetes taking insulin glargine with or without metformin and/or sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors over 40 weeks.

INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) to receive once-daily 3-mg (n = 137), 12-mg (n = 132), or 36-mg (n = 136) dosages of orforglipron or placebo (n = 141), in addition to titrated insulin glargine.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change from baseline to week 40 (for the 12-mg once daily and 36-mg once daily dosages of orforglipron). Key secondary outcomes were mean HbA1c change from baseline (for the 3-mg once daily dosage of orforglipron), proportion of participants achieving HbA1c targets of lower than 7.0% and 6.5% or lower, and mean body weight change and percentage change from baseline to week 40.

RESULTS: Among 546 randomized participants (median age, 61.0 [IQR, 26-95] years; 52.9% male; median duration of type 2 diabetes, 14.6 [IQR, 0.1-40.7] years; mean HbA1c, 8.50% [SD, 0.95%]; mean body mass index, 30.8 [SD, 6.1]), 507 (92.9%) completed the trial. At week 40, the mean changes from baseline in HbA1c were -1.58%, -1.88%, and -1.82% with orforglipron, 3 mg, 12 mg, and 36 mg once daily, respectively, vs -0.79% with placebo. Each dosage of orforglipron was superior to placebo (estimated treatment differences: 3 mg once daily, -0.78% [95% CI, -1.02% to -0.55%]; 12 mg once daily, -1.08% [95% CI, -1.33% to -0.83%]; 36 mg once daily, -1.03% [95% CI, -1.28% to -0.77%]; P < .001 for all). All key secondary outcomes demonstrated statistically significant differences in favor of orforglipron compared with placebo. Mean percentage body weight change from baseline was -2.6%, -4.8%, and -5.4% with orforglipron, 3 mg once daily, 12 mg once daily, and 36 mg once daily, respectively, vs 0.2% with placebo. The most frequent adverse events with orforglipron were gastrointestinal (mild to moderate). Orforglipron did not increase the risk of clinically significant hypoglycemia vs placebo.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In participants with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by insulin glargine, addition of oral orforglipron significantly improved glycemic control and body weight, without increasing hypoglycemia risk, compared with placebo.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06109311.

PMID:42251769 | DOI:10.1001/jama.2026.9512