Tag: pubmed

J Dent Educ. 2022 Aug 10. doi: 10.1002/jdd.13066. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Research has demonstrated that learners who practice self-testing have superior long-term retention compared to those rereading the material alone, a phenomenon called test-enhanced learning. This testing effect can be leveraged by spacing out the testing practice over time, a technique called spaced repetition. In 2017, we provided dental students at the school with access to Osmosis, a web-based platform that supports test-enhanced learning and spaced repetition through flashcards. This exploratory study examined students’ adoption of self-testing with flashcards and its impact on learning performance in basic sciences.

METHODS: Participants were 143 first-year predoctoral students at a dental school in the US. The platform analytics revealed the number of flashcards students answered throughout the first academic year (2019-2020). Regression analyses examined how self-testing with flashcards impacted students’ exam scores in basic sciences. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests examined the difference in students’ exam performance among the non, minimal, occasional, and regular flashcard users who answered 0, 1-99, 100-499, and over 500 flashcards, respectively.

RESULTS: Students answered 82,766 flashcards during the year. Additionally, they created 17,973 flashcards using the platform’s flashcard authoring tool. Regression analyses showed that self-testing with flashcards correlated positively with students’ exam performance in anatomy, biochemistry, nutrition, and physiology. ANOVA results revealed a statistically significant difference in students’ exam performance in anatomy, biochemistry, and nutrition among the four groups.

CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first in dental education to examine students’ self-testing on the Osmosis platform. Results revealed that there was widespread adoption of self-testing with flashcards. The study provided additional evidence to support the value of self-testing for dental students. It has practical implications of how test-enhanced learning can be incorporated into dental education to support student learning. The study contributed to the test-enhanced learning literature in dental education, an area that has been underexplored.

PMID:35946422 | DOI:10.1002/jdd.13066

Orthop Surg. 2022 Aug 10. doi: 10.1111/os.13394. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Patellofemoral kinematics and contact mechanics are important measurements for the assessment of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) problems. Simultaneously measuring PFJ contact pressures and kinematics is a challenging task. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously measure the kinematics and mean/peak contact pressures in the PFJs of cadaveric knees.

METHODS: This was a comparative study performed on fresh cadaveric knees. The kinematic data was acquired for nine cadaveric knees using an optical tracking system. Data about the contact pressure and contact area in the PFJ was obtained at knee flexion angles of 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° using a pressure sensor. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and minimal detectable differences (MDDs) of six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) in the PFJs were calculated. ICCs and the MDDs of contact pressure, peak pressure, and contact area in the PFJs were also analyzed. We also compared the kinematics of the cadaveric knees before and after the insertion of the pressure sensor.

RESULTS: All ICC values of 6 DOF in the PFJs were found to be greater than or equal to 0.924. Regarding medial-lateral rotation, the patellar showed a simplified movement pattern that demonstrated progressive lateral rotation of 4.8° ± 3.4° at 120° of knee flexion. While for patellar tilting, the patella showed medial tilting that peaked at 7.2 ± 2.5° at 30° of knee flexion. Whereas no significant differences in PFJ kinematics were found between with and without the placement of the pressure sensor at all knee flexions (P > 0.05). Most of the ICC values for contact pressure, peak contact pressure, and contact area ranged from 0.8 to 0.9. The MDDs for rotational displacement were 0.9° and 0.6 mm for translational displacement. No statistical differences in patellar kinematics were found before and after the insertion of the pressure sensor.

CONCLUSIONS: The setup in the present study enables researchers to simultaneously and synchronously collect real-time PFJ kinematics and tibiofemoral joint (TFJ) biomechanical kinematic data with high reliability. The low MDDs enabled the researchers to obtain an accurate interpretation of the kinematic and contact mechanics measurement using the experimental setting used in the present study.

PMID:35946420 | DOI:10.1111/os.13394

J Addict Dis. 2022 Aug 10:1-7. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2022.2108363. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Alcohol use disorder is a chronic, relapsing and remitting illness with limited efficacy of pharmacotherapy in preventing relapse. Several non-pharmacological treatment options are usually used to improve treatment outcomes. In this case report, the patient with alcohol use disorder (as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th edition criteria) had memory impairments, which was seen to limit the effectiveness of cognitive approaches such as motivational enhancement therapy. Covert sensitization, a behavioral technique based on operant conditioning, was considered an alternative option along with pharmacotherapy to enhance abstinence and was seen to be effective in creating an association between alcohol use and unpleasant consequences in the patient. We observed an improvement in subjective craving and motivation to abstain following the therapy sessions. This highlights the use of covert sensitization as an alternative non-pharmacological intervention for patients with alcohol use disorder with cognitive impairments.

PMID:35946415 | DOI:10.1080/10550887.2022.2108363

Orthod Craniofac Res. 2022 Aug 3. doi: 10.1111/ocr.12599. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the position and shape of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular disc among the sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns in Angle Class III, Class III subdivision malocclusion and normal occlusion. The null hypothesis was that there was no difference in disc position and shape in different (1) malocclusions and (2) skeletal patterns.

METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study evaluated 105 patients divided into 3 groups: Class III (33, 9.39 ± 1.96 years), Class III subdivision (45, 9.51 ± 1.59 years) and a normal occlusion (27, 10.24 ± 0.87 years) was included as healthy control. Severity of the maxilla-mandibular anteroposterior discrepancy and vertical facial pattern were determined using 2D cephalometry, and the position and shape of the articular discs were evaluated in magnetic resonance images. Statistical parametric and non-parametric tests and Kappa analysis for intra-observer and inter-observer assessment were used (p ≤ .05).

RESULTS: Significant between-group differences were found in articular disc position. In the normal occlusion group, all the articular discs were well positioned. In Class III and Class III subdivision, the discs were displaced in 30.3% and 12.2% of the TMJs, respectively. Sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns did not affect the findings significantly. The Class III subdivision malocclusion group is probably different from the other groups, showing 97.7% of biconcave discs in both TMJs.

CONCLUSION: The longitudinal follow-up of this sample becomes relevant as the two groups with malocclusion in the pre-peak phase of pubertal growth showed differences in the prevalence of displacement and form of the articular disc, with no association with their vertical facial characteristics.

PMID:35946345 | DOI:10.1111/ocr.12599

Bioengineered. 2022 Jun;13(6):14681-14718. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2100863.

ABSTRACT

Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that A. platensis possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of A. platensis constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations.Abbrevations: SDGs; Sustainable Development Goals, IL-4; Interleukin-4, HDL; High-Density Lipoprotein, LDL; Low-Density Lipoprotein, VLDL; Very Low-Density Lipoprotein, C-PC; C-Phycocyanin, APC; Allophycocyanin, PE; Phycoerythrin, COX-2; Cyclooxygenase-2, RCTs; Randomized Control Trials, TNF-α; Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha, γ-LFA; Gamma-Linolenic Fatty Acid, PGs; Polyglycans, PUFAs: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, NK-cell; Natural Killer Cell, FDA; Food and Drug Administration, GRAS; Generally Recognized as Safe, SD; Standard Deviation, API; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient, DW; Dry Weight, IM; Intramuscular, IV; Intravenous, ID; Intradermal, SC; Subcutaneous, AERs; Adverse Event Reports, DSI-EC; Dietary Supplement Information Executive Committee, cGMP; Current Good Manufacturing Process, A. platensis; Arthrospira platensis, A. maxima; Arthrospira maxima, Spirulina sp.; Spirulina species, Arthrospira; Spirulina, Tecuitlatl; Spirulina, CRC; Colorectal Cancer, HDI; Human Development Index, Tf; Transferrin, TfR; Transferrin Receptor, FR; Flow Rate, CPP; Cell Penetrating Peptide, SUV; Small Unilamenar Vesicle, LUV; Large Unilamenar Vesicle, GUV; Giant Unilamenar Vesicle, MLV; Multilamenar Vesicle, COVID-19; Coronavirus-19, PEGylated; Stealth, PEG; Polyethylene Glycol, OSCEs; Objective Structured Clinical Examinations, GI; Gastrointestinal Tract, CAP; Cellulose Acetate Phthalate, HPMCP, Hydroxypropyl Methyl-Cellulose Phthalate, SR; Sustained Release, DR; Delay Release, Poly(MA-EA); Polymethyl Acrylic Co-Ethyl Acrylate, f-DR L-30 D-55; Femto-Delay Release Methyl Acrylic Acid Co-Ethyl Acrylate Polymer, MW; Molecular Weight, T_g; Glass Transition Temperature, SN₂; Nucleophilic Substitution 2, EPR; Enhance Permeability and Retention, VEGF; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, RGD; Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid, VCAM-1; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1, P; Coefficient of Permeability, PES; Polyether Sulfone, pH_e; Extracellular pH, ζ-potential; Zeta potential, NTA; Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, PB; Phosphate Buffer, DLS; Dynamic Light Scattering, AFM; Atomic Force Microscope, Log P; Partition Coefficient, MR; Molar Refractivity, tPSA; Topological Polar Surface Area, C log P; Calculated Partition Coefficient, CMR; Calculated Molar Refractivity, Log S; Solubility Coefficient, pka; Acid Dissociation Constant, DDAB; Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide, DOPE; Dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, GDP; Good Distribution Practice, RES; Reticuloendothelial System, PKU; Phenylketonuria, MS; Multiple Sclerosis, SLE; Systemic Lupus Erythematous, NASA; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, DOX; Doxorubicin, ADRs; Adverse Drug Reactions, SVM; Support Vector Machine, MDA; Malondialdehyde, TBARS; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, CRP; C-Reactive Protein, CK; Creatine Kinase, LDH; Lactated Dehydrogenase, T2D; Type 2 Diabetes, PCB; Phycocyanobilin, PBP; Phycobiliproteins, PEB; Phycoerythrobilin, DPP-4; Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, MTT; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, IL-2; Interleukin-2, IL-6; Interleukin-6, PRISMA; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, STATA; Statistics, HepG2; Hepatoblastoma, HCT116; Colon Cancer Carcinoma, Kasumi-1; Acute Leukaemia, K562; Chronic Leukaemia, Se-PC; Selenium-Phycocyanin, MCF-7; Breast Cancer Adenocarcinoma, A375; Human Melanoma, RAS; Renin-Angiotensin System, IQP; Ile-Gln-Pro, VEP; Val-Glu-Pro, M_pro; Main Protease, PL_pro; Papin-Like Protease, BMI; Body Mass Index, IC₅₀; Inhibitory Concentration by 50%, LD₅₀; Lethal Dose by 50%, PC12 Adh; Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells, RNS; Reactive Nitrogen Species, Hb1Ac; hemoglobin A1c.

PMID:35946342 | DOI:10.1080/21655979.2022.2100863

Rev Med Virol. 2022 Aug 10:e2382. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2382. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

To understand epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in China from 2000 to 2018 the literature on norovirus outbreaks was identified by searching WANFANG, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases before 31 December 2018. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Product Service Solutions software. RStudio1.4.1717 and ArcGIS trial version were used for plotting bar graphs and maps. A total of 419 norovirus outbreaks were reported in the 394 included articles, which occurred between June 2000 and October 2018, showing an overall increasing trend. The majority of outbreaks occurred in schools (52.28%, 218/417) and kindergartens (55/417, 13.19%). Person-to-person transmission (41.64%, 137/329) was most common, followed by food-borne transmission (75/329, 22.80%) and water-borne transmission (72/329, 21.88%). GII was the most predominant norovirus genogroup, with GII.4, GII.17 and GII.2 being the dominant genotypes in 2007-2013, 2014-2015, 2016-2017, respectively. Increased outbreaks were associated with the prevalence of new variants. Most norovirus outbreaks were reported in the southeast of the country. The number of norovirus outbreaks was positively associated with the per capita gross domestic product and the year-end resident population. Norovirus outbreaks have become an important public health problem in China. It is necessary to establish surveillance in hospitals and nursing homes. Genotyping of noroviruses is important for monitoring the circulating strains and improving the vaccine design, so it should be carried out in more regions.

PMID:35946340 | DOI:10.1002/rmv.2382

Psychooncology. 2022 Aug 10. doi: 10.1002/pon.6013. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Patients with non-familial, unilateral breast cancer have a low risk of contralateral breast cancer. Thus, clinical studies have shown no survival benefit for patients who undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) compared to those undergoing unilateral surgeries for non-familial unilateral breast cancers. Despite this evidence, there has been a steady increase in rates of CPM in the U.S. Patient factors influencing this choice have been identified in previous studies, but seldom in a prospective manner. This prospective study was designed to assess emotion and any association with a patient’s decision to ultimately undergo CPM.

METHODS: We recruited patients with newly diagnosed, unilateral, non-metastatic breast cancer, who had not yet had surgery, to participate in a prospective, longitudinal study to examine the impact of emotions on CPM decision-making.

RESULTS: Among the 86 final participants, all completed the pre-visit survey (100%) and 52 patients completed the post-visit survey (60%). Patients undergoing CPM were significantly younger than those who did not. There was no statistically significant association between emotion and receipt of CPM. There was a trend towards undergoing CPM in patients with a less open personality type and those with more negative emotion, though not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS: This study found a trend toward increased CPM receipt in those with less open personality types and more negative emotion, especially post-consultation, but none of these findings was significant. Future work should include development of cancer-specific emotion scales and larger studies of possible connections between emotion, personality type and surgical decision-making for breast cancer patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:35946336 | DOI:10.1002/pon.6013

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2021 Nov-Dec;32(6):1764-1774. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.352439.

ABSTRACT

The kidney is the most vulnerable organ in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients besides the lungs, with evidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). We aimed to find the prevalence of AKI among COVID-19 patients and further evaluate the association of between COVID-19 and AKI along with an understanding of mortality. A prospective observational study was conducted among COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital, Hayatabad Medical Complex, between March 2020 and June 2020. Chi-square test was applied for comparative analysis, whereas for predictors of mortality, odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression. A total of 606 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to the dedicated ward, of which 250 (41.3%) had AKI and 190 (31.4%) died, whereas, patients having AKI presented 62.1% of mortality. Our study revealed a statistically significant association between AKI and mortality (OR = 3.5; P <0.0001). Moreover, we observed a greater risk of deaths among patients with AKI stage I-III i.e., AKI stage I (OR = 2.4; P <0.0001), stage II (OR = 5.5; P = 0.0001), and stage III (OR = 6.6; P<0.0001). Our study reported AKI and associated mortality in a considerable number of patients with COVID-19. AKI patients have significantly higher chances of death versus non-AKI patients. Further, the risk of mortality increases with further deterioration in kidney function, i.e., patients with AKI stage III showed a higher mortality rate compared with stage II and stage I.

PMID:35946291 | DOI:10.4103/1319-2442.352439

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2021 Nov-Dec;32(6):1700-1706. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.352431.

ABSTRACT

Complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) can range from localized to systemic manifestations that can worsen patients’ outcomes. CKD results in irreversible deterioration in renal function, which ultimately progresses to end-stage renal failure and necessitates the need for renal transplantation. Our study aimed to identify patients’ complications postrenal transplant during hospitalization and assess the main factors affecting these patients’ outcomes and survival rates. This study is a single-centered, retrospective cohort chart review conducted from January 2016 to March 2019. The collected data parameters included patients’ characteristics (e.g., gender, age, body mass index), as well as surgical-related details and postoperative complications. Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics version 22.0 were used for data entry and analysis. The descriptive statistics were presented as frequency and percentage for the categorical variables (e.g., gender and smoking status), while the mean ± standard deviation was used for numerical variables. A total of 80 posttransplant patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. Urogenital complications were the most commonly seen during the postoperative period, especially developing urinary tract infections by 16%. During our study, the rate of complications was considered minimal and not significant in assessing posttransplant patients.

PMID:35946283 | DOI:10.4103/1319-2442.352431

Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2021 Nov-Dec;32(6):1655-1665. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.352426.

ABSTRACT

The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) advocates the use of dipstick proteinuria as a primary screening tool. However, the performance of dipstick urinary for proteinuria has been adjudged to be weak, unreliable with poor predictive value. This study aimed to determine and compare significant proteinuria (SP) using spot urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPr/UCr) as a primary screening tools with dipstick proteinuria among the high-risk African children. This study was a cross-sectional study, involving 33 schools in Ogbomoso land, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of 1316 apparently healthy children were recruited through a multistage sampling technique from both rural and urban communities using a semi-structured questionnaire. Dipstick urinalysis was performed on early morning urine samples. Urinary protein was determined using a turbidimetric method, while Jaffe’s reaction was used to measure urinary creatinine concentration. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.0 for Windows. The prevalence of SP using spot UPr/UCr (≥0.2) and dipstick proteinuria (≥1+) was 18.0% and 0.8%, respectively (P <0.001). Of the 224 subjects with SP using UPr/UCr, the females (140; 20.1%) had higher proportion of SP compared to males (84; 15.4% – P = 0.032). Nephrotic range proteinuria was detected in 9/10 (90%) using UPr/UCr, while urinary dipstick method identified only 3/10 (30%). A biserial correlation coefficient (r = 0.092; P =0.001) and inter-rater agreement (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.01) were poor and McNemar’s test was P<0.0001. In the community, UPr/UCr ratio appeared to perform better than dipstick as a primary screening tool for renal disease and may be adopted in the early detection of SP as a marker of kidney disease against the current KDIGO guideline of dipstick proteinuria.

PMID:35946278 | DOI:10.4103/1319-2442.352426