Tag: pubmed

New Phytol. 2022 Oct 21. doi: 10.1111/nph.18565. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Evolutionary relationships are likely to play a significant role in shaping plant physiological and structural traits observed in contemporary taxa. We review research on phylogenetic signal and correlated evolution in plant-water relations traits, which play important roles in allowing plants to acquire, use and conserve water. We found more evidence for a phylogenetic signal in structural traits (e.g., stomatal length, stomatal density) than in physiological traits (e.g., stomatal conductance, water potential at turgor loss). Although water potential at turgor loss is the most-studied plant-water relations trait in an evolutionary context, it is the only trait consistently found to not have a phylogenetic signal. Correlated evolution was common among traits related to water movement efficiency and hydraulic safety in both leaves and stems. We conclude that evidence for phylogenetic signal varies depending on 1) the methodology used for its determination, i.e., model-based approaches to determine phylogenetic signal such as Blomberg’s K or Pagel’s λ vs. statistical approaches such as ANOVAs with taxonomic classification as a factor; 2) on the number of taxa studied (size of the phylogeny); and 3) the setting in which plants grow (field vs. common garden). More explicitly and consistently considering the role of evolutionary relationships in shaping plant ecophysiology could improve our understanding of how traits compare among species, how traits are coordinated with one another, and how traits vary with environment.

PMID:36271615 | DOI:10.1111/nph.18565

Cancer Med. 2022 Oct 21. doi: 10.1002/cam4.5234. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The use of proteasome inhibitors (PIs), new immune modulators (IMiDs), and other new drugs, as well as high-dose chemotherapy combined with autologous stem cell transplantation has considerably improved the survival of young patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, the improvement in survival among elderly patients remains insufficient. Optimal treatment recommendation models for elderly patients with MM have not been developed especially there are quite few study in the real world.

METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the treatment patterns and outcomes of 328 Chinese patients (≥65 years) with MM in a real-world setting. Patients were divided into three groups according to induction regimens.

RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 70 (65-86) years. The patients were divided into group 1 (PIs based regimens, n = 218), group 2 (IMiDs based regimens, n = 48) and group 3 (PIs + IMiDs, n = 62). Induction regimens in group 3 produced higher overall response rate than group 1 and 2 (85.42% vs. 71.08% vs. 66.67%, p = 0.016). The median follow-up of the cohort was 30 (interquartile range [IQR] 18-36) months. For the entire cohort median progression-free survival (PFS) was 26 (IQR 12.00-42.89) months and overall survival (OS) was 60 (IQR 40.00-67.20) months. The PFS were not significantly different among the three groups (28 months vs. 18 months vs. 26 months, p = 0.182). So were the OS (60 months vs. 59 months vs. not reached, p = 0.067). Multivariate analysis revealed that age >70 year, frailty status (Geriatric vulnerability score), induction efficacy < partial remission, and no maintenance treatment were independent poor prognostic factors for OS.

CONCLUSION: Front-line induction regimens combining PIs and IMiDs developed more deep response than single PI or IMiD based regimens. Maintenance treatment can further improve the clinical outcome in elderly MM patients in real-world setting.

PMID:36271592 | DOI:10.1002/cam4.5234

Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Nov;155:113787. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113787. Epub 2022 Oct 6.

ABSTRACT

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) play a critical role in breast cancer (BC) prognosis, but little is known regarding the efficacy of endocrine therapy in patients with ER-positive BC with diverse immunological phenotypes. To investigate whether TIICs affect survival after endocrine therapy in patients with different BC molecular subtypes, data were gathered from six studies totaling 1900 samples. CIBERSORTx was used to analyze the invasion of 22 immune cell subpopulations using a bulk gene expression profile. The relationships of immune-related metagenes and immune cell subsets with survival (distant metastasis-free survival, relapse-free survival, and overall survival) were studied using Cox regression models with cell proportions modeled in quartiles. The immune score and IGHG3 and LCK gene activity were linked to a better prognosis. Among the immune cells, monocytes, resting CD4+ memory T cells and plasma cells were correlated with prolonged survival, while neutrophils, Tregs, M0 macrophages, and M2 macrophages were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Similar effects were reported for the luminal A subtype. In the luminal B subtype, γδ T cells and eosinophils were favorable prognostic factors. Covariate-adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that high proportions of resting CD4+ memory T cells and resting dendritic cells were correlated with a good prognosis. Meanwhile, neutrophils were associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Understanding how monocytes and macrophages interact in the tumor microenvironment may be a promising study focus. Comprehensive research on the cellular immune response in tumors could help facilitate the development of new treatments.

PMID:36271565 | DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113787

Nurs Open. 2022 Oct 21. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1420. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study aimed to examine the differences in health status between patients with confirmed COVID-19 and those suspected (other diagnosis) and to identify nursing diagnoses using a structured checklist from a hospital in China.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study design was used.

METHODS: One hundred sixty COVID-19 confirmed, and suspected patients were conveniently selected. A structured survey and checklist were utilized. Independent t test and chi-square test were employed to compare the mean between patients with confirmed coronavirus infection and others. A two-sided p-value of .05 or less is considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: The study yielded a response rate of 93.6%. The result indicated that patients with confirmed coronavirus infection have a higher proportion of perceived General Health Status than inpatients with suspected (other) diagnoses. The finding also indicated that ineffective airway clearance, hyperthermia, imbalanced nutrition less than body requirement and sleep pattern disturbance were the main nursing diagnoses identified.

PMID:36271502 | DOI:10.1002/nop2.1420

Health Serv Res. 2022 Oct 21. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.14088. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of cigarette and e-cigarette taxes on prescriptions for smoking cessation medications.

DATA SOURCE: Symphony Health, IDV® all-payer prescription claims data for the United States over the period 2009 to 2017. Prescription fills for smoking cessation products were provided at the patient age, patient sex, brand/generic, payment type, year, and quarter levels.

STUDY DESIGN: We study the effect of state-level cigarette and e-cigarette tax rates on prescriptions for smoking cessation medications using two-way fixed effect modified difference-in-differences regressions. We also use a multiperiod difference-in-differences estimator robust to bias from dynamic and heterogeneous treatment effects with a staggered policy rollout.

DATA COLLECTION / EXTRACTION METHODS: We use fills for Chantix, Zyban, and their generics, as well as Food and Drug Administration-approved nicotine replacement therapies that are paid for by insurance.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We observe no statistically significant change in prescription fills following an increase in the e-cigarette tax rate, though we are unable to rule out potentially large effects. However, following a $1.00 increase in the cigarette tax rate, we observe a 1,052 increase in prescription fills per 100,000 adults (95% CI: 57, 2,046; 4.2% increase). The effect of cigarette taxes on prescription fills was particularly large for 18-34 year-olds.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that, during a period when e-cigarettes are widely available, cigarette tax increases remain effective in increasing use of these medications, but e-cigarette taxes do not increase use of these medications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36271500 | DOI:10.1111/1475-6773.14088

Diabet Med. 2022 Oct 21:e14986. doi: 10.1111/dme.14986. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: This cohort study, based on Danish health registers, examined the post-acute consequences of hospitalization for COVID-19 in patients with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and uncertain type of diabetes.

METHODS: The study population comprised all Danish citizen (≥ 18 years old) who had diabetes when the pandemic started. A patient was exposed if he/she had a hospitalization with COVID-19 after 1 March 2020. A patient was unexposed when he/she was not hospitalized with COVID-19 between 1 March 2020 and end of follow-up (4 January 2022), or first registered event of interest. The outcomes included post COVID-19 hospitalizations and death. We used a Cox proportional hazards model estimating the hazards ratio (HR) to analyze if the hazard for an outcome of interest was impacted by being hospitalized with COVID-19.

RESULTS: In patients with type 1 diabetes, 101 were hospitalized with COVID-19, and 25,459 were not. We did not have sufficient statistical power to identify differences in risk for those with type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, 1,515 were hospitalized with COVID-19, and 95,887 were not. The adjusted HRs of post-acute hospitalization for respiratory diseases and infections were 1.71 (95% CI 1.45-2.03) and 1.87 (95% CI 1.61-2.18), respectively. The HR of death was 2.05 (95% CI 1.73-2.43). Patients with uncertain type had results similar to those with type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: In type 2 diabetes, and diabetes of uncertain type, hospitalization with COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of post-acute hospitalization for respiratory diseases, infections, and death.

PMID:36271495 | DOI:10.1111/dme.14986

Nurs Open. 2022 Oct 21. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1428. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To clarify the details of mothers’ employment status after the completion of their child’s cancer treatment.

DESIGN: A cross-sectional exploratory study.

METHODS: Data are collected from 62 mothers of childhood cancer survivors using self-report questionnaires. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine the statistical significance of factors between the mothers who worked and those who did not work after their child’s cancer treatment had been completed.

RESULTS: Thirty-two mothers worked after the completion of their child’s cancer treatment. There were significant differences in age, education level, employment status at the diagnosis and time elapsed since the diagnosis between the working mothers and non-working mothers. Twenty-two non-working mothers reported that they had some motivation to work, but the most common reason for not working was “To nurse or care for the child with cancer”. Some mothers also stated that they did not work due to anxiety about cancer recurrence.

PMID:36271482 | DOI:10.1002/nop2.1428

J Med Virol. 2022 Oct 21. doi: 10.1002/jmv.28248. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

With increased transmissibility and novel transmission mode, monkeypox poses new threats to global public health in the background of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical estimates of the serial interval, a key epidemiological characteristic of an infectious disease, could provide insight into the virus transmissibility. So far, little is known about the serial interval of the monkeypox. Estimation of serial interval relies on contact tracing data, which is limited for the monkeypox epidemics. In this study, we proposed a statistical method applying on a limited contact tracing data to estimate the serial interval of the monkeypox. Public-available contact tracing data of global monkeypox cases were collected and 21 infector-infectee transmission pair was identified. We estimated a mean serial interval of 5.6 days with right truncation and sampling bias adjusted and calculated the reproduction number of 1.33 for the current global monkeypox outbreaks. Our proposed statistical models provided a preliminary understanding on the transmission potential of the current monkeypox outbreaks. Our analysis highlights the need for continuous surveillance on the monkeypox transmissibility. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36271480 | DOI:10.1002/jmv.28248

Malar J. 2022 Oct 21;21(1):295. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04320-5.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The use of synthetic insecticides against mosquitoes may lead to resistance development and potential health hazards in humans and the environment. Consequently, a paradigm needs to shift towards the alternative use of botanical insecticides that could strengthen an insecticide resistance management programme. This study aimed to assess the insecticidal effects aqueous, hexane, and methanol crude leaf extracts of Calpurnia aurea, Momordica foetida, and Zehneria scabra on an insectary colony of Anopheles stephensi larvae and adults.

METHODS: Fresh leaves of C. aurea, M. foetida and Z. scabra were collected and dried, then separately ground to powder. Powdered leaves of test plants were extracted using sonication with aqueous, hexane, and methanol solvents. The extracts were concentrated, and a stock solution was prepared. For comparison, Temephos (Abate®) and control solutions (a mixture of water and emulsifier) were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. Different test concentrations for the larvae and the adults were prepared and tested according to WHO (2005) and CDC (2010) guidelines to determine lethal concentration (LC) values. Mortality was observed after 24 h exposure. The statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Kruskal-Wallis test) and R software (a generalized linear model was used to determine LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of the extracts).

RESULTS: The lowest LC₅₀ values were observed in aqueous extracts of M. foetida followed by Z. scabra extract and C. aurea leaves at 34.61, 35.85, and 38.69 ppm, respectively, against the larvae. Larval mortality was not observed from the hexane extracts and negative control, while the standard larvicide (temephos) achieved 100% mortality. Further, the adulticidal efficacy was greatest for aqueous extract of Z. scabra with LC₅₀ = 176.20 ppm followed by aqueous extract of C. aurea (LC₅₀ = 297.75 ppm).

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the leaf extracts of the three test plants have the potential of being used for the control of vector An. stephensi larvae and adult instead of synthetic mosquitocides. Further studies need to be conducted to identify the active ingredients and their mode of action.

PMID:36271447 | DOI:10.1186/s12936-022-04320-5

Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 2022 Oct 21;20(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12969-022-00751-1.

ABSTRACT

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with rheumatologic diseases are at high risk for poor outcomes and gaps in care when transitioning from pediatric to adult care. However, tools for evaluating transition readiness and assessing the impact of transition interventions are limited. We implemented a written transition policy at our pediatric rheumatology center and evaluated preparation for transition among AYA 16 and older before and after distribution. 31 of 77 patients completed the follow-up survey (response rate 40%). Patient report of transition counseling increased following written transition policy implementation, though these results were not statistically significant in our small cohort. Most follow-up respondents (n = 19, 61%) had not yet completed care transfer; 4 (13%) had arranged a visit with an adult rheumatologist and 8 (26%) had fully transitioned to adult care. Those who successfully completed care transfer were older, had completed higher levels of education, and had significantly higher baseline transition preparation scores compared to those with no transfer arranged or planned visit only. Our single-center pilot study demonstrated that longitudinal assessment of transition preparation is feasible and that scores are significantly associated with care transfer outcomes. Tracking transition preparation over time may provide practices with information on areas of highest need for transition guidance and predict successful transfer among AYA with rheumatologic disease.

PMID:36271446 | DOI:10.1186/s12969-022-00751-1