Tag: pubmed

Neurosurg Rev. 2025 Aug 11;48(1):597. doi: 10.1007/s10143-025-03749-x.

ABSTRACT

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Coagulation disorders, such as thrombophilia, thrombocytopenia, hemophilia, and vitamin K deficiency, significantly influence the pathophysiology of bleeding, and therefore the outcomes of ICH patients. This study aims to examine the effects of these disorders on outcomes related to ICH. This study retrospectively examined the impact of these coagulation disorders on ICH outcomes using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2011 to 2020. A total of 260,049 hospitalizations for ICH were included, and patients were grouped based on the presence of specific coagulation disorders. The outcomes assessed were in-hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS), with case-controlled matching applied to account for confounding variables such as age, sex, race, and comorbidities. Overall, the mortality rate across all 269,044 patients was 21.9%. ICH patients with vitamin K deficiency had the highest mortality rate (40.5%), followed by thrombocytopenia (28.2%) and primary thrombophilia (30.8%) (p < 0.001). Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease were associated with mortality rates of 21.6% and 32.1%, respectively. Additionally, vitamin K deficiency and hemophilia were linked to the longest LOS among the conditions studied (17.6 ± 23.9 days and 14.1 ± 18.1 days respectively) p < 0.001). Case-controlled matching confirmed significant differences in mortality and LOS based on the type of coagulation disorder after controlling for confounding variables. This study demonstrates the significant role of coagulation disorders in determining ICH outcomes. Vitamin K deficiency and thrombocytopenia were associated with particularly severe outcomes, including increased mortality and extended hospital stays. Early identification and targeted interventions for these coagulation disorders are crucial for improving ICH management and patient prognosis. Further research is needed to develop comprehensive guidelines for managing ICH patients with coagulation disorders.

PMID:40784989 | DOI:10.1007/s10143-025-03749-x

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2025 Aug 11. doi: 10.1007/s10567-025-00532-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Past studies have consistently found that different informants disagree on ratings of youth’s experiences. For instance, parents and youth report different prevalence and frequency ratings of youth’s exposure to community violence (ECV), with past studies demonstrating that parents typically underreport youth’s ECV compared to the youth. However, recent studies with advanced statistical analyses revealed more nuanced patterns of reports, with some parents overreporting their youth’s ECV, some underreporting it, and other parent-youth dyads agreeing that the youth either did or did not experience ECV. These report patterns are theorized to provide valuable insight into parent-child relationships and family functioning and have implications for youth emotional and behavioral development. The current systematic review synthesized 14 existing studies (N = 12,824 parent-youth dyads) on parent-youth discrepancies in youth ECV to elucidate patterns of informant discrepancies and their correlates to parent-youth relationship quality, family functioning, and youth outcomes. Studies that used advanced analytic approaches (k = 2), such as latent class analysis and polynomial regression, identified multiple patterns of parent-youth reports (e.g., parent-youth agreement on either low or high levels of youth ECV, parental underreporting, parental overreporting compared to youth). Poor parent-youth relationship and family functioning (e.g., lower parental warmth, higher parental hostility) were associated with higher parent-youth discrepancies in youth ECV. There were mixed findings with patterns of informant discrepancies in youth ECV and youth functioning. Suggestions for future directions for research on parent-youth discrepancies in youth ECV were made.

PMID:40784981 | DOI:10.1007/s10567-025-00532-8

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 10;15(1):29275. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15169-4.

ABSTRACT

Data on liver issues including liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic failure in renal transplant patients with HCV infection are scarce. In the present study, we conducted a large-scale population-based analysis to investigate the long-term outcomes of renal recipients with HCV infection. Propensity score matching with a ratio of 1:1 was applied. A total of 6,473renal recipients with HCV infection in case group were enrolled after PSM. Our findings showed that subjects with HCV infection in kidney transplant had significantly higher risk of hepatoma, cirrhosis, hepatic failure, and overall hepatic disease than those without HCV infection. (hepatoma: HR: 8.957; 95% CI: 5.324-15.069; cirrhosis: HR: 5.378; 95% CI: 4.363-6.631; hepatic failure: HR: 3.258; 95% CI: 2.527-4.200; overall hepatic disease: HR: 4.128; 95% CI: 3.428-4.971). In the present study, our findings show that renal recipients with HCV infection is significantly associated with a remarkably high risk of hepatic complications post-kidney transplantation.

PMID:40784973 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-15169-4

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 10;15(1):29260. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14476-0.

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes. Early diagnosis, particularly identifying Early Mild Cognitive Impairment (EMCI), is vital for managing the disease and improving patient outcomes. Detecting EMCI is challenging due to the subtle structural changes in the brain, making precise slice selection from MRI scans essential for accurate diagnosis. In this context, the careful selection of specific MRI slices that provide distinct anatomical details significantly enhances the ability to identify these early changes. The chief novelty of the study is that instead of selecting all slices, an approach for identifying the important slices is developed. The ADNI-3 dataset was used as the dataset when running the models for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Satisfactory results have been obtained by classifying with deep learning models, vision transformers (ViT) and by adding new structures to them, together with the model proposal. In the results obtained, while an accuracy of 99.45% was achieved with EfficientNetB2 + FPN in AD vs. LMCI classification from the slices selected with SSIM, an accuracy of 99.19% was achieved in AD vs. EMCI classification, in fact, the study significantly advances early detection by demonstrating improved diagnostic accuracy of the disease at the EMCI stage. The results obtained with these methods emphasize the importance of developing deep learning models with slice selection integrated with the Vision Transformers architecture. Focusing on accurate slice selection enables early detection of Alzheimer’s at the EMCI stage, allowing for timely interventions and preventive measures before the disease progresses to more advanced stages. This approach not only facilitates early and accurate diagnosis, but also lays the groundwork for timely intervention and treatment, offering hope for better patient outcomes in Alzheimer’s disease. The study is finally evaluated by a statistical significance test.

PMID:40784967 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-14476-0

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Aug 11;197(9):1004. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14460-1.

ABSTRACT

Wet deposition plays a critical role in the material cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. However, studies on inorganic elements wet deposition in northern China pandemic-induced emission reduction background conditions remain limited. To address this gap, we investigated the composition, potential sources, influencing factors, and driving mechanisms of inorganic elements in wet deposition during a cold surge in November 2022, at the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Precipitation samples were collected from 15 cities across northern China. The results showed that the last rainfall amount (LRA), the output value (IBTG1) and structural composition (IBTG2) of the industrial, construction, transportation, and catering sectors, resident population (POP), and GDP were the major factors affecting inorganic element deposition. Among the three subregions, Northwest China (NWC) exhibited relatively high concentrations of inorganic elements such as Pb and Cd, likely due to rapid industrialization and unsustainable development. Potential sources analysis indicated that urban areas and nearby industrial zones were the dominant potential sources, even during the cold surge. The major contributors were dust, coal combustion, and traffic-related emissions. Mechanistic analysis of anthropogenic-sourced elements (AS6) revealed that POP, GDP, and LRA had the most significant impacts. POP and IBTG1 showed positive effects, while GDP and LRA showed negative effects. Wind speed (WDSP) had a U-shaped influence-initially positive, then negative at higher speeds. Based on these findings, we recommend timely industrial restructuring and the promotion of a “small population, high-efficiency economy” model to support sustainable urban development.

PMID:40784964 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14460-1

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 10;15(1):29278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15123-4.

ABSTRACT

To explore the value of infrared thermal imaging technology in the diagnosis of emergency pulmonary infections. 200 patients who received emergency treatment at our hospital from October 2020 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects. General information was collected from all patients, including 108 patients with acute pulmonary infection and 92 patients without pulmonary infection. All patients were tested using infrared thermal imaging technology and infrared thermal imaging equipment, with X-ray examination as the gold standard, The chest X-ray scan was performed using an X-ray camera produced by Siemens, and the temperature difference between the affected areas detected by infrared thermal imaging technology in two groups of patients was compared. The detection rate of infrared thermal imaging in the lung infection group was analyzed, and the diagnostic efficacy was evaluated by plotting the ROC curve to calculate the area under the curve. Compared with the uninfected group, the infrared radiation temperature of the infected group was significantly increased in the body surface, chest, abdomen, bilateral lungs, and midpoint of the breasts, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The positive rate of infrared thermal imaging detection in the lung infection group was 93 cases (86.11%), and the positive rate of gold standard X-ray detection was 102 cases (94.44%), the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.05). The AUC value of infrared thermal imaging technology for detecting emergency pulmonary infection patients is 0.933, the sensitivity is 90.36%, the specificity is 92.28%, and the Jordan index is 0.92. Infrared thermography has important applications in the diagnosis of lung infections in emergency medicine.It can reflect the distribution range of abnormal hot spots in patients’ lung infections by evaluating temperature changes, and has good diagnostic value in clinical practice.

PMID:40784954 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-15123-4

BMC Pediatr. 2025 Aug 10;25(1):617. doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05983-0.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to investigate the link between serum carotenoids and obesity in a large, representative children and adolescents.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018. The impact of individual exposure to six serum carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, combined lutein/zeaxanthin, and total lycopene) on adiposity measures, including BMI and obesity, was assessed through survey-weighted logistic and linear regression models. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was adopted to estimate the effect of exposure to a combination of six serum carotenoids on adiposity measures.

RESULTS: Our study included 1,329 child and adolescent participants (mean age 12.84 years, 50.11% male). The overall mean BMI was 22.03 kg/m² (SE = 0.16), with 324 participants (24.39%) classified as obese. After adjusting for potential confounders, higher levels of all serum carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and combined lutein/zeaxanthin) except lycopene were associated with lower BMI and prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the combination of all six carotenoids and BMI (β=-1.56, 95% CI: -1.95, -1.16, P < 0.01) and obesity (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.60, P < 0.01), with β-carotene having the greatest weighting in body mass index and prevalence of obesity, 0.708 and 0.709.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence that serum carotenoids, in particular β-carotene, may be associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents.

PMID:40784950 | DOI:10.1186/s12887-025-05983-0

BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2025 Aug 11;25(1):274. doi: 10.1186/s12911-025-03118-0.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) are being used to reduce the administrative burden in long-term care by automatically generating and summarising case notes. However, LLMs can reproduce bias in their training data. This study evaluates gender bias in summaries of long-term care records generated with two state-of-the-art, open-source LLMs released in 2024: Meta’s Llama 3 and Google Gemma.

METHODS: Gender-swapped versions were created of long-term care records for 617 older people from a London local authority. Summaries of male and female versions were generated with Llama 3 and Gemma, as well as benchmark models from Meta and Google released in 2019: T5 and BART. Counterfactual bias was quantified through sentiment analysis alongside an evaluation of word frequency and thematic patterns.

RESULTS: The benchmark models exhibited some variation in output on the basis of gender. Llama 3 showed no gender-based differences across any metrics. Gemma displayed the most significant gender-based differences. Male summaries focus more on physical and mental health issues. Language used for men was more direct, with women’s needs downplayed more often than men’s.

CONCLUSION: Care services are allocated on the basis of need. If women’s health issues are underemphasised, this may lead to gender-based disparities in service receipt. LLMs may offer substantial benefits in easing administrative burden. However, the findings highlight the variation in state-of-the-art LLMs, and the need for evaluation of bias. The methods in this paper provide a practical framework for quantitative evaluation of gender bias in LLMs. The code is available on GitHub.

PMID:40784946 | DOI:10.1186/s12911-025-03118-0

Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2025 Aug 10. doi: 10.1007/s43441-025-00858-z. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40784934 | DOI:10.1007/s43441-025-00858-z

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 10;15(1):29272. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14253-z.

ABSTRACT

SARS-CoV-2 population-based seroprevalence surveys are useful for estimating the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections, which may be underestimated by COVID-19 case counts. Surveys conducted in October 2020 in four Nigerian states showed that SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence ranged from 9.3% in Gombe (northeast) to 25.2% in Enugu (southeast) after the first COVID-19 wave, more than 100 and 700 times higher than the official number of COVID-19 cases in these two states, respectively. We conducted a serosurvey after the second COVID-19 wave to evaluate the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infections, attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage in two regions of Nigeria. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) Unity protocol, 34 enumeration areas (EAs) each in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) (Northcentral Zone) and Kano State (Northwest Zone) were sampled in June 2021, using probability proportional to estimated size; 20 households in one EA were randomly selected. All consenting and assenting members of a household were asked about risk behaviors; adults who were 18 years and above (the eligible population for COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria) responded to questions on COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and receipt. Blood and nasal/oropharyngeal samples were taken from all consenting and assenting household members. Blood samples collected were tested with the Luminex xMAP® SARS-CoV-2 Multi-Antigen IgG Assay and swabs by reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). Overall response rates were 76.8% in the FCT (n = 1,505 blood draws) and 80.4% in Kano State (n = 2,178 blood draws). Following the second COVID-19 wave in Nigeria, more than 40% of residents in the FCT (40.3%, 95% CI: 34.7-45.9) and Kano State (42.6%, 95% CI: 39.4-45.8) had evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were no active SARS-CoV-2 infections detected by RT-PCR in either the FCT or Kano State. In the FCT and Kano State, 3.4% and 1.6% of people surveyed reported receipt of any COVID-19 vaccine, three months after vaccines were available in country. In the FCT, 77.5% of adults were aware of COVID-19 vaccines, of whom 46.9% reported willingness to receive them. In Kano State, 48.7% of adults were aware of COVID-19 vaccines, of whom 61.1% were willing to receive them. In both regions, about 84% of those reporting unwillingness to accept COVID-19 vaccines cited concerns over vaccine safety. “Serosurvey findings revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was far more widespread in both the Federal Capital Territory and Kano State than indicated by reported case numbers. Despite high awareness, COVID-19 vaccine uptake remained low, primarily due to concerns about vaccine safety. These results highlight the urgent need for targeted risk communication to address vaccine hesitancy and improve coverage. Serosurveys provide valuable insights that can guide public health interventions and future pandemic preparedness in Nigeria.”

PMID:40784905 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-14253-z