Tag: pubmed

Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 Jun 24;225:108826. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108826. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) remains a potentially preventable, but pervasive risk factor to neurodevelopment. Yet, evidence is lacking on the impact of alcohol on brain development in toddlers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PAE on brain white matter integrity in 2-3-year-old children.

METHODS: Children (n = 83, 30-37 months old) of the Drakenstein Child Health Study birth cohort, underwent diffusion MRI on a 3 T Siemens scanner during natural sleep. Parameters were extracted in children with PAE (n = 25, 56 % boys) and unexposed controls (n = 58, 62 % boys) using Tract-based Spatial Statistics, and compared by group. The contribution of maternal tobacco smoking to white matter differences was also explored.

RESULTS: Children with PAE had altered fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity and axial diffusivity in brain stem, limbic and association tracts compared to unexposed controls. Notably lower fractional anisotropy was found in the uncinate fasciculus, and lower mean and radial diffusivity were found in the fornix stria terminalis and corticospinal tract (FDR corrected p < 0.05). There was a significant interaction effect of PAE and prenatal tobacco exposure which lowered mean, radial and axial diffusivity in the corticospinal tract significantly in the PAE group but not controls.

CONCLUSION: Widespread altered white matter microstructural integrity at 2-3 years of age is consistent with findings in neonates in the same and other cohorts, indicating persistence of effects of PAE through early life. Findings also highlight that prenatal tobacco exposure impacts the association of PAE on white matter alterations, amplifying effects in tracts underlying motor function.

PMID:34182371 | DOI:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108826

J Commun Disord. 2021 Jun 17;93:106138. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106138. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that many children with early language difficulties also have delays in social-emotional competencies as well as social-emotional and behavioral problems. It is unclear if these conditions are causally related, if they share a common underlying etiology, or if there are bidirectional effects. Studies investigating these associations have mostly involved children who are already using words to communicate, but it is important to know whether delays in preverbal communication and language development have any effects on these associations. The aim of the present study was to examine associations between preverbal communication and early verbal skills in infancy and subsequent social-emotional competencies and ensuing social-emotional and behavioral problems in early toddlerhood. The role of background factors known to influence early language development was also examined.

METHODS: The sample consisted of 395 children (51.6% boys) from the Finnish Steps Study cohort. Language was assessed at age 13 months (+ 1 month) with the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory for Infants (CDI-I), and the social-emotional domain was assessed at age < 17 months with the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA).

RESULTS: Infants with lower preverbal gestural communication and receptive language skills had a higher risk of delays in social-emotional competencies in toddlerhood than children with better communication skills, but not of elevated social-emotional and behavioral problems.

CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that lower early communication skills can predict delays in the development of social-emotional competencies, which has been found to be a risk factor for later development of social-emotional and behavioral problems. It is important to monitor early communication skills to provide guidance to parents in supporting early pragmatic communication and language development in infancy, if needed.

PMID:34182379 | DOI:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106138

Sleep Med. 2021 Jun 11;84:259-267. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.002. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to study the prevalence and pattern of sleep disturbances in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for original studies describing sleep abnormalities in children and adolescents with or without pre-existing neurobehavioral disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pooled estimates for various sleep abnormalities were calculated using a random-effect model.

RESULTS: Of 371 articles screened, 16 studies were included. Among these, five studies were in preschool children, two were in children with pre-existing neurobehavioral disorders and the remaining were in school going children and adolescents. The outcome measures used for sleep were markedly heterogeneous across the studies. The pooled prevalence of any sleep disturbance in children during the pandemic was 54%(95%CI:50-57%). Interestingly, the prevalence in pre-school children was lower than pre-pandemic times (RR = 0.87; 95% CI:0.58-1.30) but this was not statistically significant. The pooled prevalence of children not meeting sleep recommendation was 49% (95%CI: 39-58%).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sleep problems in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic is alarming. Pre-school children had a trend towards relatively fewer sleep disturbances due to home confinement measures in comparison with pre-pandemic times. Sleep duration recommendations were not met in nearly half of healthy children. However, these conclusions need to be seen in light of limited literature on the topic, few included studies done in heterogenous populations, and dubious quality of inferences drawn from these studies which were predominantly online surveys.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID: CRD42020213788.

PMID:34182354 | DOI:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.002

Food Chem. 2021 Jun 23;364:130434. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130434. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effects of polysaccharide from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. pulp (JFP-Ps) on gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids production in mice. The microbial communities of V3 and V4 region 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR, then sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform and analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The results showed that JFP-Ps significantly affected the levels of intestinal bacteria, including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, Deferribacteres and TM7. The concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid and total SCFAs in mouse feces were significantly increased by treatment with JFP-Ps for 2 weeks. These results indicate that JFP-Ps is beneficial to the gut health and can be developed as a functional ingredient in relation to gut health.

PMID:34182368 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130434

J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2021 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/vec.13088. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between various physical and clinicopathologic parameters and the capillary refill time (CRT) using a standard method; to evaluate the influence of emergency room (ER) versus ICU hospital location on CRT; and to identify latent subgroups among the CRT distribution.

DESIGN: Prospective, observational study.

SETTING: University teaching hospital.

ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs in the ER (n = 40) and ICU (n = 71).

INTERVENTIONS: The CRT was defined as the duration required for the oral mucosa of the upper lip to return to its original color after blanching for 4 seconds. The CRT was recorded in seconds to the 10ths place by a single observer using an automated recording device.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Median CRT for all dogs was 1.1 seconds (ER, 1.2 s; ICU, 1.1 s; P = 1.000). The CRT was significantly associated with rectal temperature (P = 0.004), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.028), body weight (P = 0.031), mucous membrane color (P = 0.007), skin turgor (P = 0.039), and acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation mentation score (P = 0.019) for all dogs. The CRT was related to a greater number of variables in the ER than in the ICU patient population. In general, the total population of dogs had CRTs belonging to 1 of 2 groups: either ≤1.2 or ≥1.7 seconds. A statistically significant association was found between body weight CRT ≥1.3 seconds (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS: A CRT following blanching for 4 seconds may provide insight into the hydration status and hemodynamic stability of canine patients. Further research into its clinical application is warranted.

PMID:34181819 | DOI:10.1111/vec.13088

PM R. 2021 Jun 28. doi: 10.1002/pmrj.12661. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Physical therapy and hip arthroscopy are two viable treatment options for patients with non-arthritic hip pain(NAHP); however, patients may experience considerable decisional conflict when making a treatment decision. Interdisciplinary evaluation with a physical therapist and surgeon may better inform the decision-making process and reduce decisional conflict.

OBJECTIVE: Identify the extent to which an interdisciplinary evaluation between a surgeon, physical therapist, and patient influences treatment plans and decisional conflict of persons with NAHP.

DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.

SETTING: Hip preservation clinic.

PARTICIPANTS: Adults with primary NAHP.

INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to receive a standard (surgeon) or interdisciplinary (surgeon+physical therapist) evaluation. Surgeon evaluations included patient interview, strength and range-of-motion examination, palpation, gross motor observation, and special testing. Interdisciplinary evaluations started with the surgeon evaluation, then a physical therapist evaluated movement impairments during sitting, sit-to-stand, standing, single-leg stance, single-leg squat, and walking. All evaluations concluded with treatment planning with the respective provider(s).

OUTCOME MEASURES: Treatment plan and decisional conflict were collected pre- and post-evaluation. Inclusion of physical therapy(PT) in participants’ post-evaluation treatment plans and post-evaluation decisional conflict were compared between groups using chi-squared tests and Mann Whitney U tests, respectively.

RESULTS: 78 participants (39 in each group) met all eligibility criteria and were included in all analyses. Sixty-six percent of participants who received an interdisciplinary evaluation included PT in their post-evaluation treatment plan, compared to 48% of participants who received a standard evaluation (P = 0.10). Participants who received an interdisciplinary evaluation reported 6.3 points lower decisional conflict regarding their post-evaluation plan (100-point scale; P = 0.04). The interdisciplinary and standard groups reduced decisional conflict on average 24.8 ± 18.9 and 23.6 ± 14.6 points, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Adding a physical therapist to a surgical clinic increased interest in PT treatment, but this increase was not statistically significant. The interdisciplinary group displayed lower post-evaluation decisional conflict; however, both groups displayed similar reductions in decisional conflict from pre- to post-evaluation. This study also demonstrated the feasibility of an interdisciplinary evaluation in a hip preservation clinic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34181823 | DOI:10.1002/pmrj.12661

Clin Transplant. 2021 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/ctr.14400. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: OHT recipients with a BMI > = 35 have worse survival than those with a BMI < 35. Diabetes is a risk factor for mortality. We evaluated the impact of diabetes on mortality rates after OHT in patients with a BMI > 35.

METHODS: Patients > 18 years who underwent OHT 2008-2017 with a BMI > = 35 were identified in the UNOS database. Recipient and donor characteristics were compared. A Kaplan Meier analysis was performed. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model examined the relationship between diabetes and survival. The equivalence of survival outcomes was examined by an unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model and the two one-sided test procedure, using a pre-specified equivalence region.

RESULTS: Patients with diabetes were older, had a higher creatinine, lower bilirubin, fewer months on the waitlist, and the donor was less likely to be on inotropes. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no difference in patient survival. Recipient factors associated with an increased risk of death were increasing bilirubin and machine ventilation. Increasing ischemic time resulted in an increased hazard of death. Long-term survival outcomes were equivalent.

CONCLUSIONS: In OHT recipients with a BMI >35, there is no statistical difference in longterm survival in recipients with or without diabetes. These results encourage continued consideration for OHT in patients BMI >35 with coexisting diabetes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34181771 | DOI:10.1111/ctr.14400

Mycoses. 2021 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/myc.13347. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Aspergillus species is the most common agent of invasive pulmonary fungal disease. Culture based diagnosis considered as gold standard, is limited by the fungal load in samples. Detection of Aspergillus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been included as a diagnostic criterion by European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Most routine laboratories lack facilities for molecular diagnosis. Better yield using High Volume Culture (HVC) technique has been reported. Studies have not compared HVC and PCR for detection of Aspergillus species in respiratory samples from patients with suspected Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) not on antifungal therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This pilot study compared HVC and PCR for the detection of Aspergillus species in respiratory samples from treatment naïve patients.

METHODS: Broncho Alveolar Lavage (BAL) samples from 30 patients with clinical suspicion of IPA were evaluated. Direct microscopy, culture both conventional (CC) and HVC and qualitative Pan Aspergillus PCR were performed. Latent class model was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Sensitivity of HVC (100%) was better compared to CC (60%) and comparable to that of PCR (100%). Specificities of CC, HVC and PCR were 100%, 100% and 25%, respectively.

CONCLUSION: HVC is a simple cost-effective technique with a high sensitivity and specificity. It can be easily introduced in routine microbiology laboratories. In centers with the availability of infrastructure for molecular analysis, Aspergillus PCR with other mycological techniques can be used for better diagnosis and management of patients with IPA.

PMID:34181777 | DOI:10.1111/myc.13347

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jun 28. doi: 10.1111/apt.16446. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The healing of the mucosal lesion in patients with coeliac disease is slow.

AIM: To determine whether concurrent budesonide and gluten-free diet hasten small bowel healing and symptomatic improvement in patients with newly diagnosed coeliac disease.

METHODS: In a pilot, randomised, double-blind trial, effects on Marsh grading and quantitative duodenal morphometry of 10 weeks’ effervescent budesonide (initially 9 mg/day) or placebo were assessed after 8 and 52 weeks. Multiple clinical measures and adverse events were assessed.

RESULTS: Nineteen patients were randomised to budesonide and 18 to placebo. No differences (all P > 0.32) were observed for the week-8 mucosal response (Marsh 0 or 1) (budesonide: 37% vs placebo: 28%), week-8 remission (Marsh 0) (32% vs 17%), week-52 response (63% vs 44%) and week-52 remission (42% vs 33%). Likewise, the improvement from baseline in villous-height : crypt-depth ratio was not different for the treatment groups. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical measures or adverse events between the treatment groups. No corticosteroid adverse effects were observed. In a post hoc analysis of all patients, Marsh 3C was present at the diagnostic biopsy in 1/9 achieving mucosal remission at 8 weeks versus 18/23 not (P < 0.001) and mean villous-height : crypt-depth ratio was 1.06 (SD: 0.73) versus 0.46 (0.38) (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot trial, induction therapy with budesonide had no significant effect on mucosal healing in patients with coeliac disease concurrently initiated on a gluten-free diet. Mucosal remission at 8 weeks occurred in approximately one in four patients and was associated with less severe histological lesions at diagnosis.

PMID:34181750 | DOI:10.1111/apt.16446

Angle Orthod. 2021 Jul 1;91(4):509-514. doi: 10.2319/083020-756.1.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To date, the clinical stability of dual-thread orthodontic miniscrews has not been studied. This study aimed to compare the primary stability and long-term clinical success rate of dual-thread and cylindrical orthodontic miniscrews and to examine the association between various clinical factors and the success rate of miniscrews.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 145 cylindrical and 135 dual-thread miniscrews were inserted in the maxillary and mandibular buccal alveolar areas of 142 patients. The torque and Periotest (Siemens, Bensheim, Germany) values were recorded during insertion and removal. The effect of clinical variables such as sex, age, screw design, jaw, side of placement, root proximity, and site of placement on the success rate was examined using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference (P = .595) in the overall clinical success rate between the two designs, with an overall success rate of 82.1% and 84.4% for the cylindrical and dual-thread miniscrews, respectively. Age and screw-root proximity were significantly associated with failure (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS: The dual-thread miniscrews did not show superior long-term stability and clinical success rate as compared with the cylindrical miniscrews. The results of this study suggest that patient age and screw-root proximity influence the clinical success rate of miniscrews.

PMID:34181723 | DOI:10.2319/083020-756.1