Tag: pubmed

Dis Colon Rectum. 2021 Jun 1. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001986. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Radiation dose schedules for neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancers differs, with the most common dose schedule using 5040 cGy in 28 fractions.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the benefit of higher radiation doses beyond 5040cGy in the context of pathological response and follow up events.

SETTING: Database from a provincial tertiary cancer center in Canada.

PATIENTS: Five hundred eight consecutive rectal cancer patients with locally advanced disease (clinical T3/T4 or N1/N2) who received neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery were included in this study. Of the 508 patients, 281 received the standard radiation dose of 4500-5040 cGy and 227 received a dose >5040 cGy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The postsurgical pathology, late toxicities and follow-up outcomes were analyzed. The outcomes were evaluated in relation to the dose of radiation received.

RESULTS: Data regarding the clinical outcomes were comparable between the 4500-5040 cGy and >5040 cGy radiation groups with pathological complete response rates of 20.9% and 15.4% respectively (p=0.104); distant recurrence rates of 17.4% and 19.4%, respectively (p=0.36); local recurrence rates of 3.2% and 3.5%, respectively (p=0.36); and the median overall survival rates of 61 and 60.5 months respectively (p=0.8). No statistically significant correlation of improvement in outcomes was noted with radiation doses beyond 5040 cGy.

LIMITATIONS: This is a retrospective study.

CONCLUSION: Our study showed that dose escalation beyond the standard dose of 4500-5040cGy failed to achieve meaningful clinical outcomes. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B633.

PMID:34082437 | DOI:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001986

AIDS Rev. 2021 Jun 3. doi: 10.24875/AIDSRev.20000103. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

A new strategy of simplification therapy shown the unique benefits in clinical treatment, by reducing pill burden and avoid drug exposure. To provide more evidence for the strategy, we compared the efficacy and safety of dolutegravir (DTG)-containing simplified dual combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and traditional triple cART for people living with HIV/AIDS. The meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials compared DTG-containing dual therapy with triple cART. The primary outcome was virologic suppression. The secondary outcomes included CD4T cell recovery, lipids change from baseline, and adverse events (AEs). A total of 7 studies, 4852 patients were eligible, 2423 (49.9%) received DTG-based simplified dual cART, and 2429 (50.1%) received triple cART. The viral suppression rate was 94.7% at 24 weeks, 93.0% at 48 weeks, and 96.6% at 96 weeks in dual cART. The viral suppression rate of dual cART was non-inferior to triple cART at 24 weeks (risk difference [RD], -0.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.02-0.01), at 48 weeks (RD, -0.01; 95% CI -0.02-0.01), and at 96 weeks (RD, -0.01; 95% CI -0.02-0.00). Sub-analysis results were consistent with the overall results. With regard to other outcomes (CD4T counts, lipids, any AEs, and AEs grade ≥ 3), there was no significant statistical difference between the two regimens. DTG-based simplified dual cART was non-inferior to triple cART in terms of efficacy and safety. This finding provides strong support for current consensus guidelines recommended the dual regimen as first-line treatment.

PMID:34082439 | DOI:10.24875/AIDSRev.20000103

AIDS Rev. 2021 Jun 3. doi: 10.24875/AIDSRev.200001071. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The safety of using different antiretroviral therapies (ART) in pediatric HIV/AIDS patients is not well-established. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the safety of ART in children. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted to assess the safety of ART used by pediatric patients living with HIV/AIDS. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus, in addition to a manual search. Studies were included if they assessed the safety of ART compared to placebo or another ART. Direct and indirect meta-analyses were conducted regarding safety outcomes. The systematic review included 21 RCTs. The studies included more than 5500 participants, and age ranged from 3 months to 18 years. The drugs evaluated were nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI); non-NRTI; and protease inhibitors. The predominant route of infection was vertical. Direct meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes sleep disorders, hepatobiliary disorders, respiratory disorders, hypertransaminasemia, neutropenia, hospitalization, and death. For these outcomes, no statistically significant differences were found. Indirect meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes anemia, gastrointestinal disorders, liver disorders, severe adverse events (AE), AE that led to changes in treatment, fever, and skin manifestations. However, no statistically significant differences were found for these outcomes. In this study, non-significant differences were detected in the safety of different ART used in pediatric individuals. The choice of appropriate therapy should be based on its efficacy and the individual characteristics of each patient.

PMID:34082441 | DOI:10.24875/AIDSRev.200001071

J Environ Manage. 2021 May 31;293:112897. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112897. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Water scarcity poses a real crisis for decision makers of water supply system because satisfying growing demand and, as a result, achieving full consumer satisfaction in different sectors of the system remains a major problem. Therefore, this study develops a dynamic multi-objective model of water supply optimization under different scenarios to improve multisectoral consumer satisfaction. To diminish the negative effects of the water crisis on long-term consumer satisfaction, the performance of the dynamic water supply system is evaluated and optimized, which can change the situation from a state of dissatisfaction to satisfaction. In this regard, to analyze the developed model, a real case study of the Hamoun wetland in southeastern Iran is considered. According to the proposed model, various strategies are performed along with the analysis of two scenarios related to runoff uncertainty in order to investigate the consumer satisfaction status in detail. However, given to the final results, which show the greater impact of the two sensitive factors of reliability and vulnerability on consumer satisfaction, the highest level of dissatisfaction is related to the agricultural sector because it has less reliability and higher vulnerability compared to other sectors. In this regard, by proposing policies such as weight scenarios and demand reduction scheme, the situation of consumer satisfaction has improved much more desirable.

PMID:34082342 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112897

J Environ Manage. 2021 May 31;293:112890. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112890. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In reality, economic expansion cannot be paced-up enough. This account for a potential trade-off between income and environmental degradation that is expectedly feasible at a maximum level of income. On this note, the current study looked at the validity of income-environmental degradation (Environmental Kuznets Curve, EKC) hypothesis especially amidst risk to investment in the United States over the period 1984-2017. Considering that the burning of fossil fuels constitutes the largest source of Greenhouse gas (GHG) in the United States, this study employed energy carbon emissions as a proxy for environmental quality and as a dependent variable. While the study employed renewable energy production as additional explanatory variable, it implemented the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique in addition to a set of cointegration techniques. Importantly, the study found that the EKC hypothesis is valid for the case of the United States but not without a non-significant trade-off of risk to investment. Additionally, renewable energy production exhibits a statistically significant and desirable impact on environmental quality in both the short and long-run. In general, the study posited that while environmental sustainability is achievable at maximum level of income, it is likely attainable at the detriment of risk to investment. Hence, this observation should trigger a potential policy mechanism that minimizes risk to investment in light of the attainment of the country’s sustainable development goals (SDGs).

PMID:34082348 | DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112890

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2021 May 21;260:119987. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119987. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Six sequential spectrophotometric-based univariate methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of three novel anticancer drugs vandetanib (VAN), dasatinib (DAS), and sorafenib (SOR) in a mixture, without the requirement for separation. These methods are novel, simple, precise, and accurate. Different steps including zero crossing, ratio-based, and/or derivative spectra were utilized to develop these analytical methods, namely, ratio difference spectrophotometric method, constant center method, successive derivative ratio method, isoabsorptive method, mean centering of the ratio spectra method, and derivative ratio spectrum-zero crossing method. The calibration curve linearity was ranged from 2 to 9, 2-9, and 3-9 μgmL^-1 for VAN, DAS, and SOR, respectively. These established methods were applied for the quantification of the three selected drugs in different biological fluids (spiked human plasma and urine) and pharmaceutical preparations. The aforementioned methods were established for the concurrent estimation of ternary and binary mixtures to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The results did not statistically differ from the other reported methods, indicating no significant difference in accuracy and precision at p = 0.05.

PMID:34082354 | DOI:10.1016/j.saa.2021.119987

Atherosclerosis. 2021 May 27;328:33-37. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.014. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The APOE ε4 genotype has a higher risk for developing coronary artery disease (CAD), but there is preliminary evidence that antioxidative lifestyle factors interact with APOE genotype on CAD risk. Here, we assessed the effect modification of physical activity, oily fish and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake with APOE genotype on risk of incident CAD.

METHODS: The present study comprised 345,659 white European participants from UK Biobank (mean age: 56.5 years, 45.7% men) without a history of CAD. Information regarding physical activity, oily fish intake and PUFA intake was collected through questionnaires, and information on incident CAD through linkage with hospital admission records. Analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and sex.

RESULTS: Higher physical activity level and oily fish intake were both associated with a lower incidence of CAD. However, these associations were similar across the different APOE genotypes (p-values for interaction > 0.05). Most notable, higher PUFA intake was associated with a lower CAD risk in APOE ε4 genotype carriers (hazard ratio: 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.63-0.92), and not in APOE ε3/ε3 genotype carriers (0.90; 0.79, 1.02), but without statistical evidence for effect modification (p-value_interaction = 0.137).

CONCLUSIONS: While higher physical activity and high fish and PUFA intake were associated with a lower risk of incident CAD, no evidence for interaction of these lifestyle factors with APOE genotype was observed in UK Biobank participants. Interventions intended to reduce cardiovascular risk might therefore be similarly effective across the APOE genotype carriers.

PMID:34082327 | DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.014

Bioresour Technol. 2021 May 23;336:125322. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125322. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Anaerobic digestion (AD) processes of food waste (FW) have potential risk on environments due to the prevalence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigated the effect of bentonite on methane production and the abundance of ARGs in biogas slurry and residue during AD of FW. Results showed that methane production increased by 68.52% and 56.79% with 3 g/L and 5 g/L of bentonite in mesophilic and thermophilic digestion, respectively. Adding 5 g/L of bentonite effectively reduced the genes of ermB, ermF, tetQ, tetX, sul1, sul2 and intI1 with a range of 80.82% – 100.00% in biogas residue under mesophilic reactor. The abundance of ARGs and intI1 in biogas residue were lower than in slurry under both temperatures with 5 g/L of bentonite. Statistical analysis indicated that bentonite and temperature were main driver factors which could impact ARGs by influencing the abundance and structure of microbial communities.

PMID:34082336 | DOI:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125322

Early Hum Dev. 2021 May 19;158:105395. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105395. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency during critical windows of brain development is associated with suboptimal neurodevelopmental outcomes. Identifying markers of neonatal iron status that best correlate with neurodevelopmental outcome is critical for optimal management of iron supplementation of neonates.

AIMS: We aimed to evaluate two markers of iron sufficiency, ferritin and zinc protoporphyrin-to-heme ratios (ZnPP/H), with neurodevelopmental outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study.

SUBJECTS: All infants with concurrent ferritin and ZnPP/H measurements obtained between October 2014 and April 2017 and Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 3rd Edition (BSID-III) evaluated at 24 months corrected age were included.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations between iron markers (minimum, maximum and median ferritin and ZnPP/H) and BSID-III score at 24 months were assessed.

RESULTS: 223 lab measurements from 62 infants were assessed. Mean gestational age was 28.1 weeks (SD = 2.6) with a mean birth weight of 1.1 kg (SD = 0.4). Significant associations between maximum and median ZnPP/H and motor score, and between median ZnPP/H and cognitive score were observed. Trends were also seen with higher minimum, median and maximum ZnPP/H associated with lower BSID-III scores, but did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). The associations between ferritin values and BSID scores were less consistent.

CONCLUSIONS: A positive association was seen between ZnPP/H values and BSID-III scores. Trends between ferritin and BSID values were less consistent, potentially because ferritin is more affected by inflammation. Consideration should be given to using ZnPP/H preferentially to adjust iron supplementation in the NICU to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes.

PMID:34082259 | DOI:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105395

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 May 31;220:112383. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112383. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Geochemical approaches are popular for evaluations based on heavy metal concentrations in sediments or soils for eco-risk assessment. This study proposes a systematic geochemical approach (SymGeo) to explore six heavy metals in topsoils and bird tissues and organs of the target birds. We assume that the proposed approach based on field-collected heavy metals in topsoils and feathers can predict the areas with the potential risk of the heavy metals in birds. Finite mixture distribution modeling (FMDM) was used to identify background values of the heavy metal concentrations in topsoil. A spatial enrichment factor (EF), potential contamination index (PCI), contamination degree (Cod), and potential ecological risk index (PRI) based on FMDM results for topsoil, and a potential risk index (PRI_bird) of heavy metals in the birds, were utilized for systematic prioritization of high eco-risk areas. Using multiple EF, PRI, and Cod results and multiple PRI-based maps of the heavy metals in feathers, we systematically prioritized risk areas where there is a high potential for heavy metal contamination in the birds. Our results indicate that heavy metal concentrations in the feather, liver, and kidney are not spatially cross-autocorrelated but are statistically significantly correlated with some heavy metals in topsoil due to external and internal depositions. Further, multiple EF, Cod, and RI distributions for topsoil, along with the PRI of the feather, showed that adequate coverages for potential risk for birds were greater than 71.05% in the top 30% and 84.69% in the top 20% potential eco-risk priority area of heavy metals in bird liver and kidney. Hence, our proposed approach suggests that assessments of heavy metals in bird feathers and topsoils without bird organs can be utilized to identify spatially high-risk areas. The proposed approach could be improved by incorporating water and sediment samples to enhance the crowdsourcing and the species-specific data.

PMID:34082242 | DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112383