Tag: pubmed

Bull Math Biol. 2021 Dec 18;84(1):17. doi: 10.1007/s11538-021-00975-4.

ABSTRACT

In ecological systems, the hydra effect is an increase in population size caused by an increase in mortality. This seemingly counterintuitive effect has been observed in several populations, including fish, blowflies, snails and plants, and has been modeled in both continuous and discrete time. A similar effect induced by disease has recently been observed empirically. Here we present theoretical and simulation results for an infectious disease-induced hydra effect, namely conditions under which the total population size, composed of those that are infectious as well as those that are susceptible, at an endemic equilibrium is greater than the population size at the disease-free equilibrium. (For an endemic k-cycle, this can be similarly defined using the average population.) We find this disease-induced hydra effect occurs when the intra-specific competition is strong and disease infection sufficiently inhibits the reproductive output of infected individuals. For our continuous time model, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for a disease-induced hydra effect. This condition requires overcompensatory recruitment. With a discrete time model, we show there is no disease-induced hydra effect without overcompensatory recruitment. We illustrate by simulations that a disease-induced hydra effect may occur with Ricker recruitment when the endemic system converges to either a fixed equilibrium or a 2-cycle.

PMID:34923617 | DOI:10.1007/s11538-021-00975-4

Diabet Med. 2021 Dec 19:e14771. doi: 10.1111/dme.14771. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In persons with type 1 diabetes, the risk of cancer remains controversial. We wanted to examine the excess risk of cancer in a large population-based cohort diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 15 years of age.

STUDY POPULATION AND METHODS: From July 1, 1977 to December 31, 2013, we prospectively and on a national scale included 18,724 persons (53% men) with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. For each person with type 1 diabetes, we selected four referents, matched for date at birth and municipality of living at the time when the case developed diabetes. Cases and referents were linked to national registers of cancer and of cause of death.

RESULTS: A total of 125 persons (61 % women) with diabetes had 135 different cancers, all diagnosed after the diabetes diagnosis. The median duration from diabetes diagnosis to first cancer diagnosis was 19 years (interquartile range 10, 26). The median age at cancer diagnosis in the diabetes group was 28 years (interquartile range 20, 35). The overall standardized incidence ratio (95%), using the Swedish general population as referents for women with diabetes was 1.28 (1.02, 1.58) and when comparing women with diabetes with matched referents, we found a hazard ratio of 1.42 (1.10, 1.85). No elevated risk was seen for men. Cancers of the breast and testis were the most common types in women and men, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Women with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes had a small but significantly elevated risk of cancer. No such tendency was seen for men. The reason behind this is unclear.

PMID:34923678 | DOI:10.1111/dme.14771

Metabolomics. 2021 Dec 19;18(1):4. doi: 10.1007/s11306-021-01863-7.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:34923607 | DOI:10.1007/s11306-021-01863-7

Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021 Dec 18. doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03819-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia caused by a progressive loss of neurons from different regions of the brain. This multifactorial pathophysiology has been widely characterized by neuroinflammation, extensive oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal cell death. In this sense, the design of multi-target strategies to prevent or delay its progression is a challenging goal. In the present work, different in vitro assays including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cholinergic activities of a carotenoid-enriched extract from Dunaliella salina microalgae obtained by supercritical fluid extraction are studied. Moreover, its potential neuroprotective effect in the human neuron-like SH-SY5Y cell model against remarkable hallmarks of AD was also evaluated. In parallel, a comprehensive metabolomics study based on the use of charged-surface hybrid chromatography (CSH) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS/MS) was applied to evaluate the effects of the extract on the metabolism of the treated cells. The use of advanced bioinformatics and statistical tools allowed the identification of more than 314 metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells, of which a great number of phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerols, and fatty acids were significantly increased, while several phosphatidylglycerols were decreased, compared to controls. These lipidomic changes in cells along with the possible role exerted by carotenoids and other minor compounds on the cell membrane might explain the observed neuroprotective effect of the D. salina extract. However, future experiments using in vivo models to corroborate this hypothesis must be carried out.

PMID:34923590 | DOI:10.1007/s00216-021-03819-1

Int Urol Nephrol. 2021 Dec 19. doi: 10.1007/s11255-021-03091-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: It has been proved that the gut microbiome is altered in patients with chronic kidney disease. This contributes to chronic inflammation and increases cardiovascular risk and mortality, especially in those undergoing hemodialysis. Phosphate binders may potentially induce changes in their microbiome. This trial aimed to compare the changes in the gut microbiome of hemodialysis patients treated with calcium acetate to those treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide.

METHODS: Twelve hemodialysis patients were distributed to receive calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide for 5 months. Blood samples (for biochemical analysis) and stool samples (for microbiome analysis) were collected at baseline, 4, 12, and 20 weeks after treatment initiation. Fecal DNA was extracted and a 16S rRNA sequencing library was constructed targeting the V3 and V4 hypervariable regions.

RESULTS: Regarding clinical variables and laboratory parameters, no statistically significant differences were observed between calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide groups. When analyzing stool samples, we found that all patients were different (p = 0.001) among themselves and these differences were kept along the 20 weeks of treatment. The clustering analysis in microbial profiles grouped the samples of the same patient independently of the treatment followed and the stage of the treatment.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a 5-month treatment with either calcium acetate or sucroferric oxyhydroxide did not modify baseline diversity or baseline bacterial composition in hemodialysis patients, also about the high-variability profiles of the gut microbiome found among these patients.

PMID:34923600 | DOI:10.1007/s11255-021-03091-3

Age Ageing. 2021 Dec 6:afab233. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afab233. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: to develop a user-friendly prediction tool of 1-year mortality for patients with hip fracture, in order to guide clinicians and patients on appropriate targeted preventive measures.

DESIGN: population-based cohort study from 2011 to 2017 using nationwide data from the Danish Hip Fracture Registry.

SUBJECTS: a total of 28,791 patients age 65 and above undergoing surgery for a first-time hip fracture.

METHODS: patient-related prognostic factors at the time of admission were assessed as potential predictors: Nursing home residency, comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI] Score), frailty (Hospital Frailty Risk Score), basic mobility (Cumulated Ambulation Score), atrial fibrillation, fracture type, body mass index (BMI), age and sex. Association with 1-year mortality examined by determining the cumulative incidence, applying univariable logistic regression and assessing discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUROC]). The final model (logistic regression) was utilised on a development cohort (70% of patients). Discrimination and calibration were assessed on the validation cohort (remaining 30% of patients).

RESULTS: all predictors showed an association with 1-year mortality, but discrimination was moderate. The final model included nursing home residency, CCI Score, Cumulated Ambulation Score, BMI and age. It had an acceptable discrimination (AUROC 0.74) and calibration, and predicted 1-year mortality risk spanning from 5 to 91% depending on the combination of predictors in the individual patient.

CONCLUSIONS: using information obtainable at the time of admission, 1-year mortality among patients with hip fracture can be predicted. We present a user-friendly chart for daily clinical practice and provide new insight regarding the interplay between prognostic factors.

PMID:34923589 | DOI:10.1093/ageing/afab233

Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2021 Dec 17. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000001649. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Postoperative emergence agitation remains a significant challenge in paediatric anaesthesia. Although short-lived, it may cause harm to the patient and negative experiences for all. Differentiating agitation, delirium and pain is difficult. Electroencephalography allows precise titration of anaesthetic depth, and heart rate variability monitoring permits immediate intervention regarding nociception and pain. We examined if one of these measures could be used to reduce postoperative agitation in an unselected paediatric day surgical population.

OBJECTIVE: The primary outcome was postoperative agitation with a Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale greater than 0. Secondary outcomes were: length of stay, postoperative nausea and vomiting, fentanyl and propofol consumption, pain scores and use of postoperative analgesics.

DESIGN: A randomised, single-blinded study constituting children aged 1 to 6 years, undergoing minor general day surgical procedures.

SETTING: Paediatric day surgical department 29th March 2019 to 12th June 2020.

PATIENTS: Ninety-eight children (ASA 1 or 2) were enrolled, and 93 children were included in the final analysis.

INTERVENTIONS: Children received standard monitoring (n=31), standard monitoring plus either Narcotrend (n=31), or Anaesthesia Nociception Index monitoring (n=31). Sevoflurane or fentanyl was titrated immediately according to monitor thresholds.

RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier analysis yielded a statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.016) with the lowest agitation levels in the Anaesthesia Nociception Index group, intermediate levels in the control group and the highest agitation levels in the Narcotrend monitored group. Intergroup pairwise comparison however, showed no difference. The Anaesthesia Nocioception Index group received slightly more fentanyl (P = 0.277). The control group patients had the highest pain scores despite receiving more caudal blocks and the Narcotrend group had more sevoflurane adjustments. Other secondary outcomes were comparable.

CONCLUSION: Children in the Anaesthesia Nociception Index group were the least agitated with the highest fentanyl doses, without increasing the length of stay in the PACU or postoperative nausea and vomiting.

CLINICAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered in RedCAP online trial database 1/11/2018 trial registration nr. OP720. https://open.rsyd.dk/OpenProjects/openProject.jsp?openNo=720&lang=da.

PMID:34923564 | DOI:10.1097/EJA.0000000000001649

Blood Cancer J. 2021 Dec 18;11(12):203. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00586-1.

ABSTRACT

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare B-cell malignancy associated with excellent survival. However, some patients experience histological transformation into aggressive large B-cell lymphoma. Population-based data on transformation in patients with NLPHL is limited. We conducted a nationwide population-based study to estimate the risk of transformation and relative survival in patients diagnosed with NLPHL in Finland between 1995 and 2018. We identified a total of 453 patients (median age, 48 years; 76% males) with the incident NLPHL from the Finnish Cancer Registry. The cumulative incidence of transformation was 6.3% (95% CI, 4.2-9.6) at 10 years. After adjusting for sex, age and year of diagnosis, transformation was associated with a substantially increased risk of death (HR 8.55, 95% CI 4.49-16.3). Ten-year relative survival was 94% (95% CI, 89%‒100%). The patients diagnosed at a later calendar year had lower excess risk of death (HR, 0.38 per 10-year increase; 95% CI, 0.15‒0.98). We conclude that while the 10-year relative survival for the patients with NLPHL was excellent in this large population-based cohort for the entire study period, transformation resulted in a substantially increased mortality compared with the patients without transformation. Our results also suggest a reduction in excess mortality over time.

PMID:34923571 | DOI:10.1038/s41408-021-00586-1

Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021 Dec 17. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004315. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study was to measure the disability after AIS correction, according to the LIV.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that may require surgical correction. If the upper and lower instrumented levels (UIV and LIV) of these fusions are defined by the characteristics of the curve, the long-term consequences of the LIV choices are still partially unknown.

METHODS: This retrospective longitudinal study collected demographic, radiologic (Lenke classification, Cobb’s angle) and surgical data (approach, LIV, UIV) on 116 patients operated for AIS fusion on a specialized pediatric spine center were collected. All participants answered SRS30, SF12, lumbar and leg pain Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) at last follow-up. Statistical analysis between LIV (T12L1, L2, L3 or L4L5) and clinical data at last follow-up was realized.

RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 87 months. The mean increase of back pain VAS per UIV level was 9 mm. No statistically significant difference between the different LIV were found, for SRS30 or SF12 MCS (mental component scale). There was a statistically significant difference between L3 UIV and L4L5 UIV for SF-12 PCS (physical component scale); (p = 0,03).

CONCLUSION: The long-term consequences of LIV choice mostly affect levels distal to L3. If the LIV is mostly defined by the characteristics of the curve, one level caudally corresponds to +9 mm of back pain VAS at 7 years of follow-up. Surgeons may be aware of the long-term consequence of LIV choice and patients be informed.Level of Evidence: 4.

PMID:34923547 | DOI:10.1097/BRS.0000000000004315

Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2021 Dec 20. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0000000000000376. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Historically, distal biceps tendon repair through the tension slide technique (TST) using a cortical button has yielded the strongest published repair measured by observed gap formation in both cyclic and maximal load to failure. The modified tension slide technique (MTST) was developed in order to provide the surgeon with a technically simpler and biomechanically more effective way to reduce gap formation and consistently seat/bottom-out the tendon within the bone tunnel through a more direct line of pull. In order to compare the biomechanics of the MTST to the TST, we used 24 matched bovine extensor tendons, and conducted maximal load to failure and cyclical load to failure testing using an Instron 5566 machine. The mean maximal load to failure for the MTST was 444 N versus 229 N for the TST (P<0.004) while no gap formation was observed in either group after cyclic load testing. These findings indicate that the MTST has a statistically significant increased load to gap formation of ∼2-fold in comparison to TST. In the MTST both limbs of suture are passed back through the tendon, before button implantation, eliminating the “operating in a hole” effect required in the TST, and making for a simpler surgical procedure.

PMID:34923560 | DOI:10.1097/BTH.0000000000000376