Tag: pubmed

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Aug 1;8(8):e2526616. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26616.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves exercise tolerance, symptom burden, and health-related quality of life for people with chronic respiratory conditions. However, demand for PR outstrips supply. Traditionally, PR has been delivered using specialist, gym-based exercise equipment.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether PR using minimal equipment (PR-min) is noninferior to PR using specialist gym exercise equipment (PR-gym).

DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This parallel, 2-group, assessor- and statistician-blinded, noninferiority randomized clinical trial compared PR-min with PR-gym. Eligible participants were people with chronic respiratory disease referred for PR to the Regional Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit in northwest London, UK. Recruitment occurred from October 15, 2018, to December 21, 2021, with a final follow-up to December 14, 2022. Randomization was by an independent web-based system using minimization with 1:1 allocation. Data analysis was performed from May 2023 to January 2025.

INTERVENTIONS: Both PR programs comprised 2 in-person, outpatient supervised sessions per week for 8 weeks. PR-min used minimal equipment (eg, walking circuit and body weight exercises), whereas PR-gym used specialist exercise equipment (eg, treadmills and weights machines).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was change in incremental shuttle walk (ISW) distance after PR (ie, at 8 weeks; with a predefined noninferiority margin of -24 m). Secondary outcomes included dyspnea, health-related quality of life, costs, and adverse events.

RESULTS: A total of 436 participants (median [IQR] age, 71.7 [63.2-77.7] years; 239 [54.8%] male) were enrolled, with 218 randomized to PR-min and 218 to PR-gym. At 8 weeks, PR-min (n = 136) and PR-gym (n = 130) demonstrated significant improvements in ISW distance with no significant between-group difference in ISW distance change (mean, 1.7 m; 1-sided 97.5% CI lower bound, -16.8), which was within the -24-m noninferiority margin. The intention-to-treat analysis and a robust range of sensitivity analyses all demonstrated that PR-min was noninferior to PR-gym. Similar findings were observed for dyspnea and health-related quality of life. No excess adverse events or costs were seen with intervention.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This randomized clinical trial found that PR-min demonstrated noninferiority to PR-gym for exercise capacity, dyspnea, and health-related quality of life. PR-min can expand the number of settings where PR can be provided, thus improving patient accessibility.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN16196765.

PMID:40794408 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26616

J Mol Neurosci. 2025 Aug 12;75(3):105. doi: 10.1007/s12031-025-02399-4.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a histamine-reducing diet on five developmental domains in autism spectrum disorder subjects and the impact of variants in the AOC1 and HNMT genes on the therapeutic outcomes. Four genetic variants (rs2052129, rs10156191, rs1049742, and rs11558538) in AOC1 and HNMT were genotyped in 400 Bulgarian children with ASD. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared to control data from the GnomAD database. Further analysis was conducted on 91 ASD subjects with elevated histamine who followed the histamine-reducing diet. Significant improvements were observed across all developmental domains measured by the DP-3 test, including physical, adaptive behavior, social-emotional, cognitive, and communication skills. Paired samples T-tests indicated statistically significant increases in all categories (p < 0.001), with physical scores increasing from 82.29 to 89.18, adaptive behavior from 72.68 to 81.35, social-emotional from 71.43 to 80.22, cognitive from 69.33 to 78.66, and communication from 67.36 to 77.54. Minor allele carriers exhibited lower mean improvements across each of the five developmental parameters compared to wild-type carriers, with mean reductions of 0.90 for rs2052129, 0.70 for rs10156191, 2.07 for rs1049742, and 1.94 for rs11558538. These findings highlight the potential role of histamine regulation in autism spectrum disorder, the impact of variants in the AOC1 and HNMT genes on the therapeutic outcome and suggest dietary management as a viable intervention to improve developmental outcomes.

PMID:40794387 | DOI:10.1007/s12031-025-02399-4

Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2025 Aug 13. doi: 10.1007/7854_2025_596. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Like other medical illnesses, psychiatric conditions are defined by the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms that cause distress and dysfunction. Unlike most medical illnesses, however, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric symptoms remain largely unknown. Recent work in theory-driven computational neuroscience has proposed a unified account of how organisms derive estimates of both external and internal states by integrating prior beliefs with sensory input. This framework offers a powerful means of explaining typical perception and action, while also identifying how these processes may go awry to produce a panoply of psychiatric symptoms. Disruptions in this inferential process, which we term perceptual dysregulation, span exteroceptive, proprioceptive, and interoceptive systems and manifest across conditions ranging from psychosis and autism to anxiety and trauma-related disorders, functional neurological disorder, and dementia. This volume reviews emerging evidence for maladaptive sensory inference across psychiatric and neurological illness and explores how computational models based on Bayesian statistics can illuminate shared mechanisms beneath diverse symptom presentations. We argue that targeting perceptual dysregulation may not only enable new interventions but also catalyze the development of a revised psychiatric nosology grounded in testable models of brain-body interaction.

PMID:40794380 | DOI:10.1007/7854_2025_596

Metabolomics. 2025 Aug 12;21(5):111. doi: 10.1007/s11306-025-02316-1.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Myocardial revascularization (MR) is recommended in acute myocardial infarction. Understanding the physiological disturbances caused by MR may be pertinent for future therapeutic strategies in the postoperative period.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the MR impact on plasma metabolites and investigate potential correlations between them with routinely measured biochemical and clinical parameters in MR, and with the cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPB).

METHODS: Twenty-five patients had plasma samples collected before and after MR for metabolomic analysis, performed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry.

RESULTS: One hundred eleven ions showed statistically significant differences due to MR and thirteen were identified. Only Pregnenolone Sulfate had its abundance in plasma decreased due to MR. Hydrocortisone succinate, Cortisone, and Corticosterone increased in response to the glucocorticoids administered during surgery. LysoPS 16:1, LysoPC 14:0, Phenylvaleric acid, 13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, N-Linoleoyl Glutamine, and N-Myristoyl Methionine, along with the significant increase in the white blood cell count are associated with inflammation processes, possibly caused by MR. Furthermore, Pregnenolone sulfate, Pentosidine, Phenylvaleric acid, and N-Myristoyl Methionine were correlated with biochemical/clinical parameters and CPB.

CONCLUSION: These results open new horizons in the interpretation of physiological disturbances caused by MR, as well as provide support for future studies. The scientific community is invited to build upon the outcomes obtained to confirm the associations suggested in this study, advancing the realm of metabolomics and MR.

PMID:40794378 | DOI:10.1007/s11306-025-02316-1

Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2025 Aug 12;47(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40902-025-00473-w.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The submandibular fossa (SF), a depression on the lingual surface of the mandible extending from the mental foramen to the molar region, accommodates the submandibular salivary gland, influencing its depth and shape. Accurate knowledge of this region is essential for reducing complications during oral surgeries, such as implant placement and extractions. This study was aimed to assess SF depth, mandibular canal (MC) diameter, and concavity angles between males and females via cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

METHODOLOGY: CBCT scans of 160 patients (80 males and 80 females) aged 18-35 years were analysed. SF depth was classified into three types: Type I (< 2 mm), Type II (2-3 mm), and Type III (> 3 mm). The MC diameter and concavity angles were measured in the interradicular region of the mandibular molars. The data were statistically analysed via unpaired t tests and chi-square tests (p < 0.05 was considered significant).

RESULTS: Males presented greater mean SF depth, MC diameter, and concavity angles than females did. SF depth was generally more pronounced on the left side in both sexes. Type I SF was the most frequently observed SF depth classification.

CONCLUSION: CBCT provides valuable insights into mandibular anatomy. Although certain anatomical differences were observed between sexes, particularly in MC diameter, not all findings reached statistical significance. These results suggest the importance of individualized radiographic assessment during surgical planning.

PMID:40794359 | DOI:10.1186/s40902-025-00473-w

Odontology. 2025 Aug 12. doi: 10.1007/s10266-025-01165-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Adhesive dentistry has revolutionized with the proposal of self-adhesive composites (SACs), which aim to simplify restorative procedures by omitting the need for separate dental bonding agents’ applications. Even though the limitations of these composites, including their questionable bond strength and long-term durability, remain our issues. Therefore, this in vitro study suggests a novel BMEP monomer designed to enhance the dental composite’s physicochemical and mechanical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of different concentrations of the BMEP monomer in improving the overall performance of self-adhesive dental composites. Experimental SACs were synthesized by mixing TEGDMA, UDMA, photo-initiator, fillers, 0%, 7%, 10%, and 20% BMEP monomer, as well as 5% 10-MDP monomer (control group). Thereafter, the flexural strength and elongation at break of five composite bars were investigated by the Santam Universal Testing Machine (UTM, Santam, Iran). The Vickers test evaluated the microhardness (three composite disks). The curing degree (five study groups) was assessed by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the water sorption and solubility tests (five standard disks) were performed on samples according to ISO 4049 standards. Data were analyzed using parametric tests for datasets with > 5 samples and non-parametric tests for smaller groups (α = 0.05). The 7% BMEP group demonstrated the best overall performance, combining high microhardness [median:28 HV (range: 24-29 HV)], flexural strength (81.2 ± 10.4 MPa), low water solubility (3.3 ± 0.27 µg/mm³), low water sorption (42.9 ± 2.42 µg/mm³), acceptable elongation at break (0.57 ± 0.17 mm), and a good degree of cure [median: 53.3% (range: 52.1-57.4%)]. In contrast, the 10-MDP control group exhibited significantly lower values in degree of cure [median: 42.9% (range: 41.6-44.5%)], microhardness [median: 20 HV (range: 19-22 HV)], and flexural strength (79.6 ± 12.4 MPa) (p < 0.05). Differences between some BMEP groups showed a trend but did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, the composite containing 7% BMEP monomer demonstrated a favorable balance of properties and is recommended for further study.

PMID:40794354 | DOI:10.1007/s10266-025-01165-7

AMB Express. 2025 Aug 12;15(1):116. doi: 10.1186/s13568-025-01924-3.

ABSTRACT

Alterations in skin microbiota composition have been linked to allergic diseases, but the causal relationship remains unclear. To investigate the causal relationship between skin microbiota, allergic diseases, and inflammation biomarkers using Mendelian randomization (MR). We integrated summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of skin microbiota inflammation biomarkers, and seven allergic diseases. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) served as the primary statistical method, with supplementary analyses using MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and Weighted mode. Sensitivity analyses, including Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO outlier detection, were conducted to validate and stabilize our findings. Two-step MR analyses were performed to identify potential mediating inflammation biomarkers between skin microbiota and allergic diseases.We identified 43 significant causal relationships between the skin microbiota and seven allergic diseases: allergic disease as a whole, asthma (adult, pediatric, allergic), allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic urticaria and eczema, which included 20 protective and 23 risk causal relationships, respectively. Mediation analysis showed that specific biomarkers, such as C-C motif chemokine 19 and CD40L receptor levels, Interleukin-18 and TNF-β mediated these associations. This MR study provides robust evidence supporting causal relationships between specific skin microbiota taxa and allergic diseases, as well as potential mediating roles of inflammation biomarkers.

PMID:40794348 | DOI:10.1186/s13568-025-01924-3

Discov Oncol. 2025 Aug 12;16(1):1533. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-03261-0.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological data regarding the correlation between mental disorders and breast cancer (BC) is still debatable. This study’s objective is to clarify the connection between BC and mental disorders, such as depression, panic, and anxiety, in addition to examining the mediating role of risk factors associated with BC through genetic susceptibility.

METHODS: Cross-sectional data came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2015-2018, stratified by BC status. Summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of mostly European ancestry were used for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. The connections between depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and anxiety medication use and breast cancer were assessed using logistic regression models. The independent effects of depression, panic, and anxiety on BC were estimated through two-sample multivariable MR. Furthermore, 23 possible mediators of the connection were assessed and mediated proportions were computed using two-step MR.

RESULTS: Cross-sectional data revealed that participants taking medication for anxiety were at higher risk of BC (OR (95%CI): 2.18 (1.29-3.70), P < 0.01). Using multivariate MR to adjust for depression, anxiety, and panic, only anxiety was still strongly correlated with the occurrence of overall (β_IVW (SE): 0.053 (0.016), P < 0.05) and ER- (β_IVW (SE): 0.075 (0.025), P < 0.05) BC. After excluding 23 risk factors related to BC, no mediators were identified between anxiety and BC.

CONCLUSION: Our findings suggests that anxiety susceptibility at the genetic level is a distinct risk factor for BC, with no mediators identified in this process.

PMID:40794344 | DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-03261-0

Int Ophthalmol. 2025 Aug 12;45(1):329. doi: 10.1007/s10792-025-03704-1.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and recurrence of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) in Greece, analyzing data from 2017 to 2023.

METHODS: A retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted, including patients diagnosed with either new-onset or recurrent CSCR at five ophthalmology departments in Greece from January 2017 to December 2023. Data were categorized into “pre-COVID” (2017-2019) and “COVID” (2021-2023) periods, excluding cases from 2020 due to lockdown restrictions. Patient demographics, disease recurrence, and COVID-19 infection history were recorded. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, Spearman’s rank correlation, and Student’s t-test.

RESULTS: A total of 730 CSCR cases were analyzed (435 new-onset, 295 recurrent). The participants’ mean age was 46.8 ± 7.5 years. The overall number of cases significantly increased during the COVID-19 period (462 cases) compared to the pre-COVID period (268 cases) (p < 0.001). Both new-onset (164 vs. 271, p < 0.001) and recurrent cases (104 vs. 191, p < 0.001) showed a significant rise. Among patients from 2021 to 2023, those with a confirmed COVID-19 infection had significantly higher CSCR rates compared to non-infected individuals (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant increase in CSCR incidence and recurrence in Greece. This rise may be attributed to heightened psychological stress and endogenous cortisol elevation during the pandemic, as well as direct viral effects and corticosteroid use in infected patients. Further studies are needed to explore underlying mechanisms and long-term consequences.

PMID:40794340 | DOI:10.1007/s10792-025-03704-1

Clin Oral Investig. 2025 Aug 12;29(9):409. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06501-3.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the awareness and practices of oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFS) regarding the management of facial trauma in patients with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), focusing on alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), perioperative abstinence and its psychological impact.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 499 OMFS practitioners across India. An investigator-designed, validated, 17-item questionnaire covered six domains: alcohol history, abstinence, AWS management protocols, stress/quality of life and therapeutic alcohol use. Participants were stratified by clinical experience and leadership status. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests via Jamovi. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.

RESULTS: Most surgeons (95%) recorded alcohol-related history; 92% advised pre/post-operative abstinence, primarily for anaesthetic safety. Despite 97% awareness of AWS, 76% lacked familiarity with its prophylaxis. Only 28% reported existing institutional guidelines, of which two-thirds were unaware of specifics. Stress due to sudden abstinence was acknowledged by 95%, yet only 47.7% implemented mitigation strategies. Notably, 56% supported therapeutic alcohol use for AWS management. Surgeons with greater experience or leadership roles showed reduced abstinence durations, increased stress management, and greater awareness of AWS prophylaxis (statistically significant).

CONCLUSIONS: Substantial gaps exist in standardized protocols and interdisciplinary approaches to managing trauma in AUD patients. These disparities are more pronounced among less experienced and non-leader surgeons.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings underscore the need for targeted training, standardized clinical guidelines, and integration of psychiatric care in maxillofacial trauma management for patients with AUD, to improve outcomes and reduce complications related to AWS.

PMID:40794336 | DOI:10.1007/s00784-025-06501-3