Tag: statistics

Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2026 Jan;42(1):e70125. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.70125.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To explore the impact of BMI-metabolic phenotypes and their changes on chronic multimorbidity.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), with participants aged ≥ 45. Analysing the metabolic heterogeneity of obesity through four BMI-metabolic phenotypes: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUOO), metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHOO), and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW). Transition of BMI-metabolic phenotype was assessed between 2011 and 2015. Chronic multimorbidity refers to the coexistence of ≥ 2 chronic diseases among 14 specified diseases. The association between changes in BMI-metabolic phenotypes and chronic multimorbidity was applied using Cox regression.

RESULTS: Among 2528 individuals, the median age was 56.00 years, and 1244 (49.21%) had chronic multimorbidity. After adjusting for all variables at baseline, participants in the MUOO phenotype exhibited a 1.66-fold increased risk of chronic multimorbidity compared with the MHNW phenotype (95% CI: 1.42-1.94, p < 0.001), followed by the MUNW phenotype with a 1.25-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.06-1.47, p = 0.008). However, in the MHOO phenotype, no statistically significant association was found (p > 0.05), which may reflect its heterogeneity and instability as a transient rather than benign metabolic state. In addition, obesity or unhealthy metabolism can also increase the risk of chronic multimorbidity.

CONCLUSIONS: Overall, for individuals aged ≥ 45, especially those with the MUOO phenotype, managing body weight and improving metabolic health are crucial for preventing chronic multimorbidity.

PMID:41549374 | DOI:10.1002/dmrr.70125

Drug Alcohol Rev. 2026 Jan;45(1):e70098. doi: 10.1111/dar.70098.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The growing accessibility of movies through streaming platforms has expanded audience reach, but also increases exposure to alcohol portrayals, which is an established risk factor for alcohol use. Hence, estimating alcohol depictions is important yet challenging due to the time and labor involved. Artificial Intelligence offers a scalable solution for analysing movie frames; however, processing every frame of a full-length movie at 25 frames per second (fps) requires extensive computational resources. Thus, we aimed to test whether lower-frequency sampling would affect the accuracy of alcohol exposure estimates.

METHODS: We analysed 20 feature-length movies with varying known alcohol visibility and analysed each frame using zero-shot predictions from a LLaVA v1.6 model (accuracy = 95%) as our baseline. We applied uniform downsampling from 25 fps (full-framerate) to 1 fps and sparse interval sampling of 1 frame per N seconds (N = 1,2,…,10), measuring both alcohol-proportion estimates and execution time. To assess the sampling-induced error, we computed the difference score, as the difference between sampled and full-frame alcohol proportions.

RESULTS: A sampling frequency of 1 fps yielded an average difference score below 0.10 compared to the full-frame analysis, while reducing execution time by 25-fold. Error increased at sparser intervals, reaching a difference score of 0.46 at one frame per 10 s.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Reducing the sampling frequency from 25 to 1 fps resulted in only a minimal loss of accuracy but a substantial reduction in execution time. This finding supports 1 fps as a practical and scalable sampling frequency for large-scale movie alcohol exposure estimation.

PMID:41549361 | DOI:10.1111/dar.70098

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2026 Jan 18:34894251408705. doi: 10.1177/00034894251408705. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study aims to compare the accuracy of the TUNE, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading systems in reflecting the severity of treatment-related hearing loss, as measured by pure-tone audiometry and patient-reported hearing loss using the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing scale compare questionnaire (SSQ).

METHODS: This study is a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional, and observational study from 2018 to 2024 conducted at the Netherlands Cancer Institute – Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Amsterdam, Leiden University Medical Center, and University Medical Center Utrecht. In this trial, 109 patients with an indication for curative platinum-based chemotherapy (dose ≥ 200 mg/m²) were included, of whom 74 were eligible for analysis. Standard frequency and extended high-frequency pure tone audiometry were measured at baseline and follow-up. The SSQ was administered at follow-up to assess patient-reported outcome measures for hearing loss. The TUNE, ASHA, and CTCAE criteria were derived from audiometry. Concordance and Spearman’s correlations were evaluated between all 3 grading systems and the SSQ.

RESULTS: The concordance of TUNE with the SSQ was 81%. The concordance of CTCAE and ASHA with the SSQ was 73% and 68%, respectively. A statistically significant Spearman’s correlation coefficient of -.35 (P = .01) was found between TUNE and the SSQ. The Spearman’s correlation coefficient with CTCAE or ASHA and SSQ was -.10 (P = .10) and .04 (P = .75), respectively.

CONCLUSION: This study found that the TUNE is better in reflecting platinum-related patient-reported hearing loss compared to the CTCAE and ASHA.

PMID:41549346 | DOI:10.1177/00034894251408705

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2026 Jan 18:271678X251406516. doi: 10.1177/0271678X251406516. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Cerebral autoregulation maintains stable cerebral blood flow despite fluctuations in cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), through mechanisms that alter vascular diameter and resistance. Two commonly used indices, pressure reactivity index and mean flow index, reflect different aspects of this regulation, namely changes in cerebral blood volume and blood flow velocity. However, their interchangeability, particularly in the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI), remains questionable. This study investigates the frequency and physiological basis of discordance between these indices. Using 96 simultaneous recordings of intracranial pressure (ICP) and transcranial Doppler-derived flow velocity in TBI patients, 501 non-overlapping 20-minute segments were extracted. Each segment was classified based on autoregulatory state, and physiological parameters, including ICP, CPP, end-tidal CO₂, cerebral compliance, critical closing pressure, and vascular dynamics, were analysed. Discordance between indices occurred in 26% of segments. Statistical and machine learning models identified vessel stability metrics (e.g. wall tension, vascular resistance, time constant) and intracranial dynamics (e.g. compliance, compensatory reserve) as the most predictive features of discordance. These findings suggest that the two indices capture distinct physiological processes and should not be used interchangeably. Instead, their combined interpretation may enhance assessment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and provide a more nuanced understanding of cerebral physiology in TBI.

PMID:41549342 | DOI:10.1177/0271678X251406516

Dev Med Child Neurol. 2026 Jan 18. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.70143. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To assess the effect of the augmented reality application called Minidocs on pain reduction during botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) injections in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

METHOD: Children with CP aged 3 to 8 years undergoing BoNT-A injection were randomized to usual pain management alone (n = 41) or combined with Minidocs (n = 39). Minidocs is an augmented reality application on a digital device offering several games including active distraction, hypnotic suggestion, and counter-aggression features. The primary outcome was the child’s pain during BoNT-A injection, combining patient-reported (Faces Pain Scale [FPS]) and observer-reported (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale [FLACC]) outcomes. Secondary outcomes included anxiety of children (Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale) and parents (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y-1), and satisfaction with Minidocs.

RESULTS: In total, 14 out of 41 (34.1%) children in the control group and 7 out of 39 (17.9%) children in the experimental group experienced pain (i.e. FPS or FLACC scores ≥4). The difference between groups was not statistically significant (odds ratio 0.36; 95% confidence interval 0.11-1.16; p = 0.087). Changes in anxiety scores from before to after injection did not differ between groups. Satisfaction with the use of Minidocs was high.

INTERPRETATION: This study did not demonstrate the benefit of augmented reality on pain reduction. The counter-aggression feature is an innovation of Minidocs worth exploring. Further studies are needed to identify profiles of children who respond to non-drug therapies.

PMID:41549339 | DOI:10.1111/dmcn.70143

Oral Dis. 2026 Jan 18. doi: 10.1111/odi.70203. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in Brazil from 2013 to 2023, comparing young adults (20 to 44 years) to older adults (≥ 45 years).

METHODS: Sex, age, staging, year, and Federative Unit of diagnosis were evaluated for all cases registered under the ICD-C02 code in a public nationwide database. Statistics encompassed the Dickey-Fuller and Mann-Kendall tests, Kendall’s Tau coefficient, and Sen’s Slope Estimator.

RESULTS: The registry of OTSCC increased from 2013 to 2023, with a stronger and more consistent trend in young adults. OTSCC showed a stronger, more consistent, and higher rate of increase in young females than in young males. OTSCC was diagnosed at advanced stages in both age groups. OTSCC increasing trends were pronounced in the North region.

CONCLUSION: This study presented an overview of the temporal trends of OTSCC in Brazil, evidencing an increase among young women.

PMID:41549338 | DOI:10.1111/odi.70203

Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2026 Jan 18. doi: 10.1007/s40256-025-00784-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have identified the additive effects of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on neurohormonal inhibition therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, their additive effects on conventional baseline therapies in patients with severe HFrEF remain unclear.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases until February 2025. Our review included RCTs that evaluated the effects of ARNIs or SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with severe HFrEF. The primary outcome was the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) was estimated through a network meta-analysis conducted using a frequentist statistical approach.

RESULTS: Five relevant trials, or their New York Heart Association class III-IV subgroups, were identified, comprising a total of 4894 patients with severe HFrEF. For the addition of SGLT2 inhibitors to neurohormonal inhibitors, the HR was 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.75-1.01). For the addition of ARNIs, the HR was 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.83-1.12). The certainty of evidence was moderate for SGLT2 inhibitors and low for ARNIs according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for the additive effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and ARNIs in severe HFrEF remains limited, and therefore, treatment intensification with these agents should be approached with caution.

REGISTRATION: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) identifier no. CRD42025641240.

PMID:41549334 | DOI:10.1007/s40256-025-00784-3

Physiother Res Int. 2026 Jan;31(1):e70164. doi: 10.1002/pri.70164.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pain and a progressive loss of glenohumeral (GH) joint mobility are the hallmarks of frozen shoulder (FS), which can seriously hinder daily activities. Limited GH mobility may be linked to increased neural mechanosensitivity, which could contribute to pain and functional limitations, though the precise mechanisms are still unclear. This study was established to compare the effectiveness of slider median nerve neural mobilization techniques (NMTs) versus the tensioner technique on pain intensity, functional disability and passive ROM of the GH joint in patients with FS.

METHODS: Sixty-two patients with FS from both genders were randomly assigned to two equal groups. Group (A) received the slider technique of median nerve mobilization, whereas group (B) received the tensioner technique. All patients in both groups received GH joint mobilization and traditional physical therapy (three sessions per week for 6 weeks). Patients were evaluated for pain intensity by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), functional disability by Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) and passive ROM of the GH joint by conventional goniometer at baseline and after the sixth week.

RESULTS: Intergroup comparison revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the post-treatment measured outcomes: VAS (p = 0.003), SPADI (p < 0.001), passive abduction ROM (p < 0.001), passive external rotation ROM (p < 0.001), passive internal rotation ROM (p < 0.001).

DISCUSSION: Both slider and tensioner median NMTs produce better improvements in pain alleviation, functional ability, and GH mobility in patients with FS, with slider approaches providing slightly greater, although incremental, benefits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT06664437.

PMID:41549328 | DOI:10.1002/pri.70164

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2026 Jan 19. doi: 10.1186/s12933-025-03057-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The emerging triglyceride-glucose (TyG) related index has attracted attention as a promising predictor of various cardiometabolic conditions. However, their prospective association with different stages of cardiovascular-renal metabolic (CKM) syndrome is still not fully established, and it remains unclear whether TyG related parameters have prognostic effects on mortality outcomes of CKM syndrome.

METHODS: The data were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and which were determined by the use of a standardised questionnaire during follow-up. TyG and its related parameters (TyG-body mass index, TyG-waist circumference, TyG-waist to height ratio, and TyG-a body shape index (TyG-ABSI) were calculated. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to analyze hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze the associations of TyG-ABSI with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKM syndrome. Additionally, the multivariate adjusted restricted cubic spine was employed to examine the dose-response relationship. Mediation analysis was conducted to assess whether white blood cell (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) mediated the associations. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were conducted to evaluate the risk within various demographics. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used as validation to improve the reliability of the study results.

RESULTS: The study enrolled 11,235 participants with CKM syndrome from the CHARLS database, during the median follow-up of 5 years, a total of 747 (6.65%) all-cause mortality and 84 (0.75) cardiovascular mortality occurred. TyG-ABSI was associated with CKM syndrome (OR 1.55; 95% CI 1.35-1.79). Furthermore, among patients with CKM syndrome, TyG-ABSI was association with all-cause mortality (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04-1.35). In which continuous TyG-ABSI were converted to classified variable (tertile), compared to those with T1 group, the risk of advanced CKM syndrome was found to be 2.41-fold higher in those with T3 group (OR 2.41; 95% CI 1.18-3.20). Additionally, individuals in the T3 group had a 55% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.55; 95% CI 1.10-2.18). The mediation analysis results suggested that the relationship between TyG-ABSI and all-cause mortality risk is partially mediated by WBC, and CRP, the proportion of mediation were 15.16% and 11.83%. Additionally, analyses of 15,054 participants from the NHANES database indicated a significant positive association between TyG-ABSI and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality among individuals diagnosed with CKM syndrome during the 10 years follow-up.

CONCLUSION: Higher TyG-ABSI is associated with an increased risk of advanced CKM syndrome and mortality. It further emphasizes the role of TyG-ABSI in the management of CKM syndrome stages and the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

PMID:41549315 | DOI:10.1186/s12933-025-03057-0

BMC Res Notes. 2026 Jan 18. doi: 10.1186/s13104-026-07648-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The study examined the association between adiponectin levels and markers of Insulin Resistance (IR) in obese and non-obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Insulin Resistance was estimated using HOMA-IR, while group differences were assessed using appropriate statistical tests. Multiple linear regression was applied to evaluate associations between adiponectin and obesity indices while adjusting for HOMA-IR.

RESULTS: Mean serum adiponectin did not differ significantly across obese diabetics, non-obese diabetics, and controls (5.9 ± 3.6 µg/mL, 6.4 ± 3.2 µg/mL, and 6.8 ± 3.5 µg/mL, respectively; p = 0.13). Mean HOMA-IR values were comparable among obese diabetics (1.4 ± 2.1), non-obese diabetics (1.3 ± 1.0), and controls (1.1 ± 0.6). In multivariable regression models, serum adiponectin was not independently associated with obesity indices or HOMA-IR (all p > 0.05). Serum adiponectin levels were not significantly different across the study groups, although numerically lower values were observed in obese individuals with diabetes. No significant relationship was found between adiponectin and clinical or biochemical markers of IR. These findings suggest that adiponectin may have limited utility as an isolated marker of IR in Nigerian adults with type 2 diabetes and underscore the need for larger, longitudinal studies to clarify its role.

PMID:41549305 | DOI:10.1186/s13104-026-07648-2