Tag: statistics

Cardiol Young. 2026 Jan 26:1-7. doi: 10.1017/S1047951125111177. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Critical CHD often requires surgical intervention or results in infant mortality. We aimed to determine the association between critical CHD categories and exposure levels to pollutants.

METHODS: A retrospective study of n = 1484 infants who underwent complex cardiac surgery in early infancy from 1996 to 2021. The association between critical CHD categories (compared to a reference category with chromosomal abnormality) and exposure levels during early pregnancy to nitrogen dioxide, ozone, fine particulate matter (<2.5 micrometers diameter), and air quality from smoke was determined. Spatial heterogeneity was accounted for using geographically weighted multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTS: For fine particulate matter exposure, 0.34% of locations displayed statistically significant negative associations with critical CHD categories, clustered in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. These regions exhibited small spatial extents. For ozone exposure, 15.1% of locations exhibited statistically significant negative associations with critical CHD categories, with the majority originating from Alberta and a smaller fraction in Saskatchewan. Differences in significant associations with locations were observed before and after spatial adjustment. Air quality from smoke and nitrogen dioxide exposure demonstrated no statistically significant associations with critical CHD categories.

CONCLUSION: Differences before and after geographic spatial adjustment underscored the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneity to uncover patterns of association between environmental pollutants and critical CHD categories. The negative associations likely reflected pollution acting as a second hit to markedly increase the risk for critical CHD in those with genetic predisposition.

PMID:41582861 | DOI:10.1017/S1047951125111177

Scand J Work Environ Health. 2026 Jan 26:4275. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.4275. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Occupational exposures to dust have been associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in case series, but population-based epidemiological data are needed.

METHODS: We identified 286 cases of PAP from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Cause-of-Death Register between 1991 and 2022. For the present analysis, we included 212 cases aged 20-65 years with available occupational information before the index date or within two years thereafter. Controls matched on age and sex were drawn from the population register and assigned the same index date as their corresponding case; of these, 1438 controls had available occupational information and were included in the analyses. We linked cases and controls to Swedish registries to obtain socioeconomic status and occupational data. We applied an established job-exposure matrix to characterize occupational exposure to inorganic dust, with the subset silica dust, fumes, vapors and gases and organic dust. We used adjusted conditional logistic analyses to estimate the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the occupational exposures in the year before index date and PAP.

RESULTS: None of the occupational exposures analyzed showed a statistically significant association to PAP. The OR for inorganic dust was 1.08 (95% CI 0.75-1.55); silica dust alone was 1.55 (95% CI 0.75-3.23) and organic dust was 1.48 (95% CI 0.92-2.38). Among men, however, exposure to organic dust was associated with PAP [OR 1.92 (95% CI 1.18-3.23)]. Among women, the results were inconclusive.

CONCLUSIONS: There were no associations between occupational exposure to fumes, vapors and gases and inorganic dust and risk of PAP. Among men, exposure to organic dust was associated with increased risk for PAP. Some occupational inhalants may increase the risk of PAP.

PMID:41582849 | DOI:10.5271/sjweh.4275

J Periodontol. 2026 Jan 26. doi: 10.1002/jper.70056. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the influence of the implant platform apico-coronal position on the crestal bone level of adjacent teeth, focusing on the anterior and premolar regions.

METHODS: Ninety-six patients with 117 implants were included. The vertical distance from the implant platform to the crestal bone level of adjacent teeth was measured, and bone level changes were assessed from loading to the last follow-up. The implant position was categorized into two subgroups based on the vertical distance (≤2 or > 2 mm). Associations between vertical distance, bone loss on adjacent teeth and implants, and other variables were analyzed using linear regression and multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEE).

RESULTS: Linear regression showed a significant association between implant vertical distance and bone loss on adjacent teeth, but not at implant sites. Multivariate GEE analysis revealed that a vertical distance of > 2 mm, a convex prosthesis emergence profile, and female sex were significantly associated with a greater bone loss on adjacent teeth. After adjusting for sex, implants with a vertical distance of > 2 mm combined with a convex profile presented greater bone loss compared with a concave profile. In contrast, when the vertical distance was ≤2 mm, no statistically significant difference was found between implants with convex or concave profiles.

CONCLUSION: An implant positioned more than 2 mm vertically relative to the crestal bone level of the adjacent teeth was associated with a greater crestal bone loss on these teeth. This suggests that clinicians should carefully consider vertical implant positioning to prevent bone loss around the adjacent teeth.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study looked at how the vertical position of a dental implant affects the bone levels around nearby natural teeth, especially in the front and premolar areas of the mouth. Our team reviewed records from 96 patients who received a total of 117 implants. We measured the distance between the top of each implant and the bone level of the teeth next to it. The implants were grouped into two categories: those placed 2 millimeters or less below the bone level of nearby teeth, and those placed more than 2 millimeters below. The results showed that when implants were placed more than 2 millimeters below the nearby teeth, there was more bone loss around those natural teeth over time. This was especially true when the implant crown had a rounded (convex) shape at the gumline and in female patients. However, when the implant was placed closer to the bone level (≤2 mm) of the adjacent teeth, the amount of bone loss was smaller and less affected by the crown shape. Dentists should carefully consider how deep they place implants in relation to the surrounding teeth. Placing implants too far apical of the bone level of nearby teeth may lead to unwanted bone loss in those teeth, especially if the implant crown has a rounded (convex) profile. Proper implant positioning can help to reduce the risk of bone loss and improve long-term outcomes.

PMID:41582845 | DOI:10.1002/jper.70056

Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2026 Jan 26;27:e12. doi: 10.1017/S1463423626100838.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This exploratory project aimed to develop online learning materials with interactive narratives for supporting persons living with dementia, with particular focus on initial diagnosis and helping children to understand changes which may occur.

BACKGROUND: Dementia is a range of neurological conditions that cause the ongoing decline in brain function, manifesting as loss of memory, language, and problem-solving abilities. Over 55 million people worldwide are living with dementia, straining health and social care resources in their ability to provide information, care, and support for the family. There is a need for easily accessible, high-quality, and nationally scalable resources for dementia support for this growing population.

METHODS: Twine was used to produce online digital storytelling media titled ‘Grandad Forgot My Name’, following the narrative of dementia care for family members. Design, theming, artwork, and story pathways reflected key aspects of dementia and dementia care to facilitate additional support for readers, and health and social care workers. Usage statistics were monitored and readers answered evaluative surveys with numerical scoring and descriptive free responses. Story pathways and information were continuously updated following survey responses.

FINDINGS: Twine and interactive storytelling had potential to reach a wide audience at minimal cost, bridging the gaps between initial concerns, diagnosis, and appointment. However, there were issues with stakeholder adoptability and uptake when sharing materials which must be resolved in full-scaled outputs. Grandad Forgot My Name successfully demonstrated key design and logistical considerations when creating support resources of national impact, with cross-generational communication and reader-centric design optimising engagement.

PMID:41582825 | DOI:10.1017/S1463423626100838

Harefuah. 2026 Jan;166(1):42-47.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The optimal method for cervical ripening during labor remains debated.

AIMS: To determine the effective cervical ripening method based on fetal indications.

METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single tertiary center (2010-2021). Enrolled nulliparous women had a Bishop score of ≤6 and vertex presentation undergoing labor induction for fetal well-being indications (including non-reassuring fetal heart rate). Participants were categorized based on the ripening method used: prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or cervical ripening balloon (CRB).

RESULTS: The study included 716 nulliparous women: 462 (64.53%) induced by PGE2 and 254 (35.47%) induced by CRB. The duration from induction to delivery was similar for both PGE2 and CRB inductions (25 [15-41] vs. 26 [20-39] hours, p=0.34). There were no differences in delivery mode. Rates of chorioamnionitis and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) were lower with PGE2 (3.5% vs. 7.1%, p=0.021; 2.2% vs. 5.1%, p=0.034, respectively). No other significant differences were observed, including neonatal outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: Neither method demonstrated overall superiority in terms of efficacy or neonatal outcomes, although PGE2 exhibited a lower maternal risk profile. This point should be taken into consideration.

DISCUSSION: The study found similar efficacy between PGE2 and CRB for labor induction due to fetal indications in nulliparous women, with no difference in time to delivery or cesarean delivery (CDs). PGE2 demonstrated lower rates of chorioamnionitis and OASIS, suggesting better maternal safety. In cases of nulliparous women with an unripe cervix and fetal indications for induction, PGE2 and CRB are similarly effective. Nevertheless, PGE2 is associated with a lower risk of maternal complications.

PMID:41582797

Harefuah. 2026 Jan;166(1):8-13.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, a gender revolution has transformed the medical profession, with women becoming the majority in the workforce and increasingly dominating obstetrics and gynecology (Ob&Gyn), particularly in residency selection.

AIMS: No prior research has explored the determinants behind women’s preference for this residency in Israel or its anticipated impact.

METHODS: Qualitative research was conducted using unstructured, in-depth, interviews with 64 medical students randomly selected from Ben-Gurion University and the Technion, alongside 24 senior doctors and residents from the gynecology divisions at Soroka University Medical Center and Rambam Health Care Campus. The data subsequently underwent comprehensive thematic, focused, and interpretive analysis.

RESULTS: Among female medical students, obstetrics and gynecology is highly favored (41.4%). The primary motivation was professional interest (97%). Yet, many express concerns regarding work conditions that impact both personal and family life (42% and 37%, respectively). The clerkship exerts a crucial influence on residency decisions, as cited by 86% of students. Conversely, senior physicians worry that the increasing feminization will diminish its prestige and lower salaries. However, among students, such concerns are secondary; 62% believe that the shift towards predominantly female physicians will substantially shape the future trajectory of the field.

CONCLUSIONS: Within a decade, obstetrics and gynecology will evolve into a field predominantly led by female physicians. This gender shift will transform work routines and reshape healthcare systems with significant impact in Israel and across the western world confronting comparable trends.

PMID:41582791

J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2026 Jan 26. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000002132. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment severely disrupts functioning and recovery in schizophrenia. Methylphenidate extended-release (ER) shows promise for cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder but has limited, inconsistent evidence in schizophrenia. This study investigates low-dose methylphenidate ER’s effects on cognitive and functional outcomes in schizophrenia, addressing a critical therapeutic gap.

METHODS/PROCEDURES: In an 8-week, open-label, randomized crossover trial, 24 stable adults with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder received 4 weeks of methylphenidate ER or treatment-as-usual (TAU), with crossover at week 4, and follow-up at week 12. The primary outcome was improvement in functional capacity, measured by the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT), while secondary outcomes included cognitive performance, assessed by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), and symptom severity evaluated by Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS).

FINDINGS/RESULTS: VRFCAT scores improved significantly over time; in the first period (baseline to week 4), the medication-first arm showed improvement versus the TAU-first arm, with overall gains from baseline to week 8 of 303.47 seconds and 159.91 seconds , respectively, sustained post medication. BACS showed significant improvements in the TAU-first arm during the medication phase for Symbol Coding and Tower of London. PANSS-6 improved significantly while on study medication, notably in delusions and social withdrawal, without psychosis exacerbation. At 2-month follow-up, 75% resumed methylphenidate ER.

IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: While results are interpreted cautiously due to the open-label design and small sample size, this trial suggests low-dose methylphenidate ER may enhance functional capacity, specific cognitive domains, and symptoms in schizophrenia without exacerbating psychosis.

PMID:41582768 | DOI:10.1097/JCP.0000000000002132

Ecol Appl. 2026 Jan;36(1):e70183. doi: 10.1002/eap.70183.

ABSTRACT

Large old trees are widely recognized as ecologically important across forest landscapes and concern regarding the decline of these trees is well documented because of their role in maintaining biodiversity for a broad range of organisms. In response to a growing need to inventory such trees, we developed and present the methodology to map and quantify the occurrence of large trees based on height and dbh thresholds using airborne LiDAR data and associated canopy height models. The innovative, succinct, and flexible solution we offer is based on the integration and augmentation of several existing packages within the open-source statistical software R. We use local tree-height and crown diameter data to calibrate an algorithm to count individual trees above specified height thresholds, including supercanopy trees. To satisfy large-tree definitions based on dbh, we used individual-tree height and dbh data available from existing forest inventory plots to define height-dbh curves for dominant forest community types, which then allowed height thresholds to be used as a surrogate for specified dbh thresholds. We illustrate the use of these methods to efficiently map and quantify large tree distributions within 8 forest communities across a study area consisting of 1.65 million ha of productive, industrially managed forest in New Brunswick, Canada. Spatial maps are presented, along with large-tree frequency statistics for specific communities, according to the definitions outlined in New Brunswick’s provincial forest management guidelines. In excess of 37 million large trees are estimated to be broadly distributed across the study area. The methods developed identify patterns in the distribution of large trees across extensive areas (e.g., in millions of hectares) as one metric for maintenance of biodiversity at the landscape level. The methodology may be readily adapted to alternative forest-specific definitions of large trees based on tree height or dbh.

PMID:41582766 | DOI:10.1002/eap.70183

Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2026 Jan 15;28(1):30-41. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2503068.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To systematically evaluate neurodevelopmental differences between children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and healthy controls.

METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Wanfang Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System, and VIP Database to identify studies published from database inception to February 2025 that assessed the neurodevelopment of children with CHD (CHD group) and healthy controls (control group) using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. In total, 33 studies involving 3 316 children were included. Hedges’ g was used as the effect size. Meta analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analysis were performed using STATA/SE 17.0.

RESULTS: Based on BSID-II, compared with the control group, the CHD group had significantly lower mental development index (Hedges’ g=-1.09) and psychomotor development index (Hedges’ g=-1.22) scores (both P<0.001). Based on BSID-III, compared with the control group, the CHD group had markedly lower scores in cognition (Hedges’ g=-0.78), language (Hedges’ g=-0.65), and motor (Hedges’ g=-0.98) (all P<0.001). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale indicated that, compared with the control group, the CHD group had significantly lower full-scale intelligence quotient (Hedges’ g=-0.74), verbal intelligence quotient (Hedges’ g=-0.86), and performance intelligence quotient (Hedges’ g=-0.67) (all P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Children with CHD exhibit developmental delays in cognition, language, motor function, and intelligence.

PMID:41582746 | DOI:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2503068

J Community Psychol. 2026 Jan;54(1):e70084. doi: 10.1002/jcop.70084.

ABSTRACT

AIM: We explored the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-reported mental health and perceived social and economic challenges in very-low- to low- to middle-income households in four urban typologies in South Africa: formal township dwellings, backyard dwellings, inner-city high-density apartments, and informal settlement dwellings. The purpose was to inform urban policy and crisis-response planning.

METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with 1330 adults from a stratified random sample from each urban typology during the third SARS-CoV-2 wave.

RESULTS: Respondents reported increases in anxiety (28.5%), depression (23.9%), and decreased social connectedness (20.0%). Conversely, some respondents reported improved mental health, with decreases in anxiety (16.3%), depression (18.4%), and increased social connectedness (17.5%). Anxiety and depression were more prevalent in formal township dwellings and high-density apartments than in informal settlements. Financial concerns, worries about isolation, crime, and community violence, and fear of COVID-19 infection and stigma were mostly associated with decreased mental health.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that residents from different urban typologies were affected differently by the COVID-19 pandemic. This research demonstrates the impact of environmental disasters on mental health in urban communities, which is mediated by social and economic problems.

PMID:41582737 | DOI:10.1002/jcop.70084