Tag: statistics

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2025 Mar 22:S0889-5406(25)00100-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.02.013. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare changes in maxillary anterior alveolar bone remodeling and complication rates in adult patients with different periodontal conditions after maxillary anterior tooth retraction using fixed appliances. In addition, this study analyzed potential factors affecting alveolar bone thickness in patients with periodontitis.

METHODS: A total of 55 adult patients (mean age, 23.53 ± 4.55 years) with Angle Class I or II Division 1 malocclusion with maxillary protrusion were recruited and categorized into the healthy control group (n = 23), stage I periodontitis (P-I) group (n = 17), and stage II periodontitis (P-II) group (n = 15). The maxillary anterior teeth were retracted using a fixed appliance. Cone-beam computed tomography was used to measure the thickness, height, and density of the alveolar bone in the maxillary anterior region before (T1) and after (T2) treatment. The incidences of bone dehiscence and fenestration were documented. Statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate intergroup and intragroup differences. Clinical and cephalometric data were collected to identify factors affecting the changes in alveolar bone thickness using multivariate linear regression analysis.

RESULTS: The labial alveolar bone thickness increased significantly after treatment in all groups, but no differences were observed among the groups. In contrast, the palatal alveolar bone thickness decreased, particularly in the P-I and P-II groups, at the midroot and apical levels (P <0.05). A significant decrease in alveolar bone height was observed in the P-I and P-II groups (P <0.05). The incidence of palatal bone dehiscence was higher in the P-II (84.44%) and P-I (69.61%) groups. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that sex, treatment duration, periodontal treatment, changes in tooth inclination, and initial thickness significantly affected palatal alveolar bone thickness changes in patients with periodontitis.

CONCLUSIONS: After retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth with a fixed appliance, the labial alveolar bone of the maxillary anterior teeth thickened, whereas the palatal bone exhibited thinning in adults with periodontitis. The reduction in palatal bone height was more significant in this population than in healthy subjects, along with a higher incidence of palatal bone dehiscence. Bone morphology must be carefully assessed, considering these relevant factors before and during orthodontic treatment.

PMID:40119866 | DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2025.02.013

J Perianesth Nurs. 2025 Mar 21:S1089-9472(24)00554-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2024.11.010. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and causes of cancellation of day surgery.

DESIGN: This study was a retrospective, observational study and the clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records.

METHODS: Data of day surgery from March 1, 2023 to February 29, 2024 were collected in the major operating room in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, including patients’ general conditions, diagnoses, anesthesia methods, and whether surgery was performed. The incidence of surgery cancellation in different ages, genders, departments, and anesthesia methods was analyzed comprehensively.

FINDINGS: A total of 6,397 cases were scheduled, 211 cases were canceled after scheduling; the cancellation rate was 3.3%. The cancellation rate among different age groups (P < .01) was statistically significant with 6 to 17 years old as the lowest 1.30% (11/844), and over 65 years old as the highest 3.74% (20/535). The cancellation rate among different departments was statistically significant (P < .01) with plastic surgery as the lowest 2.06% (2/97) and neurosurgery as the highest 10.13% (8/79). The cancellation rate between different anesthesia methods was statistically significant (P < .05) with general anesthesia as 3.01% (140/4,654) and local anesthesia as 4.07% (71/1743). There was no statistically significant difference between different genders (P > .05). Medical reasons were the main reason for cancellation 65.2% (138/211).

CONCLUSIONS: The rate of cancellation is higher in elderly patients and local anesthesia patients and neurosurgery patients with day surgery. Medical reasons were the main cause of these cancellations, most of which could be avoided.

PMID:40119865 | DOI:10.1016/j.jopan.2024.11.010

J Perianesth Nurs. 2025 Mar 21:S1089-9472(24)00535-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2024.11.005. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To reduce fasting time before anesthesia for pediatric bronchoscopy through a quality improvement project.

DESIGN: A quality improvement project design was used.

METHODS: This quality improvement project was conducted between May 2022 and April 2023. The project team adopted the Intergrated Promoting Action on Reasearch Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) theoretical framework, combined with Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound (SMART) objectives and the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle, to implement a series of improvement measures at a large women and children’s hospital in Southwest China. Barrier analysis for fasting times and relevant balancing measures were identified. Data were analyzed using control charts and statistical process control methods.

FINDINGS: A total of 830 children were involved in this project. The results showed that the new fasting policy did not reduce the preoperative fasting time (8.11 ± 1.98 hours vs 8.41 ± 2.11 hours). Subgroup analysis showed that fasting time for fluid diet such as breastfed and formula patients decreased (P = .019, 95%CI: [-0.48, 0.83]). Correlation analysis indicated that fasting time was related to the number of surgeries (r = 0.342, P = .013), patient weight (r = 0.280, P = .044), and general anesthesia (r = 0.732, P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS: Due to cultural differences, education levels, medical resources, operational difficulties, parental cooperation, and policy management issues, this quality improvement project revealed the complexity of reducing preprocedural fasting times for pediatric bronchoscopy, making the localization of fasting guidelines difficult to implement in Southwest China. It emphasized the importance of understanding various factors influencing fasting durations and highlighted the need for further targeted interventions to address these factors effectively. These insights will inform future efforts to optimize fasting policies and improve patient and family experiences.

PMID:40119864 | DOI:10.1016/j.jopan.2024.11.005

Am J Primatol. 2025 Mar;87(3):e70024. doi: 10.1002/ajp.70024.

ABSTRACT

Kinship is a major determinant of affiliative and mating behavior in primates. In field studies, identifying kin typically relies in part on genetic analysis, especially for discriminating paternal relationships. Such analyses assume knowledge of Mendelian inheritance, genotyping technologies, and basic statistical inference. Consequently, they can be difficult for students to grasp, particularly through traditional lecture formats. Here, we investigate whether integrating an additional active learning approach-interaction with DadApp, an application built using the R package Shiny that implements a popular paternity inference approach in an accessible graphical user interface-improves student understanding of genetic kinship analysis in molecular primatology. We do so in the context of a nontraditional learning environment in Kenya, a developing nation in which students have limited access to technology, and where the efficacy of educational Shiny apps has never been assessed. Twenty-eight (28) participants with diverse educational backgrounds attended an introductory lecture on genetics and paternity inference, completed a pre-test, interacted with DadApp via a structured set of exercises and questions, and then completed a post-test and survey about their experience and subjective understanding. Post-test scores significantly improved relative to pre-test scores (p = 3.75 × 10^{– 6}), indicating enhanced learning outcomes. Further, student interest and confidence in the subject matter significantly increased after the practical session with DadApp. Our results suggest that Shiny web app-based active learning approaches have potential benefits in communicating complex topics in molecular primatology, including in resource-limited settings where such methods have not yet experienced high penetrance.

PMID:40119860 | DOI:10.1002/ajp.70024

Am J Primatol. 2025 Mar;87(3):e70028. doi: 10.1002/ajp.70028.

ABSTRACT

Ultrasound-guided intrauterine insemination (IUI) has been successfully employed in cynomolgus macaques, yet its effectiveness in large-scale, multi-age cohorts has not been fully explored. Here, we implemented IUI within large breeding colonies to boost pregnancy rates in cynomolgus macaques. Ovulation timing was estimated by monitoring menstrual bleeding, after which IUI was performed. We then compared single menstrual cycle (SMC) pregnancy rates between IUI groups and harem-style mating groups. Our findings revealed that the overall pregnancy rate in the IUI group was significantly higher than in the harem-style breeding group across all ages. Notably, this advantage was mainly attributable to monkeys over 10 years old; in contrast, no significant difference was observed among 4-5-year-old and 6-10-year-old monkeys. Although pregnant females in the IUI group exhibited a higher birth rate compared to those in harem-style breeding, this difference was not statistically significant. Collectively, these results establish a basis for refining reproductive technologies in older cynomolgus macaque breeding programs and highlight potential improvements in managing large-scale colonies.

PMID:40119859 | DOI:10.1002/ajp.70028

J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2025 Mar 22:gbaf057. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaf057. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Higher schooling attainment is associated with better cognitive function at older ages, but it remains unclear whether the relationship is causal. We estimated causal effects of schooling on performances on the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) word-recall (memory) test at older ages in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa.

METHODS: We used harmonized data (n = 30,896) on older adults (≥50 years) from the World Health Organization Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. We applied an established nonparametric partial-identification approach that bounds causal effects of increasing schooling attainment at different parts of the schooling distributions under relatively weak assumptions.

RESULTS: An additional year of schooling increased word-recall scores by between 0.01-0.13 standard deviations (SDs) in China, 0.01-0.06 SDs in Ghana, 0.02-0.09 SDs in India, 0.02-0.12 SDs in Mexico, and 0-0.07 SDs in South Africa when increasing schooling from never attended to primary. No results were obtained for Russia at this margin due to the low proportion of older adults with primary schooling or lower. At higher parts of the schooling distributions (e.g., high school or university completion) the bounds cannot statistically reject null effects.

DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that increasing schooling from never attended to primary had long-lasting effects on memory decades later in life for older adults in five diverse low-and-middle-income countries.

PMID:40119841 | DOI:10.1093/geronb/gbaf057

J Foot Ankle Res. 2025 Mar;18(1):e70038. doi: 10.1002/jfa2.70038.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To prospectively evaluate the association of various markers of sarcopenia and frailty with clinical outcomes in diabetes-related foot disease (DRFD), namely wound healing, amputation-free survival, and death over 3 years.

METHODS: This was an observational study of patients with DRFD at a quaternary multidisciplinary diabetic foot service. Initial assessment includes classification of DRFDs using WIfI classification, assessment of frailty using the FRAIL scale, and measurement of handgrip strength (HGS) using a dynamometer. Muscle mass was ascertained by measuring the psoas muscle area at the level of L3 vertebrae on computed tomography. Patients were followed up for 3 years and primary outcomes were wound healing, amputation-free survival, and death.

RESULTS: One hundred patients with a median age of 71 were included in the analysis. The majority of the patients were male (75%). Forty-seven percent of patients were considered as frail, with 37 patients recorded to have low HGS. Patients with high HGS had significantly higher odds of wound healing by 3.83 times when compared to those with low HGS (odds ratio = 3.83. 95% CI 1.35-10.92). Patients with low psoas muscle index (PMI) and low HGS were observed to have a higher risk of death based on the following hazard ratios: HGS (high vs. low), HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.22-0.997; PMI (low vs. high), HR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.17-3.96.

CONCLUSION: There was a significant prevalence of frailty and reduced HGS among our patients with DRFD. Low HGS was associated with poor wound healing and increased mortality in patients with DRFD. Additionally, low muscle mass was associated with increased mortality in this population. This research highlights the need for more precise tests and future studies of the links between sarcopenia, frailty, and outcomes in DRFD.

PMID:40119820 | DOI:10.1002/jfa2.70038

Laryngoscope. 2025 Mar 22. doi: 10.1002/lary.32149. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Understanding the trajectory of complications following total pharyngolaryngectomy (TPL) with free jejunal transfer (FJT) is crucial for enhancing patient management and improving surgical outcomes. However, the traditional Clavien-Dindo classification captures only the highest grade of complication and is unable to capture the progression of complications, limiting its utility for longitudinal assessments. This study utilized the comprehensive complication index (CCI) to provide a continuous evaluation of complications over time.

METHODS: This retrospective observational study included patients who underwent TPL with FJT between 2018 and 2023. Daily postoperative complications were tracked using the CCI, calculated from postoperative day 1 to day 30. A group-based trajectory model was employed to classify patterns of change in daily CCI. The predictive power of early CCI for a subsequent serious complication course was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

RESULTS: The trajectory modeling for a total of 161 eligible patients identified three distinct complication trajectories: no complication (n = 80), moderate (n = 66), and severe (n = 15). Initial CCI values were predictive of the severe complication course: a cutoff value of 8.7 for the CCI on postoperative day 2 provided an area under the curve of 0.926 with 86.7% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity.

CONCLUSIONS: Complication trajectories after TPL with FJT can be effectively categorized using the CCI, providing insights beyond the traditional grading systems. Early identification of the severe complication course allows for targeted interventions that may improve patient outcomes.

PMID:40119752 | DOI:10.1002/lary.32149

Evolution. 2025 Mar 22:qpaf062. doi: 10.1093/evolut/qpaf062. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Reproductive accessory glands are organs involved in reproduction that do not directly produce or release gametes but can play crucial roles in securing reproductive success. In fishes, the two leading hypotheses about why accessory glands evolved are 1) in response to sperm competition, or 2) to facilitate parental care activities. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of accessory glands and test these hypotheses by estimating quantitative differences in evolutionary rates. We found that accessory glands are present in 116 of the 607 sampled species of ray-finned fishes, representing 26/267 families. We estimated that accessory glands have arisen independently ~20 times and that these glands were gained 5.8 times faster in lineages with male parental care, compared to those without male care, supporting the hypothesis that they evolved to facilitate care. In contrast, group spawning, used as a proxy for sperm competition risk, seemed to select against the evolution of accessory glands, as lineages exhibiting group spawning gained accessory glands 3.9 times slower than those with pair spawning (though this failed to reach statistical significance). This study provides new insights into the evolutionary history of accessory glands in fishes and highlights the importance of parental care in shaping reproductive anatomy.

PMID:40119739 | DOI:10.1093/evolut/qpaf062

J Feline Med Surg. 2025 Mar;27(3):1098612X241309829. doi: 10.1177/1098612X241309829. Epub 2025 Mar 22.

ABSTRACT

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine differences, agreements and correlations of acid-base variables between arterial and venous blood gas in anaesthetised cats in a euvolaemic or hypovolaemic state.MethodsA group of six cats was used in a prospective randomised crossover haemorrhage-resuscitation study. Anaesthetised cats underwent three treatments at intervals of 2 months. Each treatment had a controlled haemorrhage phase and a resuscitation phase. The haemorrhage phase is the focus of this study. Arterial (carotid artery) and central venous blood were drawn simultaneously from preplaced catheters before haemorrhage (euvolaemic state; mean ± SD blood loss 1.3 ± 0.3 ml/kg for pre-haemorrhage data collection) and soon after controlled haemorrhage (hypovolaemic state; mean ± SD blood loss 15.8 ± 9.9 ml/kg). Acid-base variables from arterial and venous blood were compared under euvolaemic and hypovolaemic states as follows: (1) a paired t-test to determine the differences between the two samples; (2) a Bland-Altman plot to evaluate agreement and establish maximum clinically acceptable differences (defined a priori); and (3) Pearson’s correlation with least squares linear regression to determine the strength of correlation between the variables.ResultsThe differences in pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide were statistically significant under euvolaemic and hypovolaemic states but would not alter clinical decision-making. Agreements were clinically acceptable for all acid-base variables, except for the bias observed in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide under a hypovolaemic state. Correlations for all variables were strong under a euvolaemic state but weakened under a hypovolaemic state.Conclusions and relevanceUsing central venous blood sampling for acid-base analysis was clinically acceptable compared with arterial blood in our haemorrhage-resuscitation cat model during early compensated hypovolaemia. However, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide should be interpreted with caution, especially during hypovolaemia. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether these findings can be translated to critically ill cats.

PMID:40119721 | DOI:10.1177/1098612X241309829