Tag: statistics

Discov Oncol. 2025 Nov 6;16(1):2048. doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-03910-4.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, necessitating novel therapeutic targets. The plasma proteome represents a key source for such targets.

METHODS: Proteome-wide Mendelian randomization (MR) and colocalization analyses were conducted to assess the causal effects of plasma proteins on lung cancer subtypes and complications. Genetic instruments (cis-pQTLs) for 2,090 proteins were derived from plasma proteome data (54,306 UK Biobank and 35,559 Icelandic participants). Lung cancer phenotype data were obtained from FinnGen R10.

RESULTS: MR identified seven plasma proteins showing significant causal associations with specific lung cancer phenotypes: high GGT1 increased non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.46; P_FDR = 0.0261), GFRA2 increased the SCLC risk (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.24-2.21; P_FDR = 0.0462), and higher advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor reduced the squamous cell carcinoma risk (OR 0.338 per SD increase, 95% CI 0.209-0.548; P_FDR = 0.0138). Fifteen proteins showed associations with lung cancer complications. Colocalization strongly supported causal roles for eight proteins: FKBP1B (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.09-1.22; P_FDR = 0.00264), F11(OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.01; P_FDR = 1.47 × 10^{– 23}), ABO (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.21; P_FDR = 5.82 × 10^{– 9}), F2 (OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.74-5.31; P_FDR = 0.0102), and VSIG10L (OR 1.006, 95% CI 1.00-1.01; P_FDR = 0.0159).

CONCLUSION: This study reveals causal proteins for various lung cancer phenotypes and complications, emphasizing causal pathways and potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer and providing new insights into its etiology, prevention, treatment, and therapy.

PMID:41196451 | DOI:10.1007/s12672-025-03910-4

Health Econ Rev. 2025 Nov 6;15(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s13561-025-00631-w.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Health expenditure is influenced by complex interactions between economic, demographic, social factors, with significant variations across countries. This study aims to investigate the determinants of health expenditures employing robust regression methods offering a more flexible and reliable approach to dealing with outliers and high data variation.

METHODS: This study employs robust regression methods, Weighted Least Squares (WLS) and MM-estimator regression, to examine the determinants of health expenditures. The analyses were conducted using data from 179 countries for the year 2021 with the R Studio.

RESULTS: The findings indicate that income and ageing are significant determinants of health expenditures, and sixteen outliers were identified. In contrast, education level, public health expenditure, disease patterns showed no significant effect.

CONCLUSION: This study fills gap in the literature by using robust regression methods to account for outliers and provides new insights into the role of economic and demographic factors in health expenditures.

PMID:41196444 | DOI:10.1186/s13561-025-00631-w

Eur J Nutr. 2025 Nov 6;64(8):314. doi: 10.1007/s00394-025-03842-3.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Dietary intake plays a pivotal role in sustaining optimal melatonin levels, while the relationship between dietary patterns and circulating melatonin levels remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the associations between dietary patterns, nutrient intake, and serum melatonin levels in the Chinese population.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6,521 Chinese adults. Three dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the associations between dietary patterns and serum melatonin levels. The covariance analysis and partial least squares regression was used to evaluate the association between micronutrient intake and serum melatonin concentrations.

RESULTS: The Dietary pattern 2 (DP2), characterized by high intake of fatty foods and red meat with the lowest Dietary Variety Score (DVS), and DP3 featuring high consumption of red meat, fruits, and vegetables but low intake of white meat and aquatic products with low DVS, were significantly associated with lower serum melatonin levels (DP2: β = – 0.12, P-trend < 0.001; DP3: β = – 0.13, P-trend < 0.001). Insufficient nutrient and quality intake of dietary fiber, potassium, vitamin B2, calcium, and magnesium was found in DP2, whereas DP3 showed inadequate intake of protein, cholesterol, vitamin B2, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, and iron.

CONCLUSION: Specific dietary patterns, low dietary diversity and nutrient deficiencies are associated to reduced melatonin levels. These findings reveal distinct mechanisms linking overall dietary patterns to serum melatonin concentrations, underscoring the importance of appropriate dietary patterns and nutrients intake in sustaining optimal circulating melatonin homeostasis in humans.

PMID:41196434 | DOI:10.1007/s00394-025-03842-3

Environ Monit Assess. 2025 Nov 6;197(12):1303. doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-14700-4.

ABSTRACT

Accurate Air Quality Index (AQI) prediction is essential for timely health risk management in urban environments, yet challenges such as missing data and complex pollutant interactions limit the performance of traditional approaches. This study investigates AQI prediction for three years from six stations in Chennai, a South Indian coastal city, by coupling fourteen imputation techniques with five machine learning (ML) models to identify the most effective framework. Among the tested combinations, the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model with k-Nearest Neighbor imputation (kNNI-MLP) achieved the best performance, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9999, a root mean squared error of 0.4920, a mean absolute error of 0.2723, a symmetric mean absolute percentage error of 0.4522%, and a mean absolute scaled error of 0.0069%. Residual and calibration analyses confirmed unbiased and well-calibrated predictions, while trend analysis showed strong alignment between actual and predicted AQI values. Seasonal evaluation revealed consistent fluctuations, with AQI peaking in winter and post-monsoon and stabilizing during summer and monsoon. Station-wise patterns further highlighted site-specific pollution drivers such as traffic density, industrial activity, and waste burning. The findings establish kNNI-MLP as a robust AQI prediction framework and provide evidence for targeted interventions, including improved traffic regulation, waste management, and emission controls. Future research will focus on external validation to confirm the model’s generalizability across diverse urban contexts, as well as exploring interpretability techniques such as SHAP or variable importance analysis to enhance understanding of predictor contributions.

PMID:41196422 | DOI:10.1007/s10661-025-14700-4

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025 Nov 6;51(1):325. doi: 10.1007/s00068-025-02988-3.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Trauma is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where diagnostic resources are limited. This study evaluated whether early Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) reduces mortality and resource use in polytrauma patients in a low-resource setting.

METHODS: We conducted a single-center, randomized controlled trial among adults with severe trauma admitted to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Morocco. Patients were randomized to standard care or a protocol incorporating FAST during initial triage. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints included 30-day mortality, time to surgery, CT use, transfusion needs, and hospital stay. Multivariable logistic regression and survival analyses were performed.

RESULTS: A total of 157 patients were enrolled (77 control, 80 FAST). In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in the FAST group (39.2% vs. 66.2%, p = 0.001). Thirty-day mortality was also reduced (45.6% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.001). FAST use was associated with decreased odds of in-hospital death (adjusted OR 0.48; p = 0.050) and improved survival time (HR 0.56; p = 0.014). Fewer patients underwent CT in the FAST group (82.5% vs. 96.1%, p = 0.006), and time to surgery was shorter (5.16 vs. 9.82 h, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Early use of FAST significantly reduced mortality, CT use, and surgical delays. These findings support guideline recommendations for integrating FAST into trauma triage protocols, particularly in LMICs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: PACTR202507728817990 (retrospectively registered).

PMID:41196403 | DOI:10.1007/s00068-025-02988-3

Clin Oral Investig. 2025 Nov 6;29(12):553. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06600-1.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This RCT assessed the effectiveness of daily home-applied dual-light antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in smokers with Stage III or IV periodontitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty smokers were randomized to receive either NSPT alone (control) or NSPT with daily for four months at-home application of aPDT, prior to oral hygiene (test group). Clinical parameters-bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession (REC), full-mouth plaque score (FMPS), and Turesky Index-were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 months, and 6 months. aMMP-8 levels and patient-reported outcomes were also recorded.

RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in BoP, PD, and CAL (p < 0.05), but no significant intergroup differences were observed. BoP reduction at 2 weeks favored the test group (- 33.60% vs – 23.94%; p = 0.056). BoP continued to decrease at 4 and 6 months, reaching 29.55 ± 19.86% in the control group and 27.57 ± 16.43% in the test group at 6 months. The difference in mean BoP between the two groups at 6 months was not statistically significant (p = 0.680, Independent Samples Mann Whitney U Test). Plaque indices and aMMP-8 levels showed no significant differences. Compliance to dual-light aPDT averaged 77.7%; 72% of test participants were compliant. Greater compliance correlated with statistically significant improvements in mean values of all clinical parameters, whereas non-compliant patients presented with no changes (Related samples Friedman’s Two-Way Analysis). Patient-centered outcomes revealed positive feedback, with 84% of the patients willing to recommend the device and minor adverse effects.

CONCLUSION: In smokers with advanced periodontitis, adjunctive home use of dual-light aPDT did not result in statistically significant improvements over NSPT alone in clinical parameters such as BoP, PD, or CAL. Future placebo-controlled, long-term clinical trials are warranted to further assess its potential role in supportive periodontal care.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Within the limitations of this study, dual-light aPDT cannot be recommended as a superior adjunct to conventional treatment.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05962801.

PMID:41196397 | DOI:10.1007/s00784-025-06600-1

Popul Stud (Camb). 2025 Nov 6:1-18. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2025.2573930. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Despite its significance, men’s fertility has been largely overlooked in demographic research. This study seeks to address this gap by conducting a systematic comparative analysis of men’s and women’s fertility using data from the Spanish ECEPOV-2021 survey, a large-scale data set (N = 424,493) from the Spanish national statistical office. Findings indicate that women generally exhibit slightly higher completed cohort fertility rates than men, with exceptions among remarried, college-educated, and immigrant men, who show higher fertility than their female counterparts. Childlessness emerges as a key factor underlying fertility differentials between the sexes, accounting for nearly half of the observed difference. After using matching techniques to control for compositional differences, the study concludes that adjusting for demographic and socio-economic factors significantly reduces, although does not entirely eliminate, the fertility differential. Residual differences may stem from measurement errors, selection biases, or unmeasured variables.

PMID:41195596 | DOI:10.1080/00324728.2025.2573930

J Dermatolog Treat. 2025 Dec;36(1):2583235. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2025.2583235. Epub 2025 Nov 6.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Optimizing acute wound care after resurfacing lasers is essential for healing, downtime, and cosmetic outcomes. Demand for effective topicals has led to use of various products.

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the efficacy of silicone-based fluid gel versus white paraffin ointment in managing acute post-resurfacing laser wounds.

METHODS: In this intra-individual, split-face study, 15 patients treated for acne scars applied silicone gel to one facial half and white paraffin to the other. Two blinded dermatologists assessed acute reactions using the VISIA Complexion Analysis system. Patient satisfaction was measured with two tools.

RESULTS: The silicone-treated side showed greater erythema, pruritus, scaling, and crusting than the paraffin side, though differences were not statistically significant. VISIA demonstrated significantly worse redness, higher porphyrin levels, and greater textural change on the silicone side (p = 0.04), suggesting increased susceptibility to acneiform eruptions. Patient-reported outcomes and physician global assessments revealed no significant difference in overall aesthetic results between sides.

CONCLUSION: White paraffin ointment provided comparable or superior management of acute post-resurfacing wounds. Silicone-based gel may elevate porphyrins and potentially predispose to acneiform eruptions, warranting further study.

PMID:41195573 | DOI:10.1080/09546634.2025.2583235

Environ Mol Mutagen. 2025 Nov 6. doi: 10.1002/em.70038. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin exhibits unique morphological and physiological adaptations compared to other domestic bovines to enhance thermoregulation facilitated by abundant dermal melanin. Melanin synthesis and distribution, governed by the melanogenesis pathway and associated genes underpin coat color phenotypes and determine thermotolerance. The molecular mechanisms regulating pigmentation in buffalo skin remain underexplored as well as the reliable internal control genes (ICGs) for qPCR normalization. This study addresses the critical gap by systematically evaluating a panel of nine candidate reference genes for their expression stability in skin tissues from contrastingly pigmented buffaloes, jet-black Murrah and Nili Ravi (CC1) versus extensively white-spotted Nili Ravi (CC2). From the application of comprehensive statistical algorithms (deltaC_q, NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper), the combination of GAPDH, EEF1A1, and RPS23 emerged as the most stable reference gene set for normalization. Validation using key melanogenesis genes (KIT and TYR) confirmed that normalization with this trio yields consistent and biologically relevant expression profiles, with KIT robustly downregulated in white versus black skin. The recommended reference gene combination ensures robust normalization in gene expression profiling of melanogenesis-related genes in buffalo skin tissue.

PMID:41195572 | DOI:10.1002/em.70038

Int J Environ Health Res. 2025 Nov 6:1-15. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2025.2579084. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Wildfire events are increasing in frequency and intensity globally, partly due to climate change. This emerging public health crisis will disproportionately impact vulnerable populations such as children. Epidemiological studies link wildfire smoke, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), with adverse respiratory outcomes; yet few focus specifically on pediatric populations. This systematic review examines wildfire smoke impacts respiratory health in youth populations by analyzing studies identified through a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and Web of Science through 30 September 2024. Of 120 publications identified, five met the inclusion criteria: three retrospective cohorts, one cross-sectional, and one case-crossover study. Studies were conducted in the U.S. and Canada, using various exposure assessment methods including stationary monitors, satellite imagery, and surveys. Not all studies reported compatible effect measures, vote counting based on the direction of effect, and statistical significance was applied. All studies reported increases in respiratory symptoms, hospital visits, and medication use on days with significant wildfire smoke exposure. Differences in exposure measurement methods, health outcome definitions, and age stratifications limited cross-study comparability. Despite limitations, the review found consistent evidence linking wildfire smoke exposure to worsened respiratory health in children. Further research using standardized exposure assessments and age-specific analyses is needed.

PMID:41195550 | DOI:10.1080/09603123.2025.2579084