Tag: statistics

Indian J Ophthalmol. 2025 Nov 1;73(11):1633-1639. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1692_24. Epub 2025 Oct 29.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) changes in acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) eyes compared to fellow unaffected eyes and describe the longitudinal OCTA changes within the first 12 weeks of onset while the disc is still edematous.

DESIGN: A prospective observational study.

METHODS: A total of 30 patients, diagnosed with unilateral acute NAION, were included. Bilateral OCT and OCTA of the macula and optic nerve head (ONH) were done. Scans were performed at presentation and then at 6 weeks and 12 weeks thereafter.

RESULTS: Nerve fibre layer thickness (NFLT) and ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC) were significantly lower in diseased eyes after resolution of edema. Similarly, ONH and peripapillary vessel densities were significantly reduced in NAION eyes throughout the three visits, while macular superficial vessel density demonstrated a statistically significant decrease only from the second visit onward. Conversely, deep macular and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) vessel density (VD) showed no significant change in NAION eyes except at the third visit with lower VD in NAION eyes. However, all VD biomarkers of NAION eyes, including deep macular and FAZ VD, demonstrated a significant decrease in the 6-week and 12-week visits compared to baseline.

CONCLUSIONS: OCTA VD changes in NAION demonstrated a temporal sequence where radial peripapillary capillary vascular density was the first to decrease, followed by macular superficial vascular density and last the macular deep vascular density. Moreover, there was a progressive decrease in all OCTA VD measurements in NAION eyes during follow-up.

PMID:41148018 | DOI:10.4103/IJO.IJO_1692_24

Indian J Ophthalmol. 2025 Nov 1;73(11):1620-1626. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_992_25. Epub 2025 Oct 29.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical and imaging characteristics of isolated retinal astrocytic hamartoma (RAH) versus tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-associated RAH.

METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study included 38 patients diagnosed with RAH between 2000 and 2023. Clinical data and imaging findings were evaluated, including color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), B-scan ultrasonography, and fundus autofluorescence. Statistical comparisons were performed between isolated and TSC-associated RAH.

RESULTS: The mean patient age was 26 years, with a slight male predominance (55%). Bilateral involvement was more common in TSC-associated RAH (55%). Overall, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of 18 eyes revealed optically empty cavities (44%), inner retinal disorganization (13%), outer retinal disorganization (8%), complete retinal disorganization (8%), and associated subretinal (SRF) and intraretinal fluid in 28% and 17% of eyes, respectively. Autofluorescence showed hyperautofluorescence in 86% and hypoautofluorescence in 14%, corresponding to calcified and noncalcified regions. Compared with isolated RAH, TSC-associated RAH demonstrated a higher prevalence of multifocal lesions (47% vs. 29%), superior quadrant involvement (86% vs. 40%), complete retinal disorganization (71% vs. 20%), and presence of SRF (100% vs. 0%).

CONCLUSION: TSC-associated RAH exhibits distinct morphological and imaging features, including greater multifocality and superior quadrant involvement. TSC-associated RAH exhibits more extensive retinal disorganization, frequent loss of deeper retinal layer visibility, and association with SRF, which may serve as an important diagnostic marker for systemic screening. Recognizing these differences aids ophthalmologists when evaluating RAH and associated TSC.

PMID:41148016 | DOI:10.4103/IJO.IJO_992_25

Indian J Ophthalmol. 2025 Nov 1;73(11):1596-1601. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_930_25. Epub 2025 Oct 29.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate real-world outcomes of faricimab in treating diabetic macular edema (DMO) in treatment-naive and treatment-switch patients.

DESIGN: Retrospective audit.

METHODS: All patients with DMO initiating 6 mg faricimab at a London hospital between 01/01/2022-02/02/2024 were included. The protocol comprised four four-weekly loading doses followed by a treat-and-extend regimen tailored to response. Data collected included demographics, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and central macular thickness (CMT).

RESULTS: Overall, 65 patients (87 eyes) received faricimab; 34 eyes (39.1%) were treatment-naive, and 53 eyes (60.9%) had switched from other treatments. In the treatment-naive group (24 patients; mean follow-up 8 months, SD = 3.8; 3-8 injections), mean age was 66 years (SD = 10), baseline VA: 59.5 EDTRS (SD = 13), and CMT: 485.1 μm (SD = 80), reducing to 327.2 μm (SD = 70; P < 0.0001). Final VA was 62.7 EDTRS (SD = 14; P = 0.259). The treatment-switched group (41 patients, 53 eyes) had a mean age of 65 (SD = 11) years. A total of 32 eyes (60.4%) had a single prior treatment; 25 had received aflibercept, four eyes had received ranibizumab, and three eyes had received dexamethasone implants. The other 21 (39.6%) eyes had combinations of these medications. Patients received 2-11 faricimab injections. Mean follow-up was 8.4 months (SD = 3.9), initial VA: 59.7 EDTRS (SD = 12.9), and CMT: 439.5 μm (SD = 102), decreasing to 366.9 μm (SD = 80.7) (P < 0.0001); final VA was 61.4 (SD = 15.4) (P = 0.55).

CONCLUSION: Faricimab significantly reduced CMT in both groups, with a greater reduction in treatment-naive eyes. VA improvement was, however, not statistically significant. Further studies are warranted to explore factors influencing visual outcomes.

PMID:41148014 | DOI:10.4103/IJO.IJO_930_25

Indian J Ophthalmol. 2025 Nov 1;73(11):1581-1589. doi: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_927_25. Epub 2025 Oct 29.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To present results from the Vitreo Retina Society-India (VRSI) 2024 Preference and Trends Survey, focusing on polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) management practices among Indian vitreoretinal surgeons.

METHODS: Responses to a 62-item questionnaire, distributed to all VRSI members over email via Google Forms, were collected over 6 weeks in July–August 2024. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: A total of 289 members participated in the survey. The majority of respondents preferred multimodal imaging for the diagnosis of PCV (44.68%) and aflibercept for initiation of therapy (63.12%). Respondents preferred a loading dose with a pro-re-nata regimen (46.45%) and a switch after three injections in cases of suboptimal response (57.45%), with a strong preference for switching to brolucizumab (63.93%). Pan-retinal photocoagulation was the predominantly preferred treatment modality for all cases of proliferative DR, with an increased preference for combining it with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in cases with high-risk characteristics. For centre-involving diabetic macular edema, ranibizumab biosimilars (40.79%) in a by pro re nata regimen (53.21%) were preferred. Respondents would switch to steroids (54.48%) for suboptimal response after three anti-VEGF injections (91.04%).

CONCLUSIONS: The current preferences in the management of PCV and DR among Indian vitreoretinal surgeons are reported here. The results of this survey will assist fellow practitioners in understanding contemporary real-world practices in relation to established literature and in developing appropriate guidelines.

PMID:41148013 | DOI:10.4103/IJO.IJO_927_25

Geospat Health. 2025 Jul 7;20(2). doi: 10.4081/gh.2025.1393. Epub 2025 Oct 27.

ABSTRACT

This study is a quantitative, ecological, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study on dengue in the state of Paraíba in north-eastern Brazil aimed to compare the performance of spatial clustering methods based on epidemiological data. The population consisted of all people residing in the state, and the sample was all dengue fever cases reported annually between 2018 and 2022. The residence localization of people suffering from dengue fever was used to identify the spatial distribution of this infection in the Paraíba State. Scan Statistics, Besag-Newell, Getis-Ord, MStatistics and Tango were used and it was observed that the methods Getis-Ord, M-Statistic and Tango showed large spatial clusters, which included municipalities with high and low values. Scan Statistics and Besag-Newell’s method also showed most of these clusters, with Scan Statistic providing better agreement with the high Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) than Besag-Newell’s method. In conclusion, Scan statistic outperformed the other methods by identifying significant clusters in greater proportion in all study periods when mapping using Rigorous Impact Evaluation (RIE) was applied. However, it is necessary to consider each method’s assumptions to select the most appropriate method for each application. Thus, this study provides relevant elements to help decision makers manage and prevent diseases, such as dengue fever and other vector-borne diseases.

PMID:41147980 | DOI:10.4081/gh.2025.1393

Can J Diet Pract Res. 2025 Oct 28:1-9. doi: 10.3148/cjdpr-2025-022. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Dietitians (RDs) are well-positioned to drive food system transformation by supporting dietary patterns sourced from sustainable food systems (SFS). This research aims to identify how RDs conceptualize sustainability, describe SFS activities, define success, and determine the knowledge and skills required to practice in this area. Methods: A convenience sample of Canadian RDs completed a cross-sectional survey with open- and close-ended questions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative responses were thematically analyzed. Practice activities were mapped using the Socioecological Framework (SEF). Results: A diverse sample (n = 92) reported using common SFS definitions, frameworks, or other documents. Practice activities were reported on all levels of the SEF. Dietitians reported successes; however, the vagueness or responses suggested it may be too early to quantify these. Dietitians reported needing foundational and practice area-specific knowledge and skills and practical examples to support SFS in practice. Conclusions: Canadian RDs in this study demonstrated significant work in SFS using skills they developed to practice in other areas of dietetics. There is an opportunity to expand impact by sharing existing resources, developing new supports that include Indigenous perspectives and systems thinking, evolving RD roles, increasing macro-level strategies, and identifying success indicators to monitor impact.

PMID:41147971 | DOI:10.3148/cjdpr-2025-022

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2025 Dec;16(1):2568339. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2025.2568339. Epub 2025 Oct 28.

ABSTRACT

Background and objective: The revisions of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 introduced several changes that altered the conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), potentially affecting diagnosis of children and adolescents. This study investigates the differences in rates of PTSD, diagnostic agreement, and comorbidity in children and adolescents when using DSM-5 or ICD-11.Method: The study is based on secondary analysis of data. Sample 1 and 2 consist of children and adolescents referred to mental health clinics (CAMHS) across Norway and sample 3 includes children referred to community services for trauma treatment. The total sample consisted of 290 children and adolescents (ages 7-18). Cohen’s kappa, McNemar tests and bootstrapped estimates with 95% CI were used to investigate our research questions.Results: The rate of _DSM-5PTSD (55.9%) was significantly higher than _ICD-11PTSD (33.2%), which seems to be particularly related to the re-experiencing criterion. There was a weak agreement of 74.5% between the two diagnoses manuals (kappa = .51). Using DSM-5 showed larger overlap between depression and PTSD (24.5% vs. 12.3%), as well as attention difficulties and PTSD (21.8% vs. 12.1%) as compared to ICD-11. However, our results also suggest that comorbidity rates for those with PTSD may be higher when using ICD-11 criteria compared to DSM-5 criteria (61.9% vs 53.1.% for depression).Conclusions: The results indicate that choice of diagnostic manual can influence whether children meet diagnostic criteria. Using ICD-11 criteria may help identify a subgroup of children and adolescents with more severe PTSD symptom profiles. Whereas using ICD-11 criteria is associated with high specificity of the diagnosis, it seems to also increase the comorbidity among those diagnosed. In contrast, utilizing DSM-5 criteria may identify children and adolescents with less distinct symptom presentations. Choice of diagnostic manual may influence access to evidence-based treatment.

PMID:41147898 | DOI:10.1080/20008066.2025.2568339

Bone Jt Open. 2025 Oct 28;6(10):1330-1342. doi: 10.1302/2633-1462.610.BJO-2025-0098.R1.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the patient-reported outcomes of operative and nonoperative management in adults with a fracture of the distal radius, with a focus on the outcomes in older patients (aged ≥ 65 years).

METHODS: Randomized controlled trials comparing operative and nonoperative management of patients aged ≥ 18 years with dorsally displaced distal radius fractures were included. Operative management included open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), manipulation and Kirschner-wiring, or external fixation. Nonoperative management included cast/splint immobilization with or without closed reduction. Primary outcome was the 12-month Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE). Additional outcomes included the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), pain, complications, and radiological parameters. A sub-group analysis was undertaken for studies that reported outcomes in older adults (aged ≥ 65 years).

RESULTS: After screening 1,635 studies, 19 trials with 2,178 patients (mean age 63 years (18 to 98), 74% female) were included. Seven studies reported outcomes in older patients (n = 773). There were statistical but not clinically significant differences favouring surgery for PRWE at three months (mean difference (MD) -8.70, 95% CI -14.45 to -2.95; p = 0.003) and 12 months (MD -2.96, 95% CI -5.15 to -0.77; p = 0.008). There was a statistical but not clinically significant difference in DASH at three months (MD -10.58, 95% CI -13.15 to -8.01; p < 0.00001) and 12 months (MD -4.17, 95% CI -6.05 to -2.30; p < 0.001) favouring surgery. There was no difference in complications (odds ratio (OR) 0.95, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.76; p = 0.880). For older adults, there was no difference in the PRWE at three months (MD -8.53, 95% CI -18.13 to 1.07; p = 0.080) or 12 months (MD -2.13, 95% CI -4.60 to 0.33; p = 0.090), with no difference in complications (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.21 to 2.49; p = 0.620).

CONCLUSION: Operative management of adult dorsally displaced distal radius fractures was associated with superior functional outcomes according to the PRWE and DASH, but whether these are clinically meaningful is debatable. However, in older adults there was no significant or clinically meaningful benefit of surgery.

PMID:41147259 | DOI:10.1302/2633-1462.610.BJO-2025-0098.R1

Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2025 Oct 28. doi: 10.1111/brv.70090. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

A series of terminological, technical, conceptual, and statistical challenges present themselves when trying to study correlations between measures of performance abilities (what an animal can do) and behavioural traits (what an animal chooses to do). We attempt to synthesise literature on this topic, with a specific focus on locomotor performance and behavioural traits measured with standardised tests. We argue that measures of forced performance (e.g. endurance on a motorised treadmill) and voluntary behaviour (e.g. wheel running) often fall along a continuum, sometimes grading into each other. On the performance end of the continuum, tests should measure what an animal can do when motivation is maximal and/or it is given no choice but to exert itself maximally. On the behavioural end of the continuum, tests should capture what animals choose to do of their own free volition, with no experimental attempt to affect motivation. Hence, performance tests attempt to eliminate variation in motivation by forcing all individuals to be maximally motivated, whereas variation in motivation is an inherent component of all behavioural tests. In some cases, however, differentiating between measures of performance versus behaviour can seem almost arbitrary. Moreover, individuals may consistently differ in how willing they are to ‘perform’ even when ‘forced’ to do so. We compiled studies reporting any association (covariation, correlation or linear regression) between putative measures of locomotor performance and behaviour in various taxa. The vast majority of those studies report phenotypic correlations, and only a handful have reported genetic correlations or explored potential correlated responses to selection on performance or behaviour. To our knowledge, this is the first global overview of how locomotor performance and behaviour covary in animals, and we believe that our synthesis will be useful to guide future research on locomotor performance and its relationship with other ecologically relevant traits. For example, we argue that a multi-level (co)variance partitioning approach is necessary to gain insights into the importance of how motivation differs across levels (e.g. among- versus within-individual variation, genetic versus environmental variation). Finally, we outline a multitude of compensation and co-specialisation mechanisms that may occur between performance and behaviour, and propose future avenues for research that include selection and manipulative studies to help identify the role of correlational selection, individual experience, and predation detectability on the relationships between behaviour and performance.

PMID:41147254 | DOI:10.1111/brv.70090

Pediatr Pulmonol. 2025 Oct;60(10):e71284. doi: 10.1002/ppul.71284.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors for chronic coughing in children diagnosed with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) and provide a reference for a foundation for clinical diagnosis and therapy.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted by gathering pertinent clinical data from children with MPP who were hospitalized in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Relevant clinical data were collected during their hospitalization. At least 4 weeks after discharge from the hospital, the children were followed up by telephone and outpatient clinic to determine whether they had developed chronic cough. The number of sequential courses of azithromycin and the duration of the out-of-hospital nebulizer treatment were recorded. Results 28 cases (14.9%) with chronic cough among the 188 children with MPP were included in the case group, while 160 cases (85.1%) were included in the control group. Age, C reactive protein (CRP), CT feature, Mycoplasma antibody titers, the number of sequential courses of azithromycin and the number of days of nebulization therapy in the case group were statistically different from those in the control group (p < 0.05). Through logistic regression analysis, we found that the history of atopic constitution, serum IgE levels, the number of sequential courses of azithromycin, and the number of days of nebulization therapy influenced chronic cough in MPP children. (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate a potential association between atopic constitution and the development of chronic cough in MPP children, and suggest that sequential azithromycin and nebulization therapy might help reduce the likelihood of chronic cough.

PMID:41147253 | DOI:10.1002/ppul.71284