Tag: statistics

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):263-267. doi: 10.17392/1942-22-02.

ABSTRACT

Aim To examine and evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of young-onset breast cancer across molecular subtypes in patients from Southeast Asia, with a specific focus on those treated at H. Adam Malik Hospital, Indonesia. Methods A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on medical records of breast cancer patients aged <40 years treated at H. Adam Malik Hospital from January 2017 to December 2022. Data included demographic, clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Statistical analyses were performed descriptively. Results Among the 104 patients analyzed, 71 (69.2%) had T4 tumors, and 49 (47.1%) had NST-type tumors. Most cases lacked ER (72, 69.2%) and PR (71, 68.3%) expression. A total of 41 patients had poorly differentiated tumors, with the majority at stage IV. The HER-2 positive subtype was most common (39, 37.5%), followed by Luminal B (31, 29.8%) and TNBC (22, 21.2%). Conclusion Young-onset breast cancer at H. Adam Malik Hospital predominantly features advanced stages, aggressive histopathological grades, and a high prevalence of HER2-positive and Luminal B subtypes. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and personalized treatment approaches.

PMID:41082750 | DOI:10.17392/1942-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):258-262. doi: 10.17392/1968-22-02.

ABSTRACT

Aim to investigate the prevalence of cervical cytology abnormalities over five years and to correlate it with patient’s age and presence/absence of HPV infection. Methods Pap findings of 614 women with documented cervical abnormalities and Pap findings of HPV-positive women (regardless of whether the Pap test showed an intraepithelial abnormality) were included in this study. Results The majority of women included in the study (36.5%) were aged 30-39 years. The most common abnormalities included atypical squamous cells-ASC (47.4%) and low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL)-15.1%. Out of 614 women, 270 (43.9%) were positive for HPV. HR HPV positivity was found in 256 (41.7%). The proportion of HPV infection positivity decreases with age, especially in the two oldest age groups (women older than 60), p=0.03. The analysis showed a higher ratio of Pap smear abnormalities in groups of patients older than 40 years of age (p=0.02). The youngest age group (patients younger than 20 years of age) showed no other lesions than ASC, while women younger than 40 had no SCC on Pap smear. (p<0.01). Out of 256 HR HPV- positive women 42.2% (n=108) showed Pap abnormalities. HR HPV-positive women more commonly had HSIL lesions, but without statistical significance (p>0.05). Conclusion The results obtained contribute to the knowledge about HPV prevalence and the incidence of squamous cell abnormalities and confirm the necessity for further implementation of HPV vaccination and organized cervical cancer screening program on national level. Keywords: cervical dysplasia, Pap smear, screening.

PMID:41082749 | DOI:10.17392/1968-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):248-252. doi: 10.17392/1978-22-02.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study aimed to reveal the prevalence of the insulin resistance (IR) identified by triglyceride glucose index (TyG index) among students of University of Sarajevo. The impact of visceral fat level and waist to hip ratio measures on TyG value in students has been investigated.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study included 160 apparently healthy students, both genders, aged from 19-27 years. Two groups were formed: Group1, TyG <4,49 and Group 2, TyG³4,49. A short interview, questionnaire, anthropometric measures, visceral fat level (VFL), blood pressure and biochemical parameters were applied. The statistical level of significance was P<0,05.

RESULTS: Forty-five students (28, 1%) were insulin resistant. There was a significant difference in TyG value (P<0,001), [group 1- 4,19 (3,93-4,34 vs. group 2 – 4,59 (4,55-4,74)]. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid parameters-total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC, TG and VLDL-C) were significantly higher in group TyG ³4,49 compared to TyG <4,49 group, with exception of HDL-C of LDL-C (P>0.05). Stepwise linear regression analysis showed significant impact of waist to hip ratio on TyG value (P=0,001).

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IR measured by TyG in university students was 28,1%. The impact of waist to hip ratio on value of TyG index points on possible application of both parameters in visceral obesity and insulin resistance assessment in apparently healthy individuals.

PMID:41082747 | DOI:10.17392/1978-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):218-224. doi: 10.17392/1918-22-02.

ABSTRACT

AIM:   This study examines the effects of implementing a modified Re-Engineered Discharge (RED) intervention on Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events (MACCE) and readmission rates 30 days after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery. Methods A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 104 participants who underwent elective CABG surgery. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received discharge training through the modified re-engineered discharge program, while the control group followed the standard discharge protocol used at the center. Data on major adverse events and readmission rates were collected 30 days after discharge.

RESULTS: The results indicated no statistically significant differences between the intervention and control groups regarding major adverse events and readmission rates post-discharge. Both groups showed similar outcomes after the implementation of the modified re-engineered discharge program. Conclusion This study contributes to the growing body of research on discharge interventions by providing insights into the challenges of integrating structured programs into routine care. It highlights the importance of comprehensive planning, resource allocation, and extended follow-up to enhance patient outcomes in cardiac surgery.

PMID:41082742 | DOI:10.17392/1918-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):212-217. doi: 10.17392/1949-22-02.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) and short-wave Diathermy (SWD) on the Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)/Albumin ratio, Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), IL-8 levels, and length of stay (LOS) in hospitalized pneumonia patients.

MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a randomized experimental study with a pre-post control group structure. The study included 24 pneumonia patients who were treated at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital and Lawang General Hospital between 2022 and 2023. For 5 days, subjects were separated into three groups: control, intervention (PR only), and intervention (PR and SWD). The data were examined by comparing the deltas of each group. PSI and CURB-65 were used to calculate severity indices and blood samples were obtained before and after the intervention to determine the BUN/Albumin ratio and IL-8 levels.

RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the BUN/Albumin ratio after the intervention (p=0.03). IL-8 levels and LOS showed a decreasing trend, although not statistically significant (p=0.208; p=0.249). There was a substantial correlation between PSI and IL-8 and the BUN/Albumin ratio (p=0.015; p=0.002; p=0.001).

CONCLUSION: This study highlights reduced IL-8 levels, the BUN/Albumin ratio, and a shorter LOS in pneumonia patients receiving PR and SWD therapy for 5 days. This study reinforces the evidence that PR and SWD can serve as adjunctive therapies for patients with pneumonia.

PMID:41082741 | DOI:10.17392/1949-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):201-206. doi: 10.17392/1972-22-02.

ABSTRACT

Aim This study compared the extent of coronary artery calcification in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA). Methods This retrospective, observational cohort study included 107 patients who underwent CCTA at the Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo between July and December 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: those with T2DM (n=51) and those without T2DM (n=56). Laboratory parameters, demographic data, and calcium scores were analysed. The calcium score was categorised into six groups based on cardiovascular risk and the comparison was made using appropriate statistical analysis. Results Patients with T2DM had significantly higher calcium scores than non-diabetic patients (p=0.0001). In the T2DM group, 35.3% of patients had a calcium score >400, indicating high cardiovascular risk. Patients without diabetes were more frequently classified into lower-risk categories (p=0.0001). A significant correlation was found between calcium score and age (r=0.442, p=0.001) and gender (r=-0.218, p=0.024), with men having higher calcium scores. Additionally, total cholesterol, LDL, and uric acid levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients (p=0.005; p=0.025; p=0.03, respectively). Conclusion This study confirms a strong association between T2DM and increased coronary artery calcification. Age and male gender are significant predictors of higher calcium scores. Further research is needed to explore these relationships, particularly within the Bosnian population. Keywords Coronary angiography, coronary artery calcification, coronary disease, diabetes mellitus type 2.

PMID:41082739 | DOI:10.17392/1972-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):185-190. doi: 10.17392/1915-22-02.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study aimed to assess recipient characteristics and blood product usage patterns at the Transfusion Medicine Institute of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina(FB&H) in 2023, focusing on clinic-specific blood requests.

METHODS: The study was conducted from 1st January to 29th December 2023. Data were collected from the Renovatio information system of the Transfusion Medicine Institute of FB&H. Information about patient age, gender, the clinics requesting blood, and the number and composition of issued blood products were gathered.

RESULTS: A total of 27,927 units of blood products were issued for 3,341 patients. The average age of transfused patients was 57.25 years, with a nearly equal distribution of male1.662 (49.75%) and females 1.679 (50.25%). Blood requests came from 28 clinics/hospital department, with the following distribution of blood products: 12,267 units of red blood cells, 6,982 units of platelet products, 8,661 units of fresh frozen plasma, and 17 units of cryoprecipitate. The number of doses issued per patient ranged from 1 to 356.

CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of assessing transfusion practices and recipient outcomes. It is essential to incorporate clinical parameters, such as hemoglobin levels, to optimize transfusion strategies. Multidisciplinary patient blood management approaches are necessary for ensuring safe and effective transfusions, aimed at achieving appropriate clinical outcomes.

PMID:41082736 | DOI:10.17392/1915-22-02

Med Glas (Zenica). 2025 Aug 25;22(2):179-184. doi: 10.17392/2014-22-02.

ABSTRACT

A caesarean section (CS) is an obstetric surgical intervention and mode of delivery which aims to finish the pregnancy surgically. CS are one of the most important surgical interventions in modern obstetrics and have lead to a significant reduction of fetal and maternal mortality. However, it is important to take into consideration that CS can have risks and lead to unwanted short-term and long-term consequences. One of the main questions of modern obstetric is the ideal CS rate, including ways to reduce an undesirably high CS rate. The ideal CS rate ranging between 10 to 20% according to various research, but some countries have reached rates exceeding 50%, while in other, less developed countries, the issue of accessibility for CS still exists and consequently leads to a high mortality rate. Significant inequality exists in CS accessibility between developed and less developed areas of countries, and countries themselves. In some cases it is even desirable to increase CS rates in order to reduce negative patient outcome.

PMID:41082735 | DOI:10.17392/2014-22-02

Health Lit Res Pract. 2025 Oct;9(4):e105-e116. doi: 10.3928/24748307-20250612-03. Epub 2025 Oct 15.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Despite the significance of health literacy, studies show the inadequacy of health literacy in the health system of Iran. Inadequate health literacy is considered a warning for service providers. It needs to be integrated into educational programs that are administered within health and medical centers.

OBJECTIVE: Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the barriers to health literacy in Iran’s health system.

METHODS: The present qualitative study was conducted in 2023 using a conventional content analysis. To this aim, 18 participants were selected among urban health center staff, 21 from rural health centers, 10 health volunteers, and 8 trainees (people participating in training classes) for interviews and group discussions. After the first interview, continuous data analysis began and continued to saturation level. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions and were simultaneously analysed using a conventional qualitative analysis.

KEY RESULTS: Two main categories of internal and external barriers were detected. The data analysis led to the extraction of four main subcategories: (1) personal barriers (trainee’s inadequate competence, lack of physical or mental health, low motivation and commitment of health staff, beliefs, contextual barriers); (2) interpersonal barriers (health care providers’ misunderstanding of correct training, malcommunication or miscommunication in training sessions, the trainer’s limited skill, underestimated role of education in behavior change); (3) organizational barriers (high workload of health care staff, inadequate human resources, poor management and distrust in the health system, low organizational motivation); and (4) social barriers (uninterest in learning about health issues, issues related to the internet and cyberspace, lack of interpectoral cooperation).

CONCLUSION: Considering the multidimensional nature of barriers to health literacy, it is recommended to make and implement a comprehensive plan to integrate efforts by health authorities and institutions, mass media, experts, decision-makers, policymakers, and service providers to remove barriers.

PMID:41082729 | DOI:10.3928/24748307-20250612-03

J Glob Health. 2025 Oct 14;15:04312. doi: 10.7189/jogh.15.04312.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations for neonatal bed requirements are largely assumption-based rather than data-driven. We aimed to estimate the number of beds per 1000 live births needed for the care of small and sick newborns.

METHODS: We first extracted data from studies published between 2018 and May 2023. Then, due to considerable heterogeneity in the data, we performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model to estimate the number of neonatal admissions and the length of stay. We divided the total patient days (admission rate multiplied by the length of stay) by 365 to estimate the annual number of beds per 1000 live births.

RESULTS: We include 54 included studies, of which 46 provided data on the incidence of neonatal admissions and 20 on length of stay. The pooled analysis indicated that the number of neonates requiring admission ranged from 126 to 143 per 1000 live births. Admission rates were higher in the African region (160.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 122.2-198.7), in low-income countries (175.3; 95% CI = 102.8 to 247.8), in tertiary care settings (147.5; 95% CI = 115.9-179.1), and in settings with a high neonatal mortality rate (149.4; 95% CI = 90.5-218.2). The pooled length of stay was estimated to be 6.4 days (95% CI = 5.7-7.1). The overall estimated number of beds needed for the care of small and sick newborns was 2.4 (95% CI = 2.0-2.8) per 1000 live births, with regional variations.

CONCLUSIONS: This method estimates the required neonatal care beds using admission rates and hospital stay data, aiding healthcare planning. Refinements and local adaptations are needed for effective policy decisions.

REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: CRD42023417847.

PMID:41082719 | DOI:10.7189/jogh.15.04312