Tag: statistics

JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jan 3;6(1):e2251833. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51833.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Immunocompromised individuals are at increased risk for severe outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the varying and complex nature of COVID-19 vaccination recommendations, it is important to understand COVID-19 vaccine uptake in this vulnerable population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess mRNA COVID-19 vaccine uptake and factors associated with uptake among immunocompromised individuals from December 14, 2020, through August 6, 2022.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study was conducted with patients of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), an integrated health care system in the US. The study included patients aged 18 years or older who were immunocompromised (individuals with an immunocompromising condition or patients who received immunosuppressive medications in the year prior to December 14, 2020) and still met criteria for being immunocompromised 1 year later.

EXPOSURES: Age, sex, self-identified race and ethnicity, prior positive COVID-19 test result, immunocompromising condition, immunomodulating medication, comorbidities, health care utilization, and neighborhood median income.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes were the number of doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine received and the factors associated with receipt of at least 4 doses, estimated by hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% Wald CIs via Cox proportional hazards regression. Statistical analyses were conducted between August 9 and 23, 2022.

RESULTS: Overall, 42 697 immunocompromised individuals met the study eligibility criteria. Among these, 18 789 (44.0%) were aged 65 years or older; 20 061 (47.0%) were women and 22 635 (53.0%) were men. With regard to race and ethnicity, 4295 participants (10.1%) identified as Asian or Pacific Islander, 5174 (12.1%) as Black, 14 289 (33.5%) as Hispanic, and 17 902 (41.9%) as White. As of the end of the study period and after accounting for participant censoring due to death or disenrollment from the KPSC health plan, 78.0% of immunocompromised individuals had received a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Only 41.0% had received a fourth dose, which corresponds to a primary series and a monovalent booster dose for immunocompromised individuals. Uptake of a fifth dose was only 0.9% following the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendation to receive a second monovalent booster (ie, fifth dose). Adults aged 65 years or older (HR, 3.95 [95% CI, 3.70-4.22]) were more likely to receive at least 4 doses compared with those aged 18 to 44 years or 45 to 64 years (2.52 [2.36-2.69]). Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black adults (HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.74-0.80] and 0.82 [0.78-0.87], respectively, compared with non-Hispanic White adults), individuals with prior documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (0.71 [0.62-0.81] compared with those without), and individuals receiving high-dose corticosteroids (0.88 [0.81-0.95] compared with those who were not) were less likely to receive at least 4 doses.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that adherence to CDC mRNA monovalent COVID-19 booster dose recommendations among immunocompromised individuals was low. Given the increased risk for severe COVID-19 in this vulnerable population and the well-established additional protection afforded by booster doses, targeted and tailored efforts to ensure that immunocompromised individuals remain up to date with COVID-19 booster dose recommendations are warranted.

PMID:36662525 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51833

JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jan 3;6(1):e2251839. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51839.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: Determining how the timing of return to school is related to later symptom burden is important for early postinjury management recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the typical time to return to school after a concussion and evaluate whether an earlier return to school is associated with symptom burden 14 days postinjury.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Planned secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter observational cohort study from August 2013 to September 2014. Participants aged 5 to 18 years with an acute (<48 hours) concussion were recruited from 9 Canadian pediatric emergency departments in the Pediatric Emergency Research Canada Network.

EXPOSURE: The independent variable was the number of days of school missed. Missing fewer than 3 days after concussion was defined as an early return to school.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was symptom burden at 14 days, measured with the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory (PCSI). Symptom burden was defined as symptoms status at 14 days minus preinjury symptoms. Propensity score analyses applying inverse probability of treatment weighting were performed to estimate the relationship between the timing of return to school and symptom burden.

RESULTS: This cohort study examined data for 1630 children (mean age [SD] 11.8 [3.4]; 624 [38%] female). Of these children, 875 (53.7%) were classified as having an early return to school. The mean (SD) number of days missed increased across age groups (5-7 years, 2.61 [5.2]; 8-12 years, 3.26 [4.9]; 13-18 years, 4.71 [6.1]). An early return to school was associated with a lower symptom burden 14 days postinjury in the 8 to 12-year and 13 to 18-year age groups, but not in the 5 to 7-year age group. The association between early return and lower symptom burden was stronger in individuals with a higher symptom burden at the time of injury, except those aged 5 to 7 years.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study of youth aged 5 to 18 years, these results supported the growing belief that prolonged absences from school and other life activities after a concussion may be detrimental to recovery. An early return to school may be associated with a lower symptom burden and, ultimately, faster recovery.

PMID:36662524 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51839

Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2023 Jan 3;12(1):23. doi: 10.1167/tvst.12.1.23.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric validity of the Visual Function Index (VF-14) for use by patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).

METHODS: Rasch analysis was conducted in two stages using data for 196 individuals (74.5% male) carrying one of the three primary LHON mutations and affected by vision loss. In stage 1, scale unidimensionality, scale-to-sample targeting, response category threshold ordering, item fit statistics, local dependency, and reliability were assessed. In stage 2, iterative post-hoc revisions of the VF-14 structure (VF-14R) were applied and psychometrically re-evaluated.

RESULTS: Issues identified with the VF-14 included disordered response thresholds (12/14 items), local dependency (10/91 pairwise dependencies), and evidence of multidimensionality. However, the distribution of person estimates and item thresholds were fairly well matched, only one item showed misfit to the Rasch model, and there was good reliability (Person Separation Index 0.84). Rasch-informed VF-14 revisions included removing both driving items and the misfitting sports item, rescoring response options across all items by merging two response categories, and accounting for the dependency between two reading items. The VF-14R demonstrated improved psychometric validity.

CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians and researchers using the VF-14 with LHON patients should be aware of its limitations. Compared to the original version, the proposed Rasch-based structure of the VF-14R appears to offer improved psychometric performance and interpretation of vision-related activity limitation.

TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: The original version of the VF-14 exhibits several limitations that undermines its psychometric validity as a patient-reported outcome measure for patients with LHON.

PMID:36662512 | DOI:10.1167/tvst.12.1.23

Medicines (Basel). 2023 Jan 16;10(1):13. doi: 10.3390/medicines10010013.

ABSTRACT

Background: Edoxaban is a novel oral anticoagulant which may decrease the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients suffering from atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the decreased efficacy of edoxaban versus warfarin for the avoidance of stroke and systemic embolism in AF with creatinine clearance (CrCl) &gt; 95 mL/min has been reported. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to further clarify the safety (major bleeding) and efficacy (stroke or systemic embolism) of edoxaban for AF patients with various CrCl. Methods: A systematic search of studies on edoxaban and warfarin in AF patients related to renal function was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science databases, EBSCO, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. In this meta-analysis (protocol number: PROSPERO CRD 42021245512), we included studies that provide specific data on three outcomes: ischemic stroke or systemic embolism (S/SE), bleeding, and all-cause mortality. Results: This meta-analysis enrolled two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studies and two retrospective studies that enrolled 28,065 patients. According to CrCl, subjects are divided into three groups (CrCl 30-50 mL/min, CrCl 50-95 mL/min, CrCl &gt; 95 mL/min). In AF patients with CrCl 30-50 mL/min, edoxaban 30 mg daily is similar to warfarin in the prevention of ischemic S/SE and all-cause mortality, resulting in lower bleeding rate and better net clinical outcome (ischemic S/SE: hazard ratio (HR), 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19-1.87; all-cause mortality: HR, 0.65, 95% CI, 0.35-1.19; bleeding: HR, 0.75, 95% CI, 0.60-0.93; net clinical outcome: HR, 0.75, 95% CI, 0.63-0.90). In the group of CrCl 50-95 mL/min, the net clinical outcome was more favorable with edoxaban 60 mg daily than warfarin (HR, 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.96), and there was no significant difference between edoxaban 60 mg daily and warfarin in terms of prevention of bleeding, ischemic S/SE, and all-cause mortality. For AF patients with CrCl &gt; 95 mL/min, there was a statistically significant difference in lower bleeding rate between edoxaban 60 mg daily and warfarin (bleeding: HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.58-0.84). There was no differential safety in ischemic S/SE, all-cause mortality, and net clinical outcome. Conclusion: Overall, edoxaban was superior to warfarin in terms of net clinical outcome in various groups of CrCl with AF patients. Although there was no significant difference in net clinical outcome between edoxaban and warfarin for AF patients with CrCl &gt; 95 mL/min, edoxaban is not inferior to warfarin in safety and effectiveness in the various levels of CrCl. Edoxaban may be a more effective and safe treatment than warfarin for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who require anticoagulation. More high-quality and long-term clinical research are needed to further estimate the effects of edoxaban.

PMID:36662497 | DOI:10.3390/medicines10010013

Medicines (Basel). 2022 Dec 30;10(1):7. doi: 10.3390/medicines10010007.

ABSTRACT

Background: The prevention of preterm delivery (PTD) represents one of the major topics in modern obstetrics. The aim was to design a prospective study and investigate if mid-trimester serum and amniotic fluid levels of MCP-1 could predict the occurence of spontaneous PTD. Methods: The study involved 198 women who underwent genetic amniocentesis and blood sampling in the middle of their trimester. After applying the criteria for inclusion in the study, there were 16 respondents in the study group, and 38 respondents in the control group. Level of MCP-1 in amniotic fluid and serum was measured with commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and statistical analysis was conducted. Results:&amp;nbsp;There was no statistically significant difference in serum or amniotic fluid MCP1 levels between PTD and the control groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that MCP-1 is probably not the most relevant marker for predicting PTD. This study provides new normative data for MCP-1 levels in amniotic fluid and maternal sera and is a valuable tool for future diagnostic and comparative studies.

PMID:36662491 | DOI:10.3390/medicines10010007

Bull Math Biol. 2023 Jan 20;85(3):15. doi: 10.1007/s11538-022-01114-3.

ABSTRACT

Targeted vaccination policies can have a significant impact on the number of infections and deaths in an epidemic. However, optimising such policies is complicated, and the resultant solution may be difficult to explain to policy-makers and to the public. The key novelty of this paper is a derivation of the leading-order optimal vaccination policy under multi-group susceptible-infected-recovered dynamics in two different cases. Firstly, it considers the case of a small vulnerable subgroup in a population and shows that (in the asymptotic limit) it is optimal to vaccinate this group first, regardless of the properties of the other groups. Then, it considers the case of a small vaccine supply and transforms the optimal vaccination problem into a simple knapsack problem by linearising the final size equations. Both of these cases are then explored further through numerical examples, which show that these solutions are also directly useful for realistic parameter values. Moreover, the findings of this paper give some general principles for optimal vaccination policies which will help policy-makers and the public to understand the reasoning behind optimal vaccination programs in more generic cases.

PMID:36662446 | DOI:10.1007/s11538-022-01114-3

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan 20. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25187-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Increased anthropogenic activities have led to the accumulation of certain minerals to ecotoxic levels in the environment, which could influence the secondary metabolism of plants. Shikonin, an exudate from the roots of Onosma dichroantha, is a secondary metabolite involved in plant defense and invasion success; however, the interactive effects of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), and nitrate (NO₃) in shikonin biosynthesis and accumulation are not known. Here, the individual, curvilinear, and pairwise effects of these elements on shikonin biosynthesis in callus culture of O. dichroantha have been investigated by means of a statistical modeling approach and multivariate regression analyses. Although the main effects of the examined minerals seemed to be suppressive, their combined interactions could enhance callus growth and secondary metabolism of O. dichroantha. Accordingly, maximum values were recorded for the callus growth index (6.85 at 23.25 μM Cu, 70 mM NO₃, 1 mM Ca, 27.50 μM Cd), total phenolics (24.83 mg gallic acid equivalent at 9.75 μM Cu, 70 mM NO₃, 1 mM Ca, 62.50 μM Cd), total flavonoids (6.12 mg quercetin equivalent at 30 μM Cu, 80 mM NO₃, 1.5 mM Ca, 45 μM Cd), and shikonin (24.33 μg g^-1 FW at 9.75 μM Cu, 70 mM NO₃, 2 mM Ca, 27.5 μM Cd). Overall, these data show that increasing concentrations of the examined minerals in culture medium can markedly influence the secondary metabolism of O. dichroantha cells and suggest that a comparable phenomenon may exist in a wider range of medicinal plants, grown on polluted environments, which may affect their invasive capabilities.

PMID:36662436 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-25187-2

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan 20. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25283-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Drought directly impacts the human economy and society, so a proper understanding of its spatiotemporal characteristics in different time scales and return periods can be effective in its evaluation and risk warning. In this research, the spatiotemporal variation of drought characteristics in 70 investigated stations in Iran during 1981-2020 was examined, evaluated, and compared. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) have been used on time scales of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months to calculate the meteorological drought. Drought characteristics have been calculated through the run theory method, and the correlation between these characteristics has been checked. Statistical distribution functions have been used to calculate drought characteristics for the 10-, 20-, 50-, and 100-year return periods. Results show that the duration, severity, and peak of the drought in rainy areas increase as the return period increases. The drought features obtained from the SPI and SPEI show that the average value of severity obtained based on the SPI (43.5) is higher than that of the SPEI (40.9) while the average values of the peak are 3.9 and 2.6 for SPI and SPEI, respectively. Extreme drought was identified in 1990 in all regions of Iran. The highest severity in the current study is from 1999 to 2003. At the end of this period, Iran faced wet years. These results are evident on all time scales. The results obtained in this study can identify drought-prone regions and the beneficial use of water resources in the region.

PMID:36662434 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-25283-3

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan 20. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25319-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Accurately determining the spatiotemporal variability of ozone on a regional to intercontinental scale is essential for air quality studies. In the present study, a first systematic evaluation and analysis of long-term (2009-2020) gridded datasets (0.5° × 0.625°) of total columnar ozone (TCO) retrieved from Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2_TCO) is evaluated for the Indian region. The MERRA-2_TCO is first validated with observations (IMD_TCO) and then further compared with the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS_TCO) satellite datasets. For an in-depth comparison and statistical analysis, the dataset has been segregated into seven distinct regions, i.e., Western Himalaya (WH), North East (NE), North Central (NC), North West (NW), West Peninsula India (WPI), East Peninsula India (EPI), and South Peninsula India (SPI). Descriptive statistics (NMSE, FB, R, FA2, and d) reveals a significant correlation of MERRA-2_TCO against IMD_TCO for Delhi with NMSE (0.0013), FB (- 0.029) and Varanasi NMSE (0.0008), FB (- 0.014). The results of simple linear regression analysis show an increasing TCO trend value of 0.31% and 0.44% per decade in both the cities, respectively. A comparison of MERRA-2_TCO with AIRS_TCO shows a significant correlation of 0.62-0.87 in different regions of India. Furthermore, in support of Brewer’s circulation pattern, an increasing shift of columnar ozone from low (SPI) to high (WH) latitudinal regions is observed. Our results show that the MERRA-2 ozone dataset can be effectively used for ozone air quality studies over India and this analysis may strengthen the need for independent, high-quality, and consistent ozone measurements with small uncertainties.

PMID:36662427 | DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-25319-8

Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2023 Jan 20. doi: 10.1007/s12024-023-00577-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Morphometrics of the hard palate is an important aspect of forensic anthropology and odontology. Palatine triangle is a triangular area in the hard palate formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae, which can aid intraoral bone grafts. We present the osteological measurements of the palatine triangle (maxillary palate) based on sex, compare it with other hard palate parameters, and establish the correlation between them. Seventy-seven male skulls and 36 female skulls were examined. Various morphometric measurements of the hard palate and palatine triangle were performed meticulously. Mean and standard deviation of each parameter were computed for groups using SPSS 16.0. Relationships between all parameters were analyzed using Pearson’s rank correlation test. The mean palatine length was 38.84 ± 3.75 mm in males and 37.22 ± 4.12 mm in females; the mean palatine breadth was 31.36 ± 2.61 mm in males and 29.78 ± 3.07 mm in females. The mean area of the palatine triangle was 600.88 ± 80.16 mm² in male skulls and 547.96 ± 94.28 mm² in the female skulls. Statistically significant difference in various measurements of the palatine triangle and hard palate between the male and female skulls was noted. Leptostaphyline (narrow palate) was the most prominent type of palate. The area of the palatine triangle showed a strong positive correlation between the total length and breadth of the palate for both male and female skulls. A strong positive correlation was also observed between the palate length and the palatine triangle length. Palatine index and palate breadth had a statistically significant moderate linear relationship. The maxillary palate length, breadth, and area of the palatine triangle were higher in males when compared to females in South Indian origin skulls. Most of the skulls had a narrow palate. The results of this metric analysis of the palatine triangle may lead to a new concept of anatomical research into studying the hard palate, which can be used for sexual dimorphism.

PMID:36662407 | DOI:10.1007/s12024-023-00577-7