Tag: statistics

Int J Med Sci. 2024 May 19;21(7):1329-1336. doi: 10.7150/ijms.93643. eCollection 2024.

ABSTRACT

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in myopic control effects between orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses and defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included patients who had received OK lens, DIMS spectacle lens or single-vision spectacle treatments. A total of 54 eyes from 27 individuals, 38 eyes from 19 individuals and 42 eyes from 21 individuals were enrolled into the OK lens, DIMS and control groups, respectively. The primary outcomes were the changes in the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AXL) among the groups. A repeated-measure ANCOVA was adopted to calculate the SER progression and AXL elongation of the OK lens group compared with the DIMS group. Results: The difference in the SER progression was clinically non-significant in the OK lens group compared with the DIMS and control groups (P = 0.001). The total AXL elongation results were similar between the OK lens and DIMS groups, but these were lower than in the control group (P = 0.005). The repeated-measure ANCOVA revealed that the SER progression difference during the study interval was clinically non-significant in the OK lens group when compared with the DIMS group (P = 0.028). The AXL elongation results between the OK lens and DIMS populations did not illustrate a significant difference (P = 0.607). In a subgroup analysis of moderate astigmatism, better AXL control was observed in the DIMS subgroup compared with the OK lens subgroup (P = 0.016). Conclusions: The OK lens demonstrated a clinically non-significant effect on the SER and AXL controls compared with the DIMS spectacle lens.

PMID:38818477 | PMC:PMC11134596 | DOI:10.7150/ijms.93643

Int J Med Sci. 2024 May 13;21(7):1302-1306. doi: 10.7150/ijms.93822. eCollection 2024.

ABSTRACT

Background: Hyperopia is a significant refractive error in children, often leading to vision impairment. This study aimed to investigate whether partial or full spectacle correction is benefit for hyperopia in preschool-aged children. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on hyperopic children visited to teaching medical center outpatient clinic between October 2011 and October 2018, and were categorized into three groups: full correction, overcorrection, and undercorrection. The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of Tri-Service General Hospital. Results: Following a minimum of one-year follow-up period, no statistically significant differences were observed in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) among children receiving full, over, or under spectacle correction. Notably, the overcorrection group exhibited a significant reduction in spherical equivalent (SE) compared to both the full and under correction groups, indicating a better SE with spectacle overcorrection. Conclusions: Spectacle overcorrection may offer potential benefits for enhancing SE in preschool children with hyperopia. Nevertheless, further investigation through randomized controlled trials is warranted to establish the validity of this approach and its impact on visual outcomes in this hyperopic pediatric population.

PMID:38818474 | PMC:PMC11134591 | DOI:10.7150/ijms.93822

Integr Comp Biol. 2024 May 30:icae056. doi: 10.1093/icb/icae056. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Comparative genomics provides ample ways to study genome evolution and its relationship to phenotypic traits. By developing and testing alternate models of evolution throughout a phylogeny, one can estimate rates of molecular evolution along different lineages in a phylogeny and link these rates with observations in extant species, such as convergent phenotypes. Pipelines for such work can help identify when and where genomic changes may be associated with, or possibly influence, phenotypic traits. We recently developed a set of models called PhyloAcc, using a Bayesian framework to estimate rates of nucleotide substitution on different branches a phylogenetic tree and evaluate their association with pre-defined or estimated phenotypic traits PhyloAcc-ST and PhyloAcc-GT both allow users to define a priori a set of target lineages and then compare different models to identify loci accelerating in one or more target lineages. Whereas ST considers only one species tree across all input loci, GT considers alternate topologies for every locus. PhyloAcc-C simultaneously models molecular rates and rates of continuous trait evolution,allowing the user to ask whether the two are associated. Here we describe these models and provide tips and workflows on how to prepare the input data and run PhyloAcc.

PMID:38816211 | DOI:10.1093/icb/icae056

BMJ Health Care Inform. 2024 May 30;31(1):e100971. doi: 10.1136/bmjhci-2023-100971.

ABSTRACT

Computerised decision support (CDS) tools enabled by artificial intelligence (AI) seek to enhance accuracy and efficiency of clinician decision-making at the point of care. Statistical models developed using machine learning (ML) underpin most current tools. However, despite thousands of models and hundreds of regulator-approved tools internationally, large-scale uptake into routine clinical practice has proved elusive. While underdeveloped system readiness and investment in AI/ML within Australia and perhaps other countries are impediments, clinician ambivalence towards adopting these tools at scale could be a major inhibitor. We propose a set of principles and several strategic enablers for obtaining broad clinician acceptance of AI/ML-enabled CDS tools.

PMID:38816209 | DOI:10.1136/bmjhci-2023-100971

J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2024 May;46(5):102421. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102421.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38816144 | DOI:10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102421

Lancet HIV. 2024 Jun;11(6):e350-e352. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(24)00086-9.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38816140 | DOI:10.1016/S2352-3018(24)00086-9

Lancet HIV. 2024 Jun;11(6):e345. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(24)00129-2.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38816138 | DOI:10.1016/S2352-3018(24)00129-2

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2024 Jun;165(6):611-613. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.01.016.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:38816078 | DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2024.01.016

BMJ Open. 2024 May 30;14(5):e079123. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079123.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of adults with suspected acute community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on hospitalisation, evaluate their prediction performance for CAP and compare the performance of the model to the initial assessment of the physician.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional, multicentre study.

SETTING: The data originated from the INfectious DisEases in Emergency Departments study and were collected prospectively from patient interviews and medical records. The study included four Danish medical emergency departments (EDs) and was conducted between 1 March 2021 and 28 February 2022.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 954 patients admitted with suspected infection were included in the study.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME: The primary outcome was CAP diagnosis assessed by an expert panel.

RESULTS: According to expert evaluation, CAP had a 28% prevalence. 13 diagnostic predictors were identified using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to build the prediction model: dyspnoea, expectoration, cough, common cold, malaise, chest pain, respiratory rate (>20 breaths/min), oxygen saturation (<96%), abnormal chest auscultation, leucocytes (<3.5×10⁹/L or >8.8×10⁹/L) and neutrophils (>7.5×10⁹/L). C reactive protein (<20 mg/L) and having no previous event of CAP contributed negatively to the final model. The predictors yielded good prediction performance for CAP with an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.85 (CI 0.77 to 0.92). However, the initial diagnosis made by the ED physician performed better, with an AUC of 0.86 (CI 84% to 89%).

CONCLUSION: Typical respiratory symptoms combined with abnormal vital signs and elevated infection biomarkers were predictors for CAP on admission to an ED. The clinical value of the prediction model is questionable in our setting as it does not outperform the clinician’s assessment. Further studies that add novel diagnostic tools and use imaging or serological markers are needed to improve a model that would help diagnose CAP in an ED setting more accurately.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04681963.

PMID:38816044 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079123

BMJ Open. 2024 May 30;14(5):e082339. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082339.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate co-prescribing of sedatives hypnotics and opioids.

DESIGN: Retrospective study evaluating the association of patient characteristics and comorbidities with coprescribing.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Using the national Merative MarketScan Database between 2005 and 2018, we identified patients who received an incident sedative prescription with or without subsequent, incident opioid prescriptions within a year of the sedative prescription in the USA.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Coprescription of sedative-hypnotics and opioids.

RESULTS: A total of 2 632 622 patients (mean (SD) age, 43.2 (12.34) years; 1 297 356 (62.5%) female) received incident prescriptions for sedatives over the course of the study period. The largest proportion of sedative prescribing included benzodiazepines (71.1%); however, z-drugs (19.9%) and barbiturates (9%) were also common. About 557 845 (21.2%) patients with incident sedatives also received incident opioid prescriptions. About 59.2% of these coprescribed patients received opioids coprescription on the same day. Multivariate logistic regression findings showed that individuals with a comorbidity index score of 1, 2 or ≥3 (aOR 1.19 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.21), 1.17 (95% C 1.14 to 1.19) and 1.25 (95% C 1.2 to 1.31)) and substance use disorder (1.21 (95% C 1.19 to 1.23)) were more likely to be coprescribed opioids and sedatives. The likelihood of receiving both opioid and sedative prescriptions was lower for female patients (aOR 0.93; 95% CI 0.92 to 0.94), and those receiving a barbiturate (aOR 0.3; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.31) or z-drugs (aOR 0.67; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.68) prescriptions at the index date.

CONCLUSIONS: Coprescription of sedatives with opioids was associated with the presence of comorbidities and substance use disorder, gender and types of sedatives prescribed at the index date. Additionally, more than half of the coprescribing occurred on the same day which warrants further evaluation of current prescribing and dispensing best practice guidelines.

PMID:38816043 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-082339