Tag: statistics

Radiat Environ Biophys. 2024 Jan 7. doi: 10.1007/s00411-023-01056-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to estimate lung and breast doses for individual patients using the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) method, as well as calculating effective doses, in patients who underwent chest CT scans during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer risk incidence was estimated using excess relative risk (ERR), excess absolute risk (EAR), and lifetime attributable risk (LAR) models from the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Report VII (BEIR-VII). Data from about 570 patients who underwent CT scans for COVID-19 screening were utilized for this study. Using the header of the CT images in a Python script, SSDE and effective dose were calculated for each patient. The SSDE obtained by water equivalent effective diameter (wSSDE) was considered as lung and breast dose, and applied in organ-specific cancer risk estimation. The mean wSSDE value for females (13.3 mGy) was slightly higher than that for males (13.1 mGy), but the difference was not statistically significant (P value = 0.41). No significant differences were observed between males and females in terms of calculated EAR and ERR for lung cancer at 5 and 30 years after exposure (P value = 0.47, 0.46, respectively). Similarly, there was no significant difference in lung cancer LAR values between females and males (P value = 0.48). The results also indicated a decrease in LAR values for both lung and breast cancers with increasing exposure age. In accordance with the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle, it is important for medical staff and the general public to consider the benefits of CT imaging in detecting such infections. Additionally, imaging medical physicists and CT scan experts should optimize imaging protocols and strike a balance between image quality for detecting abnormalities and radiation dose, all while adhering to the ALARA principle.

PMID:38185693 | DOI:10.1007/s00411-023-01056-x

BMC Oral Health. 2024 Jan 7;24(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUNDS: Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, including non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. Failure in the fusion of median and lateral nasal processes, the maxillary prominence, and soft tissues around the oral cavity can cause CL/P. Previously, the prevalence has been estimated to be 1 among every 1000 births in 2014 among American neonates and no other reports have been available since. Thus, this study aimed to calculate the prevalence and trend of isolated CL/P among American live births from 2016 to 2021 with its associated risk factors.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this cross-sectional population-based retrospective study, we used live birth data provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We calculated the prevalence per 10,000 live births of isolated (non-syndromic) CL/P from 2016 to 2021. To examine risk factors for developing isolated CL/P, we used logistic regression modelling.

RESULTS: The total prevalence per 10,000 births from 2016 to 2021 was 4.88 (4.79-4.97), for both sexes, and 5.96 (5.82-6.10) for males, and 3.75 (3.64-3.87) for females. The prevalence did not show any consistent linear decreasing or increasing pattern. We found significant association between increased odds of developing isolated CL/P among cases with 20 to 24 year-old mothers (OR = 1.07, 1.01-1.13, p = 0.013), mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day (OR = 1.46, 1.33-1.60, p < 0.001), mothers with extreme obesity (OR = 1.32, 1.21-1.43, p < 0.001), mothers with grade II obesity (OR = 1.32, 1.23-1.42, p < 0.001), mothers with pre-pregnancy hypertension (OR = 1.17, 1.04-1.31, p = 0.009), mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.96, 1.71-2.25, p < 0.001), and mothers who used assisted reproductive technology (OR = 1.40, 1.18-1.66, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest a minuscule increase, albeit insignificant, in the trend of CL/P prevalence from 2016 to 2021. Developing CL/P had greater odds among mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes, smoking, obesity, and pre-pregnancy hypertension mothers along with mothers who used assisted reproductive technology. Isolated CL/P had the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic Whites, American Indian or Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders.

PMID:38185687 | DOI:10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

Adv Simul (Lond). 2024 Jan 7;9(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s41077-023-00275-y.

ABSTRACT

It has been reported from various contexts that learning quantitative methods for public health and social research is challenging for students. Based on our observations of these challenges, we designed a simulation-based pedagogical tool called Surveypura to support classroom-based learning of quantitative research methods. The tool includes a large illustration of a fictional village with 155 houses, alongside data for each of the households. The features of the houses, household characteristics, and the village have been carefully designed to give the visual feel of an actual village and better assist the pedagogical process. The tool was used by five facilitators with their masters’ students at our university in courses on social research and epidemiology. Our observations of the sessions and interactions with facilitators and students suggested that the tool supported more engaged learning of quantitative research methods in a non-intimidating manner. We believe that Surveypura can be a useful simulation-based pedagogical tool to teach quantitative research methods in epidemiology and social sciences even in other contexts.

PMID:38185680 | DOI:10.1186/s41077-023-00275-y

BMC Emerg Med. 2024 Jan 7;24(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s12873-023-00928-1.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The effect of alcohol consumption on trauma remains controversial. The effects of alcohol on hemorrhage and peritonitis after blunt abdominal trauma have rarely been discussed. This study aimed to explore the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on the clinical characteristics, injury patterns, and outcomes in a surgical blunt bowel mesenteric injury (BBMI) cohort.

METHODS: A retrospective data analysis was performed using trauma cases of patients who had been tested for alcohol and had surgically proven BBMI from a Trauma Registry System from 2009 to 2021. Patients were grouped according to their positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC; >0.5% vs. no BAC; less than 0.5% no BAC) upon arrival at the emergency department (ED). The injury characteristics, physiological parameters, and outcomes with respect to post-injury complications and mortality were assessed.

RESULTS: In total, 142 patients with surgical BBMI were included. Of these, 116 and 26 patients were assigned to the BAC-negative and BAC-positive groups, respectively. The overall injury severity, injury pattern, and age were comparable between the groups. The patients in the BAC-positive group had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (99 mmHg vs. 119 mmHg; p = 0.046), worse shock index (0.96 vs. 0.82; p = 0.048), and lower percentage and number of packed red blood cells transfused (34.6% vs. 57.8%; p = 0.032 and 0 U vs. 2 U; p = 0.031) than those in the BAC-negative group. Additionally, although not statistically significant, patients in the BAC-positive group had lower leukocyte counts (9,700 cells/mm³ vs. 11,600 cells/mm³; p = 0.165 ) at the ED. However, significantly reduced percentages of leukocytes ≥ 12,000 cells/mm³ (26.9% vs. 48.3%; p = 0.048) and ≥ 12,000 or ≤ 4,000 cells/mm³ (26.9% vs. 50.9%; p = 0.027) were observed in the BAC-positive group at the ED. Furthermore, the 30-day mortality rate did not show statistically significant differences, and there was a higher incidence of bowel-related mortality in the BAC-positive group (11.5% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.043).

CONCLUSIONS: For patients with BBMI arriving alive to the hospital, acute alcohol consumption was associated with significantly worse hemodynamic parameters, interfered inflammation status, and higher bowel related mortality rate.

PMID:38185667 | DOI:10.1186/s12873-023-00928-1

BMC Med. 2024 Jan 8;22(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-03203-z.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been implemented in China for nearly two decades, with a significant decrease in the number of participants in recent years. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research focusing on the long-term effectiveness in the context of this decline, especially from the perspectives of MMT participants themselves. This study aims to address this gap by examining the benefits and challenges experienced by long-term MMT participants in China, to uncover potential causes of the decrease in participant numbers and to improve the effectiveness of the program.

METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 long-term MMT participants (treatment duration ≥ 5 years) recruited through purposive sampling from 6 MMT clinics in the Guangdong Province, China, between December 2021 and August 2022. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the transcribed interviews. Two analysts independently coded the data, and a third researcher double-coded 20% of transcripts to ensure intercoder reliability.

RESULTS: Overall, participants corroborated the notable decline in MMT participants during their long-term MMT, citing death, arrest, and self-perceived abstinence from heroin, as their perceived driving factors. They reported positive changes in their health, family relationships, and social functioning. However, they identified economic hardship as their greatest challenge associated with MMT, further exacerbated by other barriers including the conflict of clinic opening hours and working schedules, discrimination from employers, and COVID-19-related restrictions. Additionally, participants identified issues with dose adjustment and emergency treatment continuation.

CONCLUSIONS: This study outlines the overall improvement in the quality of life of long-term MMT participants. However, it highlights the need for official guidelines for dose adjustment and emergency treatment continuation as well as the provision of health education, job referrals, and flexibility of clinic opening times to facilitate the return to society receiving participants. Establishing a follow-up mechanism for those receiving MMT is also recommended to prevent relapses to heroin and other illicit substances.

PMID:38185665 | DOI:10.1186/s12916-023-03203-z

J Investig Med. 2024 Jan 7:10815589241226959. doi: 10.1177/10815589241226959. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Septal Myectomy (SM) and Alcohol Septal Ablation (ASA) improve symptoms in patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction (oHCM). However, outcomes data in this population is predominantly from specialized centers. The National Inpatient Database was queried from 2011- 2019 for relevant ICD-9 and -10 diagnostic and procedural codes. We compared baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients with oHCM who underwent SM vs. ASA. A p-value <0.001 was considered statistically significant. We identified 15,119 patients with oHCM who underwent septal reduction therapies, of whom 57.4% underwent SM, and 42.6% underwent ASA. Patients who underwent SM had higher all-cause mortality (OR:1.8 [1.3-2.5]), post-procedure ischemic stroke (OR: 2.3 [1.7-3.2]), acute kidney injury (OR: 1.4 [1.2-1.7]), vascular complications (OR: 3.6 [2.3-5.3]), ventricular septal defect (OR: 4.4 [3.2-6.1]), cardiogenic shock (OR: 1.7 [1.3-2.3]), sepsis (OR: 3.2 [1.9-5.4]), and left bundle branch block (OR: 3.5 [3-4]), compared to ASA. Patients who underwent ASA had higher post-procedure complete heart block (OR: 1.3 [1.1-1.4]), right bundle branch block (OR: 6.3 [5-7.7]), ventricular tachycardia (OR:2.2 [1.9-2.6]), supraventricular tachycardia (OR: 1.6 [1.4-2]), and more commonly required pacemaker insertion (OR: 1.4 [1.3-1.7]) (p<0.001 for all) compared to SM. This nationwide analysis evidenced that patients undergoing SM had higher in-hospital mortality and periprocedural complications than ASA; however, those undergoing ASA had more post-procedure conduction abnormalities and pacemaker implantation. The implications of these findings warrant further investigation regarding patient selection strategies for these therapies.

PMID:38185664 | DOI:10.1177/10815589241226959

BMC Nurs. 2024 Jan 8;23(1):24. doi: 10.1186/s12912-023-01673-3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Nurses play a vital role in providing round-the-clock care to patients, but the challenges associated with working night shifts can have significant implications for their well-being and quality of life.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the impact of night shift stress and sleep disturbance on the quality of life among nurses working in Palestine Red Crescent Society and Al-Ahli Hospital. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 189 full-time registered nurses with at least one year of job experience. The participants completed a questionnaire assessing night shift stress, sleep disturbance, and quality of life. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and path analysis were conducted to analyze the data.

RESULTS: The results reveal that quality of life has positive and low relationship with both night shift stress and sleep disturbances. Results also reveal that night shift stress had a direct negative impact on the quality of life of nurses. Sleep disturbance was found to mediate the relationship between night shift stress and quality of life, indicating that higher levels of night shift stress were associated with increased sleep disturbance, which, in turn, led to poorer quality of life outcomes.

CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of addressing night shift stress and sleep disturbance among nurses to enhance their well-being and improve the quality of care provided to patients. In conclusion, this study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating the detrimental effects of night shift stress and sleep disturbance on the quality of life of nurses. It emphasizes the importance of implementing interventions and creating supportive work environments that address the unique challenges faced by nurses working night shifts.

PMID:38185660 | DOI:10.1186/s12912-023-01673-3

J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2024 Dec;37(1):2300418. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2300418. Epub 2024 Jan 7.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether prenatal fibrinogen (FIB) or other related factors could be utilized to evaluate the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a database from January 2015 to December 2019. A total of 128 patients were enrolled and evaluated with FIB, in which 55 patients were assigned to low FIB and 73 in normal FIB.

RESULTS: According to the volume of blood loss, the mean of the low FIB group (<4 g/L) was markedly higher than that of the normal FIB group (≥4 g/L). Prenatal FIB was negatively correlated with PPH volume. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve results indicated that the value of prenatal FIB was 0.701 to predict refractory PPH.

CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal FIB was significantly related to thrombin time (TT), which may be an independent factor to predict the coagulation state of prenatal pregnancy.

PMID:38185650 | DOI:10.1080/14767058.2023.2300418

BMC Emerg Med. 2024 Jan 7;24(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s12873-023-00922-7.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Pericardial effusion (PE) is a rare yet an important cause of child mortality due to collection of excess fluid in pericardial space. The study aimed to describe the PE profile in the national cardiac referral hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS: The study employed cross-sectional study design for a 7-year review of childhood PE in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Descriptive and analytic statistics were applied.

RESULTS: There were 17,386 pediatric emergency/ER admissions during the study period, and PE contributed to 0.47% of ER admissions. From 71 included subjects, 59% (42) were males with mean age of 7.8 ± 3.3 years. Cough or shortness of breath,73.2% (52) and fever or fast breathing, 26.7% (19), were the common presenting symptoms. The median duration of an illness before presentation was 14days (IQR: 8-20). The etiologies for pericardial effusion were infective (culture positive-23.9%, culture negative-43.6%, tuberculous-4.2%), hypothyroidism (4.2%), inflammatory (12.7%), malignancy (7%) or secondary to chronic kidney disease (1. 4%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated bacteria on blood culture, 12.7% (9) while the rest were pseudomonas, 7% (5) and klebsiella, 4.2% (3). Mild, moderate and severe pericardial effusion was documented in 22.5% (16), 46.5% (33), and 31% (22) of study subjects, respectively. Pericardial tamponade was reported in 50.7% (36) of subjects. Pericardial drainage procedure (pericardiocentesis, window or pericardiotomy) was performed for 52.1% (37) PE cases. The case fatality of PE was 12.7% (9). Pericardial drainage procedure was inversely related to mortality, adjusted odds ratio 0.11(0.01-0.99), p 0.049).

CONCLUSION: PE contributed to 0.47% of ER admissions. The commonest PE presentation was respiratory symptoms of around two weeks duration. Purulent pericarditis of staphylococcal etiology was the commonest cause of PE and the case fatality rate was 12.7%. Pericardial drainage procedures contributed to reduction in mortality. All PE cases should be assessed for pericardial drainage procedure to avoid mortality.

PMID:38185639 | DOI:10.1186/s12873-023-00922-7

Parasit Vectors. 2024 Jan 7;17(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-06108-1.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitic infections can harm health by causing malnutrition, anemia, impaired growth and cognitive development, and alterations in microbiota composition and immune responses. Therefore, it is crucial to examine stool samples to diagnose parasitic infections. However, the traditional microscopic detection method is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and dependent on the expertise and training of microscopists. Hence, there is a need for a low-complexity, high-throughput, and cost-effective alternative to labor-intensive microscopic examinations.

METHODS: This study aimed to compare the performance of a fully automatic digital feces analyzer, Orienter Model FA280 (People’s Republic of China) with that of the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT). We assessed and compared the agreement between the FA280 and the FECT for parasite detection and species identification in stool samples. The first part of the study analyzed 200 fresh stool samples for parasite detection using the FECT and FA280. With the FA280, the automatic feces analyzer performed the testing, and the digital microscope images were uploaded and automatically evaluated using an artificial intelligence (AI) program. Additionally, a skilled medical technologist conducted a user audit of the FA280 findings. The second set of samples comprised 800 preserved stool samples (preserved in 10% formalin). These samples were examined for parasites using the FECT and FA280 with a user audit.

RESULTS: For the first set of stool samples, there was no statistically significant difference in the pairwise agreements between the FECT and the FA280 with a user audit (exact binomial test, P = 1). However, there were statistically significant differences between the pairwise agreements for the FECT and the FA280 with the AI report (McNemar’s test, P < 0.001). The agreement for the species identification of parasites between the FA280 with AI report and FECT showed fair agreement (overall agreement = 75.5%, kappa [κ] = 0.367, 95% CI 0.248-0.486). On the other hand, the user audit for the FA280 and FECT showed perfect agreement (overall agreement = 100%, κ = 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00). For the second set of samples, the FECT detected significantly more positive samples for parasites than the FA280 with a user audit (McNemar’s test, P < 0.001). The disparity in results may be attributed to the FECT using significantly larger stool samples than those used by the FA280. The larger sample size used by the FECT potentially contributed to the higher parasite detection rate. Regarding species identification, there was strong agreement between the FECT and the FA280 with a user audit for helminths (κ = 0.857, 95% CI 0.82-0.894). Similarly, there was perfect agreement for the species identification of protozoa between the FECT and the FA280 with user audit (κ = 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00).

CONCLUSIONS: Although the FA280 has advantages in terms of simplicity, shorter performance time, and reduced contamination in the laboratory, there are some limitations to consider. These include a higher cost per sample testing and a lower sensitivity compared to the FECT. However, the FA280 enables rapid, convenient, and safe stool examination of parasitic infections.

PMID:38185634 | DOI:10.1186/s13071-023-06108-1