Tag: statistics

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):71-75. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_45_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Mucor circinelloides is reported to be the second among the most common causative agents of emerging mucormycosis. It is intrinsically resistant to most known antifungals. Further the use of antifungals cause side effects. Traditional knowledge system for treating various ailments is stronger in India and it also backs deriving various bioactive compounds from herbal sources, in the modern system of medicine. Therefore, two most commonly used culinary herbal materials viz., ginger and omam were studied in vitro against M. circinelloides, as an alternate to antifungal drugs.

AIMS: To explore the traditional herbal resources as alternate to Amphotericin B to use against M. circinelloides, a fungus causing mucormycosis.

METHODS AND MATERIAL: Aqueous extracts of garlic and omam were prepared and tested against M. circinelloides, at different concentrations. A positive control with Amphotericin B and negative control without any supplements were also maintained. The inhibitory effect was assessed by adopting optical density (OD) measurement method in SD broth and SD Agar Well Plate using spore suspension as inoculum.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Paired student T test was employed using SPSS Version 1.6.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Both garlic and omam extracts were found to inhibit the M. circinelloides and their MICs were 600 and 700 μL/mL. It is comparable with the MIC of Amphotericin B, 200 μg/mL. Thus, the regular use of garlic and omam can reduce the risk of possible mucormycosis and these herbs can be explored for drug formulations against M. circinelloides.

PMID:37234326 | PMC:PMC10207184 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_45_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):98-102. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_130_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cytokeratins are the largest sub-group of intermediate filaments and represent the most abundant proteins in epithelial cells. CYFRA 21-1 (human cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1) is a soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19 known to increase in various malignancies.

AIM: The present study is aimed to estimate salivary and serum levels of CYFRA 21-1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and to compare them with healthy controls.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A prospective, case-control study.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included a total of 80 subjects, comprising 40 OSCC patients and 40 healthy controls. Saliva and blood samples were collected from the study population, and serum and salivary CYFRA 21-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical tests applied were independent t-test, ANOVA test for comparison, and Post hoc test for correlation. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS: A statistically significant increase in salivary and serum CYFRA 21-1 levels was observed between OSCC and control groups and with an increase in the pathological tumour node metastasis stage and histopathological grade of OSCC. On correlating salivary and serum CYFRA 21-1 values, there were 3-fold higher salivary levels than serum.

CONCLUSION: CYFRA 21-1 can be suggested as a tumour marker that can be used for the early diagnosis of the OSCC. Further prospective studies with a larger sample size and advanced techniques recommended before CYFRA 21-1 can be recommended for routine clinical use.

PMID:37234320 | PMC:PMC10207219 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_130_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):130-137. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_535_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Forensic sciences deal with key areas to be included in judicial makeup that has been approved by both the court and the scientific community, which distinguishes truth from counterfeit. Lip and palmprints are one of a kind and do not change during the lifetime of a person unless any pathologies.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the heritability, and gender dimorphism of lip and palm prints among parents and their offspring.

METHODS: A total of 280 participants were included in the study. Lip and palm prints were collected from participants using a digital camera. The photographic data obtained is subjected to Adobe Photoshop and analysed for inheritance. Gender dimorphism is evaluated by the predominant lip pattern and palm ridge count in four designated areas.

RESULTS: A positive resemblance of 28.4% was found between parents and offspring in lips, and for the right palm, it was 60.2% and 55.12% for the left palm (principal lines) which are statistically insignificant. In all six quadrants, the most predominant lip pattern found in males is type 5, and in females, type 1¹. The mean palm ridge density was significantly higher among females than males in all designated areas.

CONCLUSION: The digital method of analysing lip and palm print images with Adobe Photoshop 7 software is a convenient method that allows for better visualisation and easier lip and palm print recording and identification. Considerable inheritance patterns and gender dimorphism were observed that aid in personal identification.

PMID:37234319 | PMC:PMC10207223 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_535_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):76-79. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_29_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Trace elements (iron, copper, and zinc), leukoplakia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

AIMS: To study and correlate serum trace element (iron, copper, and zinc) levels in leukoplakia, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and normal subjects.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The present study comprised a total of 80 patients, which included 30 patients of leukoplakia, 30 patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and the normal control group comprising 20 healthy individuals who were not having any relevant medical, dental, and habit history.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood samples of a volume of 10 ml each will be collected by anti-cubical vein puncture from control groups and from patients suffering from leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. The blood will be collected in a plain red top vein puncture tube without additives or anti-coagulants and allowed to stand undisturbed to clot at room temperature, and serum will be separated from the cells by centrifugation at 4°C at a speed of 3000 rev/min, the separated sera will be kept at -20°C until analysis is performed.

ESTIMATION OF SERUM IRON ZINC AND COPPER LEVELS: The estimation of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) levels is performed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In the present study, the estimation of copper and zinc levels was conducted by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (model no: AA-6300 SHIMADZU, Japan). Serum iron estimation is performed using the kit RANDOX (siedel, 1984).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Statistical analysis is performed by the paired and Scheffe tests.

RESULTS: From the results, it was concluded that there was a decrease in serum iron and zinc levels and copper had increased serum levels.

CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that evaluation of serum trace elements can be a cost-effective and non-invasive alternative for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of pre-malignant lesions such as leukoplakia and malignant lesions such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, these parameters can be used as biomarkers that provide important tools in formulating an adequate diagnosis, treatment plan, and prognosis for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

PMID:37234317 | PMC:PMC10207197 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_29_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):103-108. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_202_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Stathmin is a member of microtubule-associated protein. Inhibition of Stathmin expression can interfere with tumour progression and also alter the sensitivity of tumour cells to microtubule-targeting agents. Thus, it could be a potential therapeutic target for planning new treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To study expression of Stathmin in different histological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with Ki67 index.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was an observational retrospective and prospective study conducted during a period of two and half years from January 2015 to June 2017 at ESI-PGIMSR Maniktala, Kolkata where 52 cases of OSCC were studied. Haematoxylin and eosin sections were reviewed and representative paraffin blocks were selected. Immunostains were performed using antibody clones for Stathmin and Ki67. For Stathmin scoring, Segersten scoring system was applied. Statistical analysis was done by Graph Pad Prism using Krusher Wallis Test and one-way ANOVA test. Spearman’s coefficient was used to establish corelation between Ki 67 and Stathmin overexpression.

RESULTS: In this study, it is found that strong Stathmin expression score (4-9) was detected mostly (82.35%) in moderately differentiated (MD) OSCC and poorly differentiated (PD) OSCC (100%), whereas in contrast, 60% of well-differentiated OSCC showed negative-to-weak Stathmin score (1-3). Mean Ki67-labelling index for well-differentiated carcinoma was 32.37%, for moderately differentiated carcinoma was 60.89, and poorly differentiated carcinoma was 86.15%, which demonstrated increased tumour cell proliferation with progression of histological grades of OSCC.

CONCLUSION: Stathmin expression was higher in MD OSCC to PD OSCC compared to well-differentiated carcinoma and its overexpression was significantly correlated with Ki67 index. Thus, Stathmin is overexpressed in higher grades and is correlated with high proliferation of tumour with a potential role as therapeutic target.

PMID:37234316 | PMC:PMC10207213 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_202_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):66-70. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_62_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In medico-legal investigations identification of skeletal remains is of utmost importance. The skeletal remains most commonly investigated are pelvic and skull bones with the mandible an important element to analyze sexual dimorphism. Mandibular ramus can differentiate between the two genders as the stages of mandibular development, growth rates, and duration are different in both genders. Metric analysis on the radiographs is found to be of higher values when skeletal sex determination is considered.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1) To compare and evaluate the various measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital OPG’s. 2) To assess the usefulness of mandibular ramus as an aid in gender determination in the Bagalkot population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 80 patients (40 males & 40 females) using Kodak 8000 C digital panoramic radiographs of the Bagalkot population with ages ranging from 18 to 58 years. Five parameters namely coronoid ramus height, condyle ramus height, condyle coronoid breadth, maximum ramus breadth, and minimum ramus breadth were taken into consideration, the values were measured and data were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software.

RESULTS: In the present study, all the measurements of the mandibular ramus on digital panoramic radiographs showed a statistically significant difference between both the genders except for minimum ramus breadth which was found to be insignificant.

CONCLUSION: Discriminant analysis of mandibular ramus using panoramic radiography can be used as an effective tool in gender determination and can be used as an aid in forensic sciences.

PMID:37234315 | PMC:PMC10207222 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_62_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):60-65. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_265_21. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Orofacial anomalies occur due to incomplete fusion of developmental lines in the head and neck region. Dental anomalies regarded as the most common orofacial anomalies either in isolated or syndromic forms arise due to genetic and environmental factors. Among genetic influences, consanguineous marriages are considered as a significant predisposition factor in the transmission of congenital defects and several autosomal recessive diseases from one generation to other with an increased risk of detrimental effects on offspring.

AIM: The present study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and significant association between consanguinity and isolated dental anomalies with that of nonconsanguineous parents among south-Indian population.

METHODOLOGY: A total of 116 participants with and without dental anomalies in isolated form pertaining to tooth size, shape, altered morphology, number and eruption were selected followed by brief case history. Participants with a positive history of consanguinity were categorized as Group A while others were categorized under Group B.

RESULTS: Sixty-four out of 116 participants (55.17%) showed positive consanguinity (Group A) among which 18 females (56%) and 14 males (44%) presented with isolated dental anomalies. 12 females (66.6%) and 9 males (64.2%) in Group A showed significance with first cousin (P = 0.00204) whereas no significance was observed in other consanguinity type (P = 0.7287). Nonetheless, the overall frequency of isolated dental anomalies was slightly higher in Group A than Group B that was statistically significant (P = 0.0213).

CONCLUSION: A positive correlation between dental anomalies among offspring of consanguineous marriages revealed such prevalence may be attributed to increased risk of recessive deleterious gene expression or defective allele carried to offspring.

PMID:37234314 | PMC:PMC10207200 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_265_21

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):138-147. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_228_22. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Accurate age estimation is of utmost importance in several branches of life, be it disaster victim identification (DVI), sports, fashion, education, and many more. Several studies/formulas have been proposed over the years from various parts of the world and amongst them, Cameriere’s method of age estimation is now being accepted globally, and the related work is still one of the most thought about.

AIM: The aim of this study was to access the relationship between dental age (DA) and chronological age using Cameriere and Demirjian age estimation method in the north Indian population and develop a population-specific regression formula and validate it in the north Indian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthopantomograms (OPG) of 762 children of north India with age groups between 7 and 16 years were collected. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were analyzed using both Cameriere and Demirjian’s age estimation method. The resultant data were subjected to statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The mean differences between CAge and DAge with age were 1.21 (males), 0.14 (males) and 1.72 (females), 0.28 (females) respectively, which shows significant disparity, wherein Demirjian follows overestimation and Cameriere follows the underestimation trend. Therefore, we modified these methods using the linear regression model.

CONCLUSION: The modified Demirjian and Cameriere formula after validation shows a better fit in the north Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh population.

PMID:37234310 | PMC:PMC10207204 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_228_22

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2023 Jan-Mar;27(1):239. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_109_21. Epub 2023 Mar 21.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The exposure of the healthy pulp in cases of deep dentinal caries (DDC) that contain carious microorganisms can be prevented by placing a layer of pulp capping agent on the affected dentin. The cements used for pulp-capping should also ensure good anti-microbial properties. The present study was carried out to detect the antimicrobial efficacy of the commonly used cements by culturing the samples directly from DDC.

AIMS: To determine the efficacy of dental cements in the growth inhibition of microorganisms involved in DDC using direct contact anaerobic culture test.

METHOD: 100 samples of DDC were collected in RTF. Ten microliters of the specimen containing RTF was incubated in thioglycolate broth consisting of 1 mm³ cement blocks of GIC, CaOH₂, ZnOE and MTA anaerobically for 24 hours. This was further sub-cultured using selective media for streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. Growth inhibition was measured by calculating the number of CFUs and statistically analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests.

RESULTS: Tests showed variation in the anti-microbial effects of the cements and was highly significant at P < 0.001. Bifidobacterium showed most number of CFUs. MTA was the most effective pulp capping agent exhibiting 87.13% reduction in microbial growth, followed closely by ZnOE (84.6%).

CONCLUSION: A conservative approach to treat DDC is the need of the hour which calls for the use of pulp capping cements of good antimicrobial efficacy. The current study revealed bifidobacterium to be the most prevalent in DDC and the cement that would best inhibit the mixed culture growth was MTA followed closely by ZnOE.

PMID:37234309 | PMC:PMC10207218 | DOI:10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_109_21

Eur J Endocrinol. 2023 May 26:lvad058. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad058. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction (hypo- and hyperthyroidism) has been reported as a late effect after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children. Short term effects of HSCT on thyroid function parameters are, however, unclear.

METHODS: We prospectively evaluated thyroid function parameters before and three months after HSCT in all children (<21 years) who underwent HSCT during a two-year period in the Princess Máxima Center, the Netherlands.

RESULTS: Among 72 children, none had thyroidal hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism three months after HSCT. Changes in thyroid function parameters (either aberrant TSH or FT4 concentrations) were found in 16% before and in 10% three months after HSCT. Reverse T3 was found elevated in 9.3% before and in 37% three months after HSCT, which could be related to poor physical condition. An individual decline in FT4 concentration of ≥20% was found in 10.5% (6/57) three months after HSCT.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, thyroidal hypo- and hyperthyroidism are very rare three months after HSCT. These results indicate that surveillance for hypo- and hyperthyroidism may start later in time. The changes in thyroid function parameters found three months after HSCT might reflect the euthyroid sick syndrome.

PMID:37232272 | DOI:10.1093/ejendo/lvad058