Tag: statistics

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2023 Feb 8;17:100180. doi: 10.1016/j.eurox.2023.100180. eCollection 2023 Mar.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Characterize the risk for adverse pregnancy, delivery and neonatal outcomes among different advanced maternal ages (AMA).

STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample to characterize adverse pregnancy, delivery and neonatal outcomes among different AMA groups. Patients aged 44-45 (n = 19,476), 46-49 (n = 7528) and 50-54 years (n = 1100) were compared to patients aged 38-43 years (n = 499,655). A multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for statistically significant confounding variables.

RESULTS: With advancing age, rates of chronic hypertension, pregestational diabetes, thyroid disease and multiple gestation increased (p < 0.001). The adjusted risk of hysterectomy and need for blood transfusion substantially increased with advancing age, reaching up to an almost 5-fold (aOR, 4.75, 95 % CI, 2.76-8.19, p < 0.001) and 3-fold (aOR, 3.06, 95 % CI, 2.31-4.05, p < 0.001) increased risk, respectively, in patients aged 50-54 years. The adjusted risk of maternal death increased 4-fold in patients aged 46-49 years (aOR, 4.03, 95 % CI, 1.23-13.17, p = 0.021). Adjusted risks of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, increased by 28-93 % across advancing age groups (p < 0.001). Adjusted neonatal outcomes demonstrated up to a 40 % elevated risk of intrauterine fetal demise in patients aged 46-49 years (aOR, 1.40, 95 % CI, 1.02-1.92, p = 0.04) and a 17 % increased risk of having a small for gestational age neonate in patients aged 44-45 years (aOR, 1.17, 95 % CI, 1.05-1.31, p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancies at AMA are at increased risk for adverse outcomes, particularly for pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders, hysterectomy, blood transfusion, and maternal and fetal mortality. Although comorbidities associated with AMA influence the risk of complications, AMA was demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for major complications, with its impact varying across ages. This data imparts clinicians with the ability to provide more specific counseling to patients of varied AMA. Older patients seeking to conceive must be counseled regarding these risks in order to make well-informed decisions.

PMID:36846599 | PMC:PMC9945696 | DOI:10.1016/j.eurox.2023.100180

Front Mol Neurosci. 2023 Feb 9;16:1092864. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1092864. eCollection 2023.

ABSTRACT

One of the most important yet still underappreciated mechanisms of depression is distorted cognition, with aberrant sensitivity to negative feedback being one of the best-described examples. As serotonin has been identified as an important modulator of sensitivity to feedback and because the hippocampus has been implicated in the mediation of learning from positive and negative outcomes, the present study aimed to identify differences in the expression of various genes encoding 5-HT receptors in this brain region between the rats displaying trait sensitivity and insensitivity to negative feedback. The results demonstrated that trait sensitivity to negative feedback is associated with increased mRNA expression of the 5-HT2A receptors in the rat ventral hippocampus (vHipp). Further analysis revealed that this increased expression might be modulated epigenetically by miRNAs with a high target score for the Htr2a gene (miR-16-5p and miR-15b-5p). Additionally, although not confirmed at the protein level, trait sensitivity to negative feedback was associated with decreased expression of mRNA encoding the 5-HT7 receptor in the dorsal hippocampus (dHipp). We observed no statistically significant intertrait differences in the expression of the Htr1a, Htr2c, and Htr7 genes in the vHipp and no statistically significant intertrait differences in the expression of the Htr1a, Htr2a, and Htr2c genes in the dHipp of the tested animals. These results suggest that resilience to depression manifested by reduced sensitivity to negative feedback may be mediated via these receptors.

PMID:36846570 | PMC:PMC9948091 | DOI:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1092864

Dermatol Res Pract. 2023 Feb 15;2023:4592087. doi: 10.1155/2023/4592087. eCollection 2023.

ABSTRACT

Health care spending in Italy is high and continues to increase; assessing the long-term health and economic outcomes of new therapies is essential. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis, a clinical condition that significantly affects patients’ quality of life at a high cost and requires continuous care. This retrospective study aimed to assess the direct cost and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Dupilumab and patients’ clinical outcomes. All AD patients treated with Dupilumab at the Sassari University Hospital, Italy, between January 2019 and December 2021 were included. Eczema Area Severity Index, Dermatology Life Quality Index, and Itch Numeric Rating Scale scores were measured. ADRs and drug expenses were analyzed. A statistically significant posttreatment improvement was observed for all the indices measured: EASI (P < 0.0001), DLQI (P < 0.0001), NRS (P < 0.0001). The total expenditure for Dupilumab, in the observed period, amounted to € 589.748,66 for 1358 doses, and a positive correlation was shown between annual expenditure and delta percentage of variation pre- and posttreatment for the clinical parameters evaluated.

PMID:36846564 | PMC:PMC9946764 | DOI:10.1155/2023/4592087

Int J Clin Trials. 2022 Apr-Jun;9(2):107-117. doi: 10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20221110. Epub 2022 Apr 25.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To exchange the type of subjective Bayesian prior selection for assumptions more directly related to statistical decision making in clinician studies and trials, the decreasingly informative prior (DIP) is considered. We expand standard Bayesian early termination methods in one-parameter statistical models for Phase II clinical trials to include decreasingly informative priors (DIP). These priors are designed to reduce the chance of erroneously adapting trials too early by parameterize skepticism in an amount always equal to the unobserved sample size.

METHOD: We show how to parameterize these priors based on effective prior sample size and provide examples for common single-parameter models, include Bernoulli, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions. We use a simulation study to search through possible values of total sample sizes and termination thresholds to find the smallest total sample size (N) under admissible designs, which we define as having at least 80% power and no greater than 5% type I error rate.

RESULTS: For Bernoulli, Poisson, and Gaussian distributions, the DIP approach requires fewer patients when admissible designs are achieved. In situations where type I error or power are not admissible, the DIP approach yields similar power and better-controlled type I error with comparable or fewer patients than other Bayesian priors by Thall and Simon.

CONCLUSIONS: The DIP helps control type I error rates with comparable or fewer patients, especially for those instances when increased type I error rates arise from erroneous termination early in a trial.

PMID:36846554 | PMC:PMC9957559 | DOI:10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20221110

Adv Neurol (Singap). 2023 Mar 31;2(1):247. doi: 10.36922/an.247. Epub 2023 Feb 3.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Depressed skull fractures (DSFs) are a subset of fractures characterized by either direct or indirect brain damage, compressing brain tissue. Recent advances in implant use during primary reconstruction surgeries have shown to be effective. In this systematic review, we assess differences in titanium mesh, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants, autologous pericranial grafts, and methyl methacrylate (PMMA) implants for DSF treatment.

METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from their inception to September 2022 to retrieve articles regarding the use of various implant materials for depressed skull fractures. Inclusion criteria included studies specifically describing implant type/material within treatment of depressed skull fractures, particularly during duraplasty. Exclusion criteria were studies reporting only non-primary data, those insufficiently disaggregated to extract implant type, those describing treatment of pathologies other than depressed skull fractures, and non-English or cadaveric studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was utilized to assess for presence of bias in included studies.

RESULTS: Following final study selection, 18 articles were included for quantitative and qualitative analysis. Of the 177 patients (152 males), mean age was 30.8 years with 82% implanted with autologous graft material, and 18% with non-autologous material. Data were pooled and analyzed with respect to the total patient set, and additionally stratified into those treated through autologous and non-autologous implant material.There were no differences between the two cohorts regarding mean time to encounter, pre-operative Glasgow coma scale (GCS), fracture location, length to cranioplasty, and complication rate. There were statistically significant differences in post-operative GCS (p < 0.0001), LOS (p = 0.0274), and minimum follow-up time (p = 0.000796).

CONCLUSION: Differences in measurable post-operative outcomes between implant groups were largely minimal or none. Future research should aim to probe these basic results deeper with a larger, non-biased sample.

PMID:36846546 | PMC:PMC9948107 | DOI:10.36922/an.247

Transportation (Amst). 2023 Feb 21:1-35. doi: 10.1007/s11116-023-10371-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Determining bike-sharing usage patterns and their explanatory factors on demand is essential for the effective and efficient operation of bike-sharing systems (BSSs). Most BSSs provide different passes that vary with the period of use. However, studies investigating the differences in usage patterns are rare compared to studies conducted at the system level, even though explanatory factors depending on the type of pass may cause different characteristics in terms of usage patterns. This study explores the differences in the usage patterns of BSSs and the impact of explanatory factors on the demand depending on the type of pass. Various machine learning techniques, including clustering, regression, and classification, are used, in addition to basic statistical analysis. As observed, long-term season passes of over six months are mainly used for transportation (especially commuting), whereas one-day or short-term season passes seem to be used more for leisure than for other purposes. Furthermore, differences in the purpose of bike rentals seem to cause differences in usage patterns and variations in demand over time and space. This study improves ther understanding of the usage patterns that appear differently for each pass type, and provides insights into the efficient operation of BSSs in urban areas.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11116-023-10371-7.

PMID:36846545 | PMC:PMC9942648 | DOI:10.1007/s11116-023-10371-7

Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care. 2022 Sep 25;28(1):29-35. doi: 10.2478/rjaic-2021-0005. eCollection 2021 Jul.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In the last few years there is a trend of transiting from the continuous epidural infusion (CEI) method for epidural analgesia to a new method – programmed intermittent epidural analgesia (PIEB). This change improves the quality of epidural analgesia, thanks to an increased spread of the anaesthetic in the epidural space and higher maternal satisfaction. Nevertheless, we must make sure that such change of method does not lead to worse obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective observational case control study. We compared several obstetrical outcomes between the CEI and PIEB groups, such as the rates of instrumental delivery, rates of caesarean section, duration of first and second stages of labour well as APGAR scores. We further segmented the subjects and examined them in groups of nulliparous and multiparous parturients.

RESULTS: 2696 parturients were included in this study: 1387 (51.4%) parturients in the CEI group and 1309 (48.6%) parturients in the PIEB group. No significant difference was found in instrumental or caesarean section delivery rates between groups. This result held even when the groups were differentiated between nulliparous and multiparous. No differences were revealed regarding first and second stage duration or APGAR scores.

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates transition from the CEI to the PIEB method does not lead to any statistically significant effects on either obstetric or neonatal outcomes.

PMID:36846539 | PMC:PMC9949009 | DOI:10.2478/rjaic-2021-0005

Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care. 2022 Sep 25;28(1):25-28. doi: 10.2478/rjaic-2021-0004. eCollection 2021 Jul.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The procedures of introducing an airway by intubation are associated with increased risk of aerosolisation of SARS-CoV-2 virus, posing a high risk to the personnel involved. Newer and novel methods such as the intubation box have been developed to increase the safety of healthcare workers during intubation.

METHODS DESIGN: In this study, 33 anaesthesiologist and critical care specialists intubated the trachea of the airway manikin (US Laerdal Medical AS™) 4 times using a King Vision^® videolaryngoscope and TRUVIEW PCD™ videolaryngoscope (with and without an intubation box as described by Lai). Intubation time was primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were first-pass intubation success rate, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score and peak force to maxillary incisors.

RESULTS: Intubation time and the number of times a click was heard during tracheal intubation were considerably higher in both groups when an intubation box was used (Table 1). When comparing the two laryngoscopes, the King Vision^® videolaryngoscope enabled much less time to intubate than did the TRUVIEW laryngoscope, both with and without the intubation box. (P<0.001) In both laryngoscope groups, first-pass successful intubation was higher without the intubation box, although the difference was statistically insignificant. POGO score was not affected by intubation box but a higher score was observed with King Vision^® laryngoscope (Tables 1,2).

CONCLUSION: This study indicates that use of an intubation box makes intubation difficult and increases the time needed to perform it. King Vision^® videolaryngoscope results in lesser intubation time and better glottic view as compared to TRUVIEW laryngoscope.

PMID:36846538 | PMC:PMC9949008 | DOI:10.2478/rjaic-2021-0004

Health Sci Rep. 2023 Feb 22;6(2):e1124. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1124. eCollection 2023 Feb.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The interplay between social determinants of health (SDOH) and hospitalization is significant as targeted interventions can improve the social status of the individuals. This interrelation has been historically overlooked in health care. In the present study, we reviewed studies in which the association between patient-reported social risks and hospitalization rate was assessed.

METHOD: We performed a scoping literature review of articles published until September 1, 2022 without time limit. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find relevant studies using terms representing “social determinants of health” and “hospitalization.” Forward and backward reference checking was done for the included studies. All studies that used patient-reported data as a proxy of social risks to determine the association between social risks and hospitalization rates were included. The screening and data extraction processes were done independently by two authors. In case of disagreement, senior authors were consulted.

RESULTS: Our search process retrieved a total of 14,852 records. After the duplicate removal and screening process, eight studies met the eligibility criteria, all of which were published from 2020 to 2022. The sample size of the studies ranged from 226 to 56,155 participants. All eight studies investigated the impact of food security on hospitalization, and six investigated economic status. In three studies, latent class analysis was applied to divide participants based on their social risks. Seven studies found a statistically significant association between social risks and hospitalization rates.

CONCLUSION: Individuals with social risk factors are more susceptible to hospitalization. There is a need for a paradigm shift to meet these needs and reduce the number of preventable hospitalizations.

PMID:36846535 | PMC:PMC9944244 | DOI:10.1002/hsr2.1124

Health Sci Rep. 2023 Feb 22;6(2):e1054. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1054. eCollection 2023 Feb.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: According to the World Health Organization, 11% of all children are born prematurely, representing 15 million births annually. An extensive analysis on preterm birth, from extreme to late prematurity and associated deaths, has not been published. The authors characterize premature births in Portugal, between 2010 and 2018, according to gestational age, geographic distribution, month, multiple gestations, comorbidities, and outcomes.

METHODS: A sequential, cross-sectional, observational epidemiologic study was conducted, and data were collected from the Hospital Morbidity Database, an anonymous administrative database containing information on all hospitalizations in National Health Service hospitals in Portugal, and coded according to the ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases), until 2016, and ICD-10 subsequently. Data from the National Institute of Statistics was utilized to compare the Portuguese population. Data were analyzed using R software.

RESULTS: In this 9-year study, 51.316 births were preterm, representing an overall prematurity rate of 7.7%. Under 29 weeks, birth rates varied between 5.5% and 7.6%, while births between 33 and 36 weeks varied between 76.9% and 81.0%. Urban districts presented the highest preterm rates. Multiple births were 8× more likely preterm and accounted for 37%-42% of all preterm births. Preterm birth rates slightly increased in February, July, August, and October. Overall, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), sepsis, and intraventricular hemorrhage were the most common morbidities. Preterm mortality rates varied significantly with gestational age.

CONCLUSION: In Portugal, 1 in 13 babies was born prematurely. Prematurity was more common in predominantly urban districts, a surprise finding that warrants further studies. Seasonal preterm variation rates also require further analysis and modelling to factor in heat waves and low temperatures. A decrease in the case rate of RDS and sepsis was observed. Compared with previously published results, preterm mortality per gestational age decreased; however, further improvements are attainable in comparison with other countries.

PMID:36846533 | PMC:PMC9945543 | DOI:10.1002/hsr2.1054