Tag: statistics

Anat Sci Educ. 2023 Mar 6. doi: 10.1002/ase.2268. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

An understanding of forearm and wrist anatomy is necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of various injuries. Evidence supports the use of peer-assisted learning (PAL) as an effective resource for teaching basic science courses. First-year medical students across three class years participated in an optional PAL kinesthetic workshop wherein participants created anatomically accurate paper models of forearm and wrist muscles. Participants completed pre- and post-workshop surveys. Participant and non-participant exam performances were compared. Participation ranged from 17.3-33.2% of each class; participants were more likely to identify as women than men (p<0.001). Participants in cohorts 2 and 3 reported increased comfort with relevant content after the workshop (p<0.001). Survey responses for cohort 1 were omitted due to low response rates; however, exam performances were assessed for all three cohorts. Cohort 2 participants scored higher than non-participants on forearm and wrist questions on the cumulative course exam (p=0.010), while the opposite was found for cohort 3 (p=0.051). No other statistically significant differences were observed. This is the first study to examine quantitative and qualitative results for a PAL intervention repeated for three separate cohorts. Although academic performance varied, two cohorts reported increased comfort with relevant course material after the workshop. Results of this study support the need for further exploration of PAL workshops as an instructional method in teaching anatomy, and highlight the challenges associated with repeating interventions over multiple years. As more studies attempt replication across multiple years, these challenges may be addressed, thereby informing PAL best practices.

PMID:36876457 | DOI:10.1002/ase.2268

JBI Evid Synth. 2023 Mar 7. doi: 10.11124/JBIES-22-00248. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to describe the nature and extent of the literature regarding unlicensed assistive personnel’s involvement in delivering care to persons with or at risk of delirium.

INTRODUCTION: Initiatives that promote the involvement of unlicensed assistive personnel in providing additional supervision and care to persons with or at risk of delirium have been developed. Since no standardized approach guides unlicensed assistive personnel’s involvement with persons with or at risk of delirium, and since inconsistent training and expectations may pose a threat to the safety and quality of care, it is essential to clarify their role with persons with or at risk of delirium.

INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider articles published in peer-reviewed journals, dissertations, theses, book chapters, and conference papers in French or English. Quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method studies that report on the development, implementation, or evaluation of the role of unlicensed assistive personnel in contexts of delirium will be included. We will consider editorials and opinion papers only if they report on the development, implementation, or evaluation of the role of unlicensed assistive personnel.

METHODS: Records will be identified via CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, Embase, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers will select studies and extract data using a piloted form. Data will be synthesized narratively, using descriptive statistics and a tabular format. A consultation phase will include approximately 24 unlicensed assistive personnel and registered nurses who will be invited to comment on the review findings.

PMID:36876454 | DOI:10.11124/JBIES-22-00248

J Addict Dis. 2023 Mar 6:1-5. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2173929. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The present study aims to compare Years of Life Lost for unintentional drug overdose and the leading underlying causes of death in the United States annually from 2017 to 2019. Years of Life Lost provide valuable context to incident deaths when comparing the relative mortality burden of underlying causes of death. Prior research has shown unintentional drug overdose was the third leading cause of Years of Life Lost in the state of Ohio in 2017. However, this finding has yet to be replicated at the national level in the US. Death statistics for 2017-2019 were accessed via CDC WONDER. Years of Life Lost were calculated for unintentional drug overdose and each of the top five causes of incident deaths in the US during the study period. Unintentional drug overdose caused nearly seven million Years of Life Lost in the US during the three-year period of study and was the fourth leading cause of Years of Life Lost after cancer, heart disease and other accidents. Incidence alone provides an incomplete picture of the effect of unintentional drug overdose on overall mortality burden in the US. Years of Life Lost give critical context to the overdose crisis, underscoring unintentional drug overdose as a leading cause of premature mortality.

PMID:36876385 | DOI:10.1080/10550887.2023.2173929

Pediatr Int. 2023 Mar 5:e15520. doi: 10.1111/ped.15520. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Concerns about the safety and adverse reactions of rapidly developed vaccines against COVID-19 contributed to parents’ vaccine hesitancy and this situation created an opportunity for anti-vaccine campaigners. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in parents’ attitudes towards childhood vaccines during the course of COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, parents of children who applied to the outpatient clinic of pediatric department of Trakya University Hospital between August 2020 and February 2021 were recruited into two study groups according to COVID-19 peak time in Türkiye. Group 1 included parents who applied after first peak of COVID-19 pandemic and Group 2 included parents of children who applied after second peak. The WHO’s 10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale was applied to each group.

RESULTS: 610 parents agreed to participate in the study. Group 1 and 2 consisted of 160 and 450 parents, respectively. While the number of parents who were hesitant about childhood vaccines was 17 (10.6 %) in Group 1, it was 90 (20 %) in Group 2. Statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (p = 0.008). The WHO’s 10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale mean score was found to be higher in Group 2 (23.7 ± 6.9) than Group 1 (21.3 ± 7.3) (p < 0.001). The WHO’s 10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale mean scores (20.0 ± 6.5) of parents who experienced COVID-19 infection themselves or their family or acquaintances had significantly lower than those who did not (24.7 ± 6.9) (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The hesitant attitudes towards childhood and COVID-19 vaccines were low in parents who somehow encountered COVID-19 or were worried about the devastating effects of this disease. On the other hand, it has been shown that as the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, parents’ hesitations towards childhood vaccines increase.

PMID:36872424 | DOI:10.1111/ped.15520

J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2023;20:2. doi: 10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.2. Epub 2023 Jan 18.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the validity of student feedback derived from Medicine Student Experience Questionnaire (MedSEQ), as well as the predictors of students’ satisfaction in the Medicine program.

METHODS: Data from MedSEQ applying to the University of New South Wales Medicine program in 2017, 2019, and 2021 were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s α were used to assess the construct validity and reliability of MedSEQ respectively. Hierarchical multiple linear regressions were used to identify the factors that most impact students’ overall satisfaction with the program.

RESULTS: A total of 1,719 students (34.50%) responded to MedSEQ. CFA showed good fit indices (root mean square error of approximation=0.051; comparative fit index=0.939; chi-square/degrees of freedom=6.429). All factors yielded good (α>0.7) or very good (α>0.8) levels of reliability, except the “online resources” factor, which had acceptable reliability (α=0.687). A multiple linear regression model with only demographic characteristics explained 3.8% of the variance in students’ overall satisfaction, whereas the model adding 8 domains from MedSEQ explained 40%, indicating that 36.2% of the variance was attributable to students’ experience across the 8 domains. Three domains had the strongest impact on overall satisfaction: “being cared for,” “satisfaction with teaching,” and “satisfaction with assessment” (β=0.327, 0.148, 0.148, respectively; all with P<0.001).

CONCLUSION: MedSEQ has good construct validity and high reliability, reflecting students’ satisfaction with the Medicine program. Key factors impacting students’ satisfaction are the perception of being cared for, quality teaching irrespective of the mode of delivery and fair assessment tasks which enhance learning.

PMID:36872423 | DOI:10.3352/jeehp.2023.20.2

Int Urol Nephrol. 2023 Mar 6. doi: 10.1007/s11255-023-03539-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Amelioration of proteinuria is one of main treatment targets in patients with glomerulonephritis, yet the remission rates are suboptimal.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To examine the effect of the sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor (empagliflozin) on proteinuria and kidney function progression, in patients with glomerulonephritis not due to diabetic kidney diseases.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients were recruited. The entry criteria were diagnosis of glomerulonephritis, and proteinuria (proteinuria ≥ 500 mg⁄g) in spite of the use of the maximal tolerated dose of RAAS blocking agents together with specific immunosuppression treatment regimens. Group 1 (Empagliflozin arm): 25 patients who received 25 mg of empagliflozin once daily for 3 months as add-on to their regular treatment protocol (RAAS blockers and immunosuppression). Group 2 (Placebo arm): 25 patients treated with RAAS blockers and immunosuppression. The primary efficacy endpoints were the change in creatinine eGFR, and proteinuria 3 months after starting treatment.

RESULTS: Progression of proteinuria was lower with empagliflozin as compared to placebo (odds ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.72, p = 0.002). Decline in eGFR was lower with empagliflozin as compared to placebo; however, this was statistically not significant (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.2, p = .31). The percentage change in proteinuria was greater with empagliflozin as compared to placebo (median, – 77 (- 97-105) vs – 48 (- 80-117).

CONCLUSION: Empagliflozin has a favorable effect on amelioration of proteinuria in patients with glomerulonephritis. Empagliflozin has tendency to preserve kidney function in patients with glomerulonephritis as compared to placebo; however, longer term studies are required.

PMID:36872420 | DOI:10.1007/s11255-023-03539-8

J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2023 Mar 6;35(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s43046-023-00165-4.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging may improve the detection of prostate cancer. The aim of this work is to compare between PI-RADS 3-5 and PI-RADS 4-5 as a threshold for targeted prostatic biopsy.

METHODS: This is a prospective clinical study that included 40 biopsy-naïve patients referred for prostate biopsy. Patients underwent prebiopsy multi-parametric (mp-MRI), followed by 12-core transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy and cognitive MRI/TRUS fusion targeted biopsy from each detected lesion. The primary endpoint was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the PI-RAD 3-4 versus PI-RADS 4-5 lesion by mpMRI for prostate cancer detection in biopsy-naive men.

RESULTS: The overall prostate cancer detection rate and the clinically significant cancer detection rate were 42.5% and 35%, respectively. Targeted biopsies from PI-RADS 3-5 lesions showed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 44%, positive predictive value of 51.7%, and negative predictive value of 100%. Restricting targeted biopsies to PI-RADS 4-5 lesions resulted in a decrease in sensitivity and negative predictive value to 73.3% and 86.2%, respectively, while specificity and positive predictive value were increased to 100% for both parameters which was statistically significant (P value < 0.0001 and P value = 0.004, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS: Limiting the TBs to PI-RADS 4-5 lesions improves the performance of mp-MRI in the detection of prostate cancer especially aggressive tumors.

PMID:36872409 | DOI:10.1186/s43046-023-00165-4

Neuropsychol Rev. 2023 Mar 6. doi: 10.1007/s11065-023-09582-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Performance validity tests (PVTs) are used to measure the validity of the obtained neuropsychological test data. However, when an individual fails a PVT, the likelihood that failure truly reflects invalid performance (i.e., the positive predictive value) depends on the base rate in the context in which the assessment takes place. Therefore, accurate base rate information is needed to guide interpretation of PVT performance. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the base rate of PVT failure in the clinical population (PROSPERO number: CRD42020164128). PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsychINFO were searched to identify articles published up to November 5, 2021. Main eligibility criteria were a clinical evaluation context and utilization of stand-alone and well-validated PVTs. Of the 457 articles scrutinized for eligibility, 47 were selected for systematic review and meta-analyses. Pooled base rate of PVT failure for all included studies was 16%, 95% CI [14, 19]. High heterogeneity existed among these studies (Cochran’s Q = 697.97, p < .001; I² = 91%; τ² = 0.08). Subgroup analysis indicated that pooled PVT failure rates varied across clinical context, presence of external incentives, clinical diagnosis, and utilized PVT. Our findings can be used for calculating clinically applied statistics (i.e., positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios) to increase the diagnostic accuracy of performance validity determination in clinical evaluation. Future research is necessary with more detailed recruitment procedures and sample descriptions to further improve the accuracy of the base rate of PVT failure in clinical practice.

PMID:36872398 | DOI:10.1007/s11065-023-09582-7

Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2023 Mar 5. doi: 10.1007/s13318-023-00821-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Understanding predictive potential of parameters to perform early bioequivalence (BE) risk assessment is crucial for good planning and risk mitigation during product development. The objective of the present study was to evaluate predictive potential of various biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic parameters on the outcome of BE study.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on 198 Sandoz (Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., A Sandoz Company, Verovskova 57, 1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia) sponsored BE studies [52 active pharmaceutical ingredients (API)] where characteristics of BE study and APIs were collected for immediate-release products and their predictive potential on the study outcome was assessed using univariate statistical analysis.

RESULTS: Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) was confirmed to be highly predictive of BE success. BE studies with poorly soluble APIs were riskier (23% non-BE) than with highly soluble APIs (0.1% non-BE). APIs with either lower bioavailability (BA), presence of first-pass metabolism, and/or being substrate for P-glycoprotein substrate (P-gP) were associated with higher non-BE occurrence. In silico permeability and time at peak plasma concentrations (T_max) were shown as potentially relevant features for predicting BE outcome. In addition, our analysis showed significantly higher occurrence of non-BE results for poorly soluble APIs with disposition described by multicompartment model. The conclusions for poorly soluble APIs were the same on a subset of fasting BE studies; for a subset of fed studies there were no significant differences between factors in BE and non-BE groups.

CONCLUSION: Understanding the association of parameters and BE outcome is important for further development of early BE risk assessment tools where focus should be first in finding additional parameters to differentiate BE risk within a group of poorly soluble APIs.

PMID:36872388 | DOI:10.1007/s13318-023-00821-z

Eur J Pediatr. 2023 Mar 6. doi: 10.1007/s00431-023-04902-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Pancreatitis is the most common adverse event following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Meanwhile, the national temporal trend of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in children remains to be reported. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal trend and factors associated with PEP in children. We conducted a nationwide study using data from the National Inpatient Sample database during 2008-2017 and included all patients aged ≤ 18 years who underwent ERCP. The primary outcomes were temporal trends and factors associated with PEP. The secondary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, total charges (TC), and total length of stay (LOS). A total of 45,268 hospitalized pediatric patients who underwent ERCP were analyzed; of whom, 2043 (4.5%) were diagnosed with PEP. The prevalence of PEP decreased from 5.0% in 2008 to 4.6% in 2017 (P = 0.0002). In multivariable logistic analysis, adjusted risk factors of PEP were hospitals located in the West (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.36-3.20; P < .0001), bile duct stent insertion (aOR 1.49, 95% CI, 1.08-2.05; P = 0.0040), and end-stage renal disease (aOR 8.05, 95% CI 1.66-39.16; P = 0.0098). Adjusted protective factors of PEP were increasing age (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98; P = 0.0014) and hospitals located in the South (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.30-0.94; P < .0001). In-hospital mortality, TC, and LOS were higher in patients with PEP than those without PEP.

CONCLUSION: This study shows a decreasing national trend over time and identifies multiple protective and risk factors for pediatric PEP. Endoscopists can use the insights from this study to evaluate relevant factors before performing ERCP in children to prevent PEP and reduce the medical-care burden.

WHAT IS KNOWN: • Although ERCP has become indispensable procedure in children as they are in adults, education and training programs for ERCP in children are underdeveloped in many countries. • PEP is the most common and most serious adverse event following ERCP. Research on PEP in adults showed rising hospital admission and mortality rates associated with PEP in the USA.

WHAT IS NEW: • The national temporal trend of PEP among pediatric patients in the USA was decreasing from 2008 to 2017. • Older age was a protective factor for PEP in children, while end-stage renal disease and stent insertion into the bile duct were risk factors.

PMID:36872379 | DOI:10.1007/s00431-023-04902-8