Tag: statistics

JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Sep 2;8(9):e2532164. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32164.

ABSTRACT

IMPORTANCE: The Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events (PREVENT) equations are an updated model developed to improve on the Pooled Cohort Equation (PCE) for estimating 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. These equations facilitate patient-clinician discussions on initiating statin therapy and are used to estimate risk without treatment. However, statin exposure during follow-up was not fully accounted for in the development of these equations.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of the PCE and PREVENT equations in estimating ASCVD, accounting for statin exposure during follow-up.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective cohort study included adults from an integrated health care system with 10-year follow-up data. Adults without diabetes or ASCVD were identified in 2013 and followed-up through December 31, 2023, with analyses performed in January 2025.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was incident ASCVD. Estimated risks from PCE and PREVENT equations were compared with observed risks, with discrimination assessed via C statistics. The performance of these equations was evaluated in patient populations stratified by statin exposure during follow-up.

RESULTS: Among 193 885 adults (median [IQR] age, 55 [48-63] years; 113 400 [58.5%] women), 6528 experienced an ASCVD event. The C statistic was 0.725 (95% CI, 0.719-0.731) for PCE and 0.723 (95% CI, 0.716-0.729) for PREVENT. In the overall population, regardless of statin exposure, the observed 10-year ASCVD risk was lower than estimated by PCE: 3.6% for individuals with estimated risk of 5% to less than 7.5%, 4.5% for those with estimated risk of 7.5% to less than 10%, and 8.0% for those with estimated risk of 10% or greater. The observed risk more closely aligned with the estimated risk from PREVENT: 5.2% for individuals with estimated risk of 5% to 7.5%, 8.1% for those with estimated risk 7.5% to less than 10%, and 11.6% for those with estimated risk of 10% or greater. In contrast, among patients not exposed to statin therapy during follow-up, PREVENT underestimated risk: observed risk was 8.2% for individuals with estimated risk of 5% to less than 7.5%, and 13.5% for those with estimated risk of 7.5% to less than 10%, while PCE-estimated risk more closely approximated the observed risk.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this retrospective cohort study, the PREVENT model underestimated risk in patients not treated with statins, whereas the PCE estimates more closely reflected what a patient’s risk would be without statin therapy.

PMID:40956580 | DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.32164

Int Urol Nephrol. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s11255-025-04782-x. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a cornerstone treatment for resectable peritoneal carcinomatosis. Urologic reconstructive surgery is required in 7-20% of cytoreductive surgeries due to urinary tract involvement or injury, yet current literature on outcomes remains limited. This study presents one of the largest single-institution cohorts examining outcomes of urologic reconstruction in CRS/HIPEC cases, and is the first to investigate the impact of preoperative planning and intraoperative timing of urologic reconstruction on postoperative outcomes.

METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 314 cases was performed from June 2010 to August 2023. Data from cases involving urologic reconstruction were analyzed, including demographics, surgical details, and outcomes. Statistical analyses evaluated associations between surgical variables and short and long-term urologic complications.

RESULTS: Urologic reconstruction was performed in 35 cases (11.1%), with the majority occurring after HIPEC administration. Postoperative urologic complications occurred in 57% of cases. 40% of the urologic reconstruction cases resulted in low-grade, short-term urologic complications (AKI, UTI) while 20% were deemed high-grade (sepsis, urine leak). 29% developed long-term sequelae such as ureteral stricture or urinary retention. Longer operative times were significantly associated with long-term complications. No significant differences were found in long-term complication rates based on the timing of urologic repair (pre-HIPEC or post-HIPEC) or whether urologic intervention was planned prior to surgery. Interestingly, there was a significant association between fewer prior abdominal surgeries and higher complication rates.

CONCLUSIONS: Surgical complexity and prior surgical history are key determinants of postoperative outcomes following urologic reconstruction at the time of cytoreductive surgery. Timing of urologic intervention and specific preoperative variables, such as age and peritoneal cancer index score, did not significantly impact long-term outcomes. Higher complication rates were also seen among patients with fewer prior abdominal surgeries, which may in part be due to selection bias or other unaccounted variables present in the patients with fewer abdominal surgeries. These findings highlight the importance of individualized surgical planning and inform preoperative discussions about the risks and benefits of CRS with HIPEC.

PMID:40956567 | DOI:10.1007/s11255-025-04782-x

J Endocrinol Invest. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s40618-025-02702-5. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Cushing Disease (CD) presents with typical clinical findings, even though, there is a wide spectrum of manifestations. Over the years, the sings and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) have become more subtle and atypical forms of CS have emerged. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in the clinical presentation of CD in recent years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, CD patients followed by our center were examined. A total of 258 patients with CD were included in the study. The clinical findings at the time of presentation, laboratory and imaging findings, treatment modalities and remission status in the first year after treatment were evaluated.

RESULTS: The mean age of the patients included in the study was 41.3 ±13.28 years. CD patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2023 were older than those diagnosed between 1990 and 2012 (p < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups in terms of gender. Moon face, purple striae, hirsutism, and menstrual irregularities were statistically significantly less frequent in the last 10 years than in previous years (p < 0.001; p = 0.004; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, patients who applied after 2013 had lower baseline cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, and a smaller median size of the pituitary adenoma. Limitations of the study include its retrospective design and the subjectivity of clinical data.

CONCLUSION: As the clinical presentation of Cushing’s disease changes over time, waiting for the typical Cushing’s clinic can delay diagnosis. It is important that clinicians take this into account when they suspect CD.

PMID:40956565 | DOI:10.1007/s40618-025-02702-5

Community Ment Health J. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s10597-025-01515-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Peer Recovery Support Specialists (PRSS) play a crucial role in the behavioral health (BH) workforce, assisting individuals in their recovery from substance use and mental health challenges. Despite their essential contributions to the BH field, research on resilience among peers remains limited. To address the literature gap, this study examined how PRSS’ personal resilience and workplace satisfaction with supervisor and organizational support mediate the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction. Secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional survey data of U.S.-based PRSS (N = 454). Validated measures of burnout, personal resilience, job satisfaction, and workplace support were utilized. Path analysis was used to test the hypothesized mediating roles of personal resilience and satisfaction with supervisor and organizational support. The hypothesized model accounted for 42% of the variance in job satisfaction and yielded excellent model fit: χ² (14) = 14.52, p = .41, RMSEA = 0.01 (90% CI = 0.00-0.05), CFI = 1.00, and TLI = 1.00. All three variables were statistically significant mediators. Burnout was directly and negatively associated with job satisfaction. Personal resilience and satisfaction with supervisor and organizational support were positively associated with job satisfaction and negatively with burnout. This study identified key mediating pathways through which burnout impacts job satisfaction among PRSS, underscoring the dual importance of personal resilience and workplace supports and demonstrating the multilevel conditions that can shape PRSS’ professional well-being. Results highlighted the need for organizations, policymakers, and researchers to collaboratively develop and assess PRSS-centric interventions that foster supportive and well-resourced work environments.

PMID:40956564 | DOI:10.1007/s10597-025-01515-3

Braz J Microbiol. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s42770-025-01774-y. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been suggested as a potential cofactor for the development and progression of cervical cancer, collaborating with high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV). In situ hybridization (ISH) has been considered the gold standard in the investigation of EBV in neoplasms. This study aimed to detect EBV in cervical carcinoma samples using ISH targeting EBERs (EBER-ISH) and the BamHI-W region of the viral genome (BamHI-W-ISH), and compare the results of both targets. Of the 88 cases collected, 9 were EBER-ISH positive (10.2%), while 33 (37.5%) cases were positive for EBV by BamHI-W-ISH, all showing staining in the nuclei of the malignant cells. No statistically significant results were found between the presence of EBV and carcinoma type, differentiation grade or tumor staging. The kappa agreement index between the two targets was 0.092. Only 4 cases were EBER-ISH(+) and BamHI-W-ISH(-). On the other hand, 28 cases were BamHI-W-ISH(+) and EBER-ISH(-). Altogether, 37/88 (42%) cases were EBV-positive by one or both targets. Infected lymphocytes were verified in 9 (10.2%) and 34 (38.6%) cases, by EBER-ISH and BamHI-W-ISH, respectively. The slight agreement demonstrated between the targets may be due to the lack of expression of EBERs, suggesting that EBV may present a distinct latency pattern in the cervical mucosa, or that it has entered the replicative cycle in some of these tumors, in both cases, explaining the low positivity rate verified through EBER-ISH, while calling into question the latter’s gold standard status in the detection of EBV in malignancies. Our findings also indicate that the chosen viral genomic target may represent a suitable candidate for EBV detection by ISH.

PMID:40956558 | DOI:10.1007/s42770-025-01774-y

Diabetes Ther. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s13300-025-01788-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Early onset type 2 diabetes (T2D), diagnosed before age 40 years, is potentially more aggressive than later-onset disease and is increasing in prevalence globally. We examined the prevalence of early onset T2D in the USA and characterised this population.

METHODS: Data from the longitudinal series of NHANES cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1999 and 2020 were analysed retrospectively. The prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed early onset T2D was estimated across this period and the demographics, clinical characteristics and frequency of comorbidities in this population were described. Findings were compared with the US later-onset T2D population during the same period.

RESULTS: The prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed early onset T2D increased from 1.42% (standard error 0.19) and 0.18% (0.09), respectively, during the 1999-2000 survey cycle to 1.72% (0.24) and 0.35% (0.06), respectively, during the 2017-2020 cycle. Compared with those with later-onset disease, participants with early onset T2D had a lower mean poverty-income ratio, were more likely to be Hispanic or have no health insurance and less likely to be non-Hispanic white or have private or Medicare insurance (all p < 0.05). Individuals with early onset T2D generally had a worse cardiometabolic profile, with higher mean glycated haemoglobin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance score, fasting insulin and glucose, body mass index and waist circumference but were less likely to have congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease or cancer (all p < 0.05). All comparisons remained statistically significant after adjustment for T2D duration among participants with diagnosed T2D.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that early onset T2D may disproportionately affect underserved populations with a higher likelihood of having cardiometabolic risk factors, suggesting a more aggressive disease that warrants the need for better diagnoses and treatment. Further research is needed to explore the potential link between cardiometabolic profile, risk of complications and longer-term cardiovascular outcomes in people with early onset T2D.

PMID:40956554 | DOI:10.1007/s13300-025-01788-7

Ann Surg Oncol. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1245/s10434-025-18308-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: En bloc resection of major pelvic sidewall neurovascular structures during pelvic exenteration is now deemed safe and oncologically feasible. This study aimed to evaluate the surgical, oncological, and quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes of patients who underwent en bloc common iliac or external iliac vein (CIV/EIV) resection during pelvic exenteration with and without venous reconstruction.

METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent en bloc CIV/EIV resection during pelvic exenteration at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney (January 1994-July 2024). The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) questionnaire was used to evaluate QoL.

RESULTS: Of 76 patients included in this study, 41 underwent venous reconstruction and 35 did not (recon vs. non-recon groups). There were no statistically significant differences in surgical (including vascular-specific complications), oncological (R0), and QoL outcomes between groups. The non-recon group had increased major complications (42.9% vs. 36.6%) and length of hospital stay (28 vs. 22 days) but reduced estimated blood loss (3000 vs. 4500 mL). The non-recon group had superior median total FACT-C scores at 6- (102 vs. 100) and 12-month intervals (107 vs. 99.6).

CONCLUSION: Selected patients undergoing en bloc CIV/EIV excision without reconstruction may experience similar surgical, oncological, and QoL outcomes as those with reconstruction. When the CIV/EIV is resected, ligation without reconstruction can be performed safely in selected patients where there is evidence of chronic venous outflow obstruction and collateralization.

PMID:40956533 | DOI:10.1245/s10434-025-18308-3

Emerg Radiol. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s10140-025-02396-5. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Traumatic adrenal gland hemorrhage (TAH) is an uncommon injury which can be managed conservatively in most cases. There are limited studies assessing the interval follow-up and resolution of conservatively managed TAH. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between resolution of TAH, follow-up imaging interval and initial hematoma size. A key objective was to assess the incidence of underlying adrenal masses that may mimic or contribute to hemorrhage.

METHODS: Single centre retrospective cross-sectional study of all trauma patients with radiologically reported adrenal hemorrhage from January 1, 2009 to January 1, 2025. Patients were identified through radiology database search, with demographic, imaging and hematoma data collected to analyse associations between resolution, follow-up timing and initial hematoma size.

RESULTS: Of the 246 patients identified, 125 (51%) underwent at least 1 follow-up CT. The first follow-up occurred at a mean interval of 66.9 days; At this time, 60 patients (48%) showed complete resolution, 53 (42%) showed partial resolution and 12 (10%) demonstrated persistent hemorrhage. An underlying adrenal lesion was identified in 1% of patients. There were statistically significant associations between follow-up imaging time interval and hematoma resolution (p = 0.0025), and between the initial hematoma size and the resolution outcome (p < 0.000001).

CONCLUSION: Complete resolution of TAH occurred more frequently in patients with follow-up imaging at ≥ 30 days post injury. Hematomas measuring < 27 mm on initial imaging were more likely to resolve completely. Underlying adrenal lesions were rare. These findings may assist trauma centres in refining follow-up imaging strategies for conservatively managed TAH.

PMID:40956525 | DOI:10.1007/s10140-025-02396-5

Genes Genomics. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s13258-025-01673-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Identifying microbiome markers associated with ordered phenotypes, such as disease stages or severity levels, is crucial for understanding disease progression and advancing precision medicine. Despite this importance, most existing methods for differential abundance analysis are designed for binary group comparisons and do not incorporate ordinal information, limiting their ability to capture trends across ordered categories.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate statistical methods that explicitly account for ordinal phenotype structure in microbiome data, addressing challenges such as sparsity and zero inflation, and improving the detection of meaningful microbial associations.

METHODS: In this study, we propose and evaluate three novel approaches specifically tailored for microbiome association analysis with ordered groups: the binary optimal test, the linear trend test, and the proportional odds model-based permutation test (POMp). These methods explicitly account for the ordinal structure of phenotypes and address the sparsity and zero-inflation commonly observed in microbiome data through permutation-based inference. We applied the proposed methods to three publicly available gut microbiome datasets, including two related to obesity and one concerning colorectal cancer.

RESULTS: All three proposed methods successfully identified differentially abundant features (DAFs) that exhibited stronger ordinal associations compared to those identified by existing methods. In particular, POMp consistently outperformed other approaches in terms of correlation with phenotype order, demonstrating its potential to identify biologically relevant markers.

CONCLUSION: The findings of this study highlight the importance of incorporating ordinal information in microbiome studies and provide robust statistical tools for advancing microbial biomarker discovery in complex disease contexts.

PMID:40956524 | DOI:10.1007/s13258-025-01673-4

Clin Drug Investig. 2025 Sep 16. doi: 10.1007/s40261-025-01482-3. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dyslipidaemia is a key modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, achieving recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) target levels is challenging owing to dose-dependent adverse effects and limited tolerability of high-dose statins. This study evaluated the real-world efficacy and safety of combining very-low-dose rosuvastatin (2.5 mg) with ezetimibe (10 mg) in adult patients with dyslipidaemia across different cardiovascular risk strata.

METHODS: This multicentre prospective study in South Korea enrolled 2,388 patients. Participants were stratified into low-, moderate-, or high-risk groups on the basis of the 2019 European Society of Cardiology and European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines. Lipid profiles and safety outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. The primary and secondary outcomes were LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) target level achievements, respectively, and adverse events were monitored.

RESULTS: After 12 weeks, LDL-C target levels were achieved by 82.6% of low-risk (< 116 mg/dL), 73.9% of moderate-risk (< 100 mg/dL), and 50.4% of high-risk (< 70 mg/dL) patients. Non-HDL-C target level achievement followed a similar trend. Combination therapy with ezetimibe and low-dose statin resulted in significant LDL-C reductions, compared with statins alone. Adverse events were infrequent (0.6%), and only 0.2% of patients discontinued treatment owing to medication-related concerns.

CONCLUSIONS: Very-low-dose rosuvastatin-ezetimibe combination therapy significantly lowered LDL-C levels and improved lipid profiles across various risk groups, demonstrating a favourable safety profile. These findings support its use as an effective, well-tolerated option for managing dyslipidaemia. Longer-term studies are warranted to evaluate sustained lipid control and cardiovascular outcomes.

PMID:40956520 | DOI:10.1007/s40261-025-01482-3