Tag: statistics

Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2022 Sep 30. doi: 10.1111/acps.13506. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol, tobacco and coffee are commonly used substances and use in adolescence has previously been linked to mood disorders. However, few large prospective studies have investigated adolescent use in relation to mental health outcomes in adulthood. The main aim of this study was to examine the prospective associations between alcohol use, cigarette smoking and coffee consumption at age 16 and subsequent mood disorders up to 33 years of age.

METHODS: Data from The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study were used and a total of 7,660 participants (49.9% male) were included. Associations between alcohol use, cigarette smoking and coffee consumption at age 16 and later diagnoses of major depression and bipolar disorder were examined using multinomial logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS: Mean number of cigarettes/day (OR=1.23 (95% CI 1.01-1.50)) and mean volume of alcohol consumption (OR = 1.22 (95% CI 1.01-1.47)), but not frequency of excessive drinking, in adolescence were associated with increased risk for subsequent bipolar disorder after adjustment for sex, parental psychiatric disorders, family structure, illicit substance use, and emotional and behavioral problems at age 16. An association between cigarette smoking and major depression attenuated to statistically non-significant when adjusted for emotional and behavioral problems. No associations were observed between adolescent coffee consumption and subsequent mood disorders.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report an association of adolescent cigarette smoking and subsequent bipolar disorder diagnosis providing grounds for further research and pointing to a place for preventive measures among adolescents.

PMID:36177725 | DOI:10.1111/acps.13506

Biometrics. 2022 Sep 30. doi: 10.1111/biom.13766. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In the COVID-19 pandemic, workplace transmission plays an important role. For this type of transmission, the longitudinal 14-day incidence curve of SARS-CoV-2 infections per economic sector is a proxy. In Belgium, a census of confirmed 14-day incidences per NACE-BEL sector level three is available from September 2020 until June 2021, encompassing two waves of infections. However, these high-dimensional data, with a relatively small number of NACE-BEL sectors, are challenging to analyze. We propose a non-linear Gaussian-Gaussian model that combines parametric and semi-parametric elements to describe the incidence curves with a small set of meaningful parameters. These parameters are further analyzed with conventional statistical methods, such as canonical correlation analysis and linear models, to provide insight into predictive characteristics of the first wave for the second wave. Those non-linear models classify economic sectors into three groups: sectors with two regular waves of infections, sectors with only a first wave and sectors with a more irregular profile, which may indicate a clear effect of COVID-19 vaccination. The Gaussian-Gaussian model thus allows for analyzing and comparing incidence curves and to bring out key characteristics of such curves. Finally, we consider in which other settings the proposed approach could be applied, together with possible pitfalls. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36177715 | DOI:10.1111/biom.13766

J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2022 Sep 30. doi: 10.1111/jce.15697. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies with a control group to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a time to isolation (TTI)-based strategy of cryoballoon ablation (CBA) in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).

METHODS: Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Embase) without language restrictions were searched. The intervention assessed was a TTI-based strategy of CBA in the treatment of AF. TTI was defined as the time from the start of freezing to the last recorded pulmonary veins’ potential. The comparison of interest was intended conventional protocol of CBA. The primary end point was freedom from atrial arrhythmia.

RESULTS: Nine studies were deemed eligible (N= 2289 patients). Eight studies reported freedom from atrial arrhythmia and pooled results showed a marginally similar success rate between two protocols (OR: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.98 – 1.56). A prespecified subgroup analysis verified that a high dose TTI strategy (with >120s duration of cryotherapy post TTI) compared to conventional protocol could significantly increase the patients without atrial arrhythmia during follow-up (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05 – 1.83). TTI strategy could also significantly decrease total procedure time (SMD: – 26.24 minutes; 95% CI: – 36.90 to – 15.57) and phrenic nerve palsy incidence (OR: 0.49; 95% CI 0.29 – 0.84).

CONCLUSION: Moderate confidence evidence suggests that an individualized CBA dosing strategy based on TTI and extended (> 2 minutes post TTI) duration of CBA is accompanied by fewer recurrences post AF ablation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:36177697 | DOI:10.1111/jce.15697

J Exp Psychol Gen. 2022 Sep 29. doi: 10.1037/xge0001304. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Nonarbitrary phenomena in language, such as systematic association in the form-meaning interface, have been widely reported in the literature. Exploiting such systematic associations previous studies have demonstrated that pseudowords can be indicative of meaning. However, whether semantic activation from words and pseudowords is supported by the very same processes, activating a common semantic memory system, is currently not known. Here, we take advantage of recent progresses from computational linguistics models allowing to induce meaning representations for out-of-vocabulary strings of letters via domain-general associative-learning mechanisms applied to natural language. We combined these models with data from priming tasks, in which participants are showed two strings of letters presented sequentially one after the other and are then asked to indicate if the latter is a word or a pseudoword. In Experiment 1 we reanalyzed the data of the largest behavioral database on semantic priming, while in Experiment 2 we ran an independent replication on a new language, Italian, controlling for a series of possible confounds. Results were consistent across the two experiments and showed that the prime-word meaning interferes with the semantic pattern elicited by the target pseudoword (i.e., at increasing estimated semantic relatedness between prime word and target pseudoword, participants’ reaction times increased and accuracy decreased). These findings indicate that the same associative mechanisms governing word meaning also subserve the processing of pseudowords, suggesting in turn that human semantic memory can be conceived as a distributional system that builds upon a general-purpose capacity of extracting knowledge from complex statistical patterns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36174173 | DOI:10.1037/xge0001304

Psychol Assess. 2022 Sep 29. doi: 10.1037/pas0001167. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Increasing research uses intensive longitudinal designs to examine antecedents and consequences associated with dynamic affective processes. These studies often rely on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to measure affect. Studies assessing the structure of the PANAS are largely cross-sectional in nature and cannot always disentangle within-person variability from between-person differences in affect. A paucity of studies examines structural similarities and differences in affect at the between- and within-person levels, and few have done so with short-form versions of the PANAS. This study investigates the multilevel factor structure of the 10-item PANAS-short-form in a sample of young adults (n = 272) measured daily consecutively over 1 month. Additionally, dynamic relations between positive and negative affect, depressive symptoms, stress, and physical symptoms were examined. Results support a three factors within and two factors between multilevel structural model. Distinct dynamic relations were observed among positive affect, negative affect, stress, and physical symptoms at the within level. Positive and negative affect were correlated with depressive symptoms, stress, and physical symptoms at the between level. Findings indicate the need to disentangle structural components of positive and negative affect when conducting intensive longitudinal studies to examine correlates linked to dynamic affective processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36174167 | DOI:10.1037/pas0001167

Psychol Assess. 2022 Sep 29. doi: 10.1037/pas0001183. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

For decades, the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) has been the most widely used measure of children’s home environments. This report provides a revised version of the HOME-Short Form, the HOME-21, reflecting historical changes in family composition and caregiver roles, norms about the acceptability of different forms of discipline, and children’s digital environments. Using data from two samples of parents of children ages 0-17 (Fast Track [FT], N = 553, age = 33.8, 49.2% female, 48.1% Black, 51.9% White/other; Great Smoky Mountains Study [GSMS], N = 722, age = 37.2, 54.7% female, 67.6% White, 6.6% Black, 25.8% American Indian), we assess the utility of the HOME-21 with descriptive statistics and correlations with a range of demographic, family context, parenting, and child adjustment measures. Higher HOME-21 scores were correlated with obtaining a high school diploma or equivalency diploma (in GSMS only), having 4 or more years of college, and household income. HOME-21 was also correlated with having a more favorable family context indexed by fewer stressful life events (in FT only), less household food insecurity, lower household chaos, and more perceived social support. Higher HOME-21 scores were correlated with better parenting in the form of parental acceptance, positive parenting, warm involvement, appropriate and consistent discipline, verbal discussion, less physical aggression, and greater parental self-efficacy. Higher HOME-21 scores were correlated with better child adjustment in terms of fewer emotional and conduct problems, less hyperactivity, and more prosocial behavior. The HOME-21 has utility for use in future studies of children’s home environments in the 21st century. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36174166 | DOI:10.1037/pas0001183

Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2022 Sep 29. doi: 10.1037/pha0000603. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Alcohol and tobacco use are interrelated. This study examined response to very low nicotine content (VLNC) and moderate nicotine content (MNC) cigarettes by problematic drinking. We utilized a double-blind, randomized, within-subjects crossover design of VLNC and MNC cigarettes in two groups of adult cigarette smokers: with at-risk drinking (ARD; n = 23) and without ARD (n = 24). Participants smoked only their assigned experimental cigarette in their home environment for 7 days, and completed laboratory visits, including ad libitum smoking of the assigned experimental cigarette, at the beginning and end of each experimental week. Participants smoked their usual cigarettes for 7 days between conditions. Participants provided daily reports of alcohol and cigarette consumption. Current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5) alcohol use disorder (AUD) was assessed at baseline and the end of each experimental week. Compliance with smoking of experimental cigarettes was good. Adjusting for baseline drinking, there was no significant effect of experimental cigarette or ARD group on drinks per day or alcohol urges. There was no effect of experimental cigarette or ARD group on cigarettes per day, or on any puff topography outcome or postsmoking exhaled carbon monoxide during laboratory smoking. No participant had a change in AUD status or AUD severity. After 7 days of exposure to VLNC cigarettes, adult cigarette smokers with ARD did not show compensatory drinking or compensatory smoking behavior. A future policy change in the United States to reduce nicotine content in cigarettes may not produce unintended compensatory drinking or smoking among this vulnerable and prevalent population of smokers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36174143 | DOI:10.1037/pha0000603

Rehabil Psychol. 2022 Sep 29. doi: 10.1037/rep0000471. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore perspectives of the paralysis community about COVID-19 vaccine boosters.

RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN: Data were collected through an online survey with multiple choice and open-ended questions from adult persons with paralysis (PWP), persons with other disabilities, and other members of the paralysis community (Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation Supporters, FS). PWP and persons with other disabilities were grouped into one group (persons with disabilities, PWD) for most analyses. Multiple choice questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were conducted to compare the PWD and FS groups; open-ended responses were coded using Hamilton’s rapid assessment process.

RESULTS: A total of 774 participants (740 PWD and 304 FS) responded to the survey. PWD were less likely to agree that they felt well-informed about boosters, that the boosters were safe, and that their state and federal governments provide transparent information about boosters. Of those who had not received a booster, PWP were less likely than the rest of the sample to plan to receive one. Both groups expressed similar concerns about the boosters, but distrust was a more common concern for PWD than for FS. Both groups expressed concerns about side effects and the boosters affecting a health condition, but PWP expressed concerns unique to paralysis and neurological difficulties.

CONCLUSIONS: Although PWD shared concerns with the FS group, distrust is a larger issue and concerns unique to PWD that must be considered in public health efforts to ensure that the paralysis community is treated equitably. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

PMID:36174136 | DOI:10.1037/rep0000471

PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Sep 29;16(9):e0010278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010278. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Scrub typhus has become a serious public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region including China. There were new natural foci continuously recognized and dramatically increased reported cases in mainland China. However, the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns of scrub typhus in Fujian province have yet to be investigated.

OBJECTIVE: This study proposes to explore demographic characteristics and spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus cases in Fujian province, and to detect high-risk regions between January 2012 and December 2020 at county/district scale and thereby help in devising public health strategies to improve scrub typhus prevention and control measures.

METHOD: Monthly cases of scrub typhus reported at the county level in Fujian province during 2012-2020 were collected from the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Time-series analyses, spatial autocorrelation analyses and space-time scan statistics were applied to identify and visualize the spatiotemporal patterns of scrub typhus cases in Fujian province. The demographic differences of scrub typhus cases from high-risk and low-risk counties in Fujian province were also compared.

RESULTS: A total of 11,859 scrub typhus cases reported in 87 counties from Fujian province were analyzed and the incidence showed an increasing trend from 2012 (2.31 per 100,000) to 2020 (3.20 per 100,000) with a peak in 2018 (4.59 per 100,000). There existed two seasonal peaks in June-July and September-October every year in Fujian province. A significant positive spatial autocorrelation of scrub typhus incidence in Fujian province was observed with Moran’s I values ranging from 0.258 to 0.471 (P<0.001). Several distinct spatiotemporal clusters mainly concentrated in north and southern parts of Fujian province. Compared to low-risk regions, a greater proportion of cases were female, farmer, and older residents in high-risk counties.

CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a clear spatiotemporal heterogeneity of scrub typhus cases in Fujian province, and provide the evidence in directing future researches on risk factors and effectively assist local health authorities in the refinement of public health interventions against scrub typhus transmission in the high risk regions.

PMID:36174105 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010278

PLoS One. 2022 Sep 29;17(9):e0275531. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275531. eCollection 2022.

ABSTRACT

We propose a deep learning-assisted overscan decision algorithm in chest low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) applicable to the lung cancer screening. The algorithm reflects the radiologists’ subjective evaluation criteria according to the Korea institute for accreditation of medical imaging (KIAMI) guidelines, where it judges whether a scan range is beyond landmarks’ criterion. The algorithm consists of three stages: deep learning-based landmark segmentation, rule-based logical operations, and overscan determination. A total of 210 cases from a single institution (internal data) and 50 cases from 47 institutions (external data) were utilized for performance evaluation. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s kappa were used as evaluation metrics. Fisher’s exact test was performed to present statistical significance for the overscan detectability, and univariate logistic regression analyses were performed for validation. Furthermore, an excessive effective dose was estimated by employing the amount of overscan and the absorbed dose to effective dose conversion factor. The algorithm presented AUROC values of 0.976 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.925-0.987) and 0.997 (95% CI: 0.800-0.999) for internal and external dataset, respectively. All metrics showed average performance scores greater than 90% in each evaluation dataset. The AI-assisted overscan decision and the radiologist’s manual evaluation showed a statistically significance showing a p-value less than 0.001 in Fisher’s exact test. In the logistic regression analysis, demographics (age and sex), data source, CT vendor, and slice thickness showed no statistical significance on the algorithm (each p-value > 0.05). Furthermore, the estimated excessive effective doses were 0.02 ± 0.01 mSv and 0.03 ± 0.05 mSv for each dataset, not a concern within slight deviations from an acceptable scan range. We hope that our proposed overscan decision algorithm enables the retrospective scan range monitoring in LDCT for lung cancer screening program, and follows an as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principle.

PMID:36174098 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0275531