Tag: statistics

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 17;15(1):30103. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14108-7.

ABSTRACT

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), associated with irrational antimicrobial use (AMU) poses a significant health threat to both humans and animals. Thus, our research determined AMU patterns and their associated factors in Bangladeshi chicken farms. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 340 commercial chicken farms comprising broilers (109), layers (109), and Sonali (122) farms in seven districts of Bangladesh from September to October 2021. Data were collected using in-person interviews with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed, including descriptive statistics to understand farmer demographics and AMU practices, a Chi-square test to evaluate farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), and logistic regression analysis to determine the factors associated with AMU. The findings indicated that 93.2% (317/340) farms administered at least one antimicrobial (AM) to chickens during the production cycle, with 67.0% of farmers used antimicrobials (AMs) in the 14 days before data collection. The usage of AMs was higher in meat-type chickens, such as broiler (78.0%) and Sonali (67.2%), in contrast to egg-type chickens, like layer (41.3%). The AMU practices were significantly associated with multiple factors, such as farming experience, poultry production type, knowledge gaps in proper AMU practices, the person managing the farm, reuse of left-over AMs, and compliance with veterinarians’ recommendations. We highlight the indiscriminate use of AMs that is occurring in poultry industry in Bangladesh, which could result in AM residues and resistance, posing detrimental consequences for public health. Farmers training on increasing their KAP regarding AMU to protect animal health, human health, and the ecosystem, is urgently needed.

PMID:40820200 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-14108-7

Adv Ther. 2025 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s12325-025-03318-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking remains a global public health challenge, contributing to preventable mortality and morbidity and imposing substantial burdens on health care costs. We investigated whether direct health care costs differ substantially between self-reported tobacco smokers and non-smokers.

METHODS: This systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Medline PubMed, Embase, PubMed Central, and Scopus were searched to identify studies of direct health care costs between smokers and non-smokers for participants aged ≥18 years. All observational, prospective, retrospective, and non-randomized comparative studies were considered. Data extraction included mean annual health care costs (± SD) for both groups. Mean differences (MD) in annual health care costs between smokers and non-smokers, expressed in 2025 US dollars, were compared and adjusted for a 12-month period and inflated to 2025 using consumer price indices.

RESULTS: Of 873 studies identified, 11 were included in quantitative synthesis, which compared 19,759,529 smokers with 206,913,108 non-smokers for direct health care costs. Mean age ranged from 34.5-60.6 years for smokers and 34.3-65.1 years for non-smokers. Mean annual health care costs ranged from $65,640-$1297.1 for smokers and $54,564-$724.4 for non-smokers. Annual incremental direct health care costs for smokers versus non-smokers ranged from -$458 (95% CI [confidence interval]: -2011.0 to 1,095.0) to $11,076 (95% CI: 10,211.9 to 11,940.1) in 2025 US dollars. Meta-analysis revealed smoking generally incurred greater health care costs than non-smoking, with a mean annual incremental cost of $1916.5 (95% CI: -439.9 to 4,272.9). The result was not statistically significant (MD = 1,916.5; p = 0.111). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 99.9%). Sensitivity analysis excluding studies of chronic disease yielded a reduced incremental cost for the general population, with a statistically significant difference (MD = 583.9, p = 0.02), although heterogeneity remained high (I² = 98.0%).

CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis supports the assertion that smoking substantially increases direct health care costs compared with non-smoking, particularly for the general population.

PMID:40820188 | DOI:10.1007/s12325-025-03318-0

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 17;15(1):30108. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15866-0.

ABSTRACT

The interaction between chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) in wastewater from Tehran’s Paytakht and Nasirabad Industrial Parks is investigated in this work. Monitoring platforms of industrial parks were the base frame of monthly collection data for laboratory measurements (for BOD5 and COD) and in-situ measurements (for DO, EC and Temperature-T°C) with a frequency of 4-hour samples/day. Backward elimination regression analysis was employed as an integrated procedure to find out effective model removing ineffective independent variables. Multivariate Regression analysis showed a relatively strong linear relationship between COD and BOD, with independent variables with R²=0.64 and R²=0.59, respectively. A prediction model for BOD based on COD was found by analyzing important effluent quality variables using simple linear regression and a strong linear association (BOD = 0.433COD + 222) with R² = 0.94, MSE = 38,829, RMSE = 197.05 was obtained. In all of these regression analyses, model accuracy was assessed by conducting statistical tests on the residuals. To verify and improve the reliability and practicability of model, it is applied of industrial parks’ wastewater records of countries around the world such as Egypt, France, India, Pakistan and Malaysia. The extracted model applied on some of the mentioned countries’ records and the results of BOD prediction was matched by observations in 95% of reliability domain. Variation of BOD-COD ratio was least affected by pH and temperature; the results underline the requirement of localized validation resulting from industry-specific differences and promote cost-effective, quick wastewater evaluation, hence lowering reliance on laboratory-based BOD₅ testing. It defiantly provides the opportunity of analytical and applied researches in south countries toward sustainable industrial wastewater management.

PMID:40820173 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-15866-0

Int Orthop. 2025 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06638-6. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Computer-assisted navigation in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was developed to enhance implant positioning accuracy and optimize mechanical alignment. However, its impact on clinical outcomes remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of navigation on functional and radiological outcomes, safety, and patient-reported quality of life at mid-term follow-up.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective single-center study including 190 patients who underwent primary TKA between 2015 and 2018, with a mean follow-up of 5.8 years. Ninety-five patients were operated on using optical computer navigation, while 95 underwent conventional instrumentation (sequential allocation). All surgeries were performed by the same two senior surgeons using mechanical alignment in both groups. Outcomes included the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score, EQ-5D, SF-12, patient satisfaction, and radiographic alignment. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using SPSS (v28.0/v29.0).

RESULTS: Patients in the navigated group achieved significantly greater improvement in HSS knee scores (mean increase 41.9 vs. 34.9 points; p = 0.043) and a higher proportion of clinically meaningful functional improvement (> 35-point HSS increase: 63.2% vs. 40.0%; p = 0.019) compared to the conventional group. Postoperative knee flexion was also better in the navigated group (118° vs. 113°; p = 0.048). No significant differences were observed in pain improvement (VAS), EQ-5D quality-of-life gain, or complication rates between groups. Navigation significantly reduced the number of outliers in component alignment (6.3% vs. 13.7% outside ± 3° from neutral), although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.068). On multivariate analysis, use of navigation was an independent predictor of superior functional improvement (odds ratio 2.65, 95% CI 1.38-5.12; p = 0.003), whereas other factors (age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, baseline HSS) were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS: Computer-assisted navigation in TKA was associated with greater mid-term functional improvement and improved prosthetic alignment, without increasing operative time or complications. Its implementation may be especially beneficial for enhancing stability and precision in mechanically aligned TKA. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the retrospective design and mid-term follow-up duration.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III (retrospective comparative study).

PMID:40820163 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06638-6

Int Orthop. 2025 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s00264-025-06622-0. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Humeral head osteonecrosis (HHN) is a joint-destructive condition, for which cementless humeral head resurfacing (CHHR) offers a bone-preserving treatment option. The aim of this study was to report long-term outcomes and implant survival of CHHR in patients with HHN.

METHODS: Patients with humeral head osteonecrosis treated with cementless humeral head resurfacing (CHHR) between 2004 and 2007 were included. Implant survival was assessed according to Kaplan-Meier analysis. Clinical evaluation included Constant-Murley-Score (CMS), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) and patient centered outcomes regarding satisfaction and quality of life. Radiographs were evaluated for glenoid erosion, Walch glenoid types as well as signs of implant loosening. Statistical comparison was performed using students t-tests with a significance level set to p < 0.05.

RESULTS: Seventeen shoulders were retrospectively included in the implant survival analysis. Two patients underwent revision surgery. five patients died with the implant and were therefore censored. Cumulative survival rate was 100% after ten years and 93.3% after 15 years. Seven shoulders were available for clinical and radiological evaluation at a mean follow-up of 19 years (range 17-22 years). Age- and sex-adjusted CMS improved from preoperative to the latest follow-up (44.4% vs. 82.9%; p < 0.01). No glenoid erosion of higher degree (Sperling grade > 2) and no signs of implant loosening were observed. All patients had Walch type A glenoids preoperatively.

CONCLUSION: In this small cohort with long-term follow-up of 17-22 years, CHHR showed promising durability and functional outcomes in carefully selected patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV Case series with no comparison group.

PMID:40820162 | DOI:10.1007/s00264-025-06622-0

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 17;15(1):30047. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15472-0.

ABSTRACT

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a normal constituent of the female genital and gastrointestinal flora but remains a leading cause of perinatal bacterial infections, including endometritis, bacteremia, chorioamnionitis, and urinary tract infections in pregnant women. In Ethiopia, reported GBS colonization rates among pregnant women range from 7.2 to 25.5%. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors of GBS colonization among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to May 30, 2021. After obtaining written consent, sociodemographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire, conveniently. A total of 210 recto-vaginal swabs were collected, inoculated into Todd-Hewitt broth, and sub-cultured on 5% blood agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2020 guidelines. Data were entered and cleaned in Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression identified associations between variables, with a P value ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. The overall GBS colonization was 13.3% (28/210). Married women had significantly higher odds of colonization (AOR 5.774; 95% CI 1.074-31.03; P = 0.041), while those with a history of abortion had lower odds (AOR 0.294; 95% CI 0.102-0.850; P = 0.024). Most isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol (96.4%). Resistance rates were highest for erythromycin (71.4%) and penicillin (67.9%), followed by ampicillin (64.3%), azithromycin (46.4%), vancomycin (46.4%), and ceftriaxone (32.1%). Half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. GBS colonization among pregnant women in the study area warrants clinical attention due to its associated high antibiotic resistance. Being married and abortion had statistically significant associations with colonization. Therefore, clinicians could implement routine GBS screening for all pregnant women attending ANC to reduce GBS colonization. Routine GBS screening may help reduce neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis by guiding timely intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID:40820154 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-15472-0

BMC Psychol. 2025 Aug 17;13(1):924. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03295-7.

ABSTRACT

AIM: To investigate the relationship between professional identity and turnover intention for new nurses in China, and explore the mediating role of psychological capital and achievement motivation in these two variables.

BACKGROUND: As the main backup force in nursing career development, new nurses face challenges due to the conflict between theory and practice, a lack of skills, and the heavy demands of nursing work. As a result, the majority of new nurses have higher turnover intention. Reducing the turnover intention of new nurses is very important to reduce the shortage of nurses, stabilize the hospital talent team, and improve the nursing quality.

METHODS: A Cross-sectional survey was used to investigate 562 nurses in 6 hospitals in Henan Province from February to March 2024. Pearson correlation analysis, descriptive statistics and structural equation model were used to analyze the existing data.

RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between the professional identity, psychological capital, achievement motivation, and turnover intention of new nurses. Psychological capital and achievement motivation played a chain mediating role in the effect of professional identity on the turnover intention of new nurses.

CONCLUSION: The results can be used as a reference for formulating relevant hospital management policies and reducing the turnover intention of new nurses, which is of great significance for reducing the shortage of nurses and stabilizing the talent team of hospitals.

PMID:40820146 | DOI:10.1186/s40359-025-03295-7

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2025 Aug 18;22(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s12966-025-01810-y.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Contextual influences on program implementation exist across micro (individual), meso (organization), and macro (government/environment) system levels, yet macro factors are less frequently explored in implementation research. This retrospective study explored differences in adoption across meso- and macro-system levels using data from the 2018-2022 state-wide hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of TransformUs Primary, a whole-school physical activity intervention. Aims were to: (1) assess differences in contextual characteristics between adopting and non-adopting schools and implications for equity, and (2) assess associations between macro-level events and dissemination events with program adoption over time.

METHODS: Descriptive statistics (number and %) and chi-squared tests were used to assess differences in contextual characteristics between adopting and non-adopting schools (Aim 1). A time-series analysis of daily data was used to explore associations between the number of dissemination events promoting program awareness (e.g., media, newsletters), macro-level policy events (e.g., education department policies), COVID-19-related remote/on-site learning periods, school term dates (i.e., during/outside of school term) and program adoption (i.e., the number of TransformUs Primary registrations per day) (Aim 2).

RESULTS: No differences in either school type (i.e., primary, combined, or special) or community level socio-educational advantage between adopting (n = 519) and non-adopting schools (n = 1,423) were identified. A higher proportion of adopting schools were located in major cities (71.7% vs. 54.5%; chi-square p < 0.001) and were government (public sector) schools (80.0% vs. 63.1%; chi-square p < 0.001). Time-series analysis results indicated that the likelihood of adopting TransformUs Primary decreased from the date of program launch to the end of the scale-up period (IRR 0.999, 95% CI 0.999-1.000; p < 0.005). Both school term date (IRR 5.95, 95% CI 4.78-7.41; p < 0.001) and dissemination events (IRR 3.30, 95% CI 2.67-4.06; p < 0.001) increased the likelihood of adopting TransformUs Primary. Results provided little evidence of an association between the number of policy events or COVID-19-related remote and on-site learning periods and adoption.

CONCLUSIONS: Select meso- and macro-level factors had an impact on TransformUs Primary adoption. Findings inform the need to work with stakeholders in scale-up to prioritize dissemination strategies that have a discernible impact on adoption above others and consider targeted efforts to reach regional/rural and non-government schools.

PMID:40820140 | DOI:10.1186/s12966-025-01810-y

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 17;15(1):30084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98410-4.

ABSTRACT

In higher education, resilience is vital for enabling students and academics to confront challenges and sustain well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified concerns about how individuals in higher education, including in pharmacy education, adapt to drastic shifts in societal, economic, and educational contexts. This study aimed to explore resilience in pharmacy higher education within the Eastern Mediterranean Region. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to January 2021, involving pharmacy students and academics across the 22 EMR countries. Data collection utilised an online questionnaire, that included, along with demographic and environmental items, the CD-RISC-22 scale, a modified version of the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-25). CD-RISC-22 is a 22 items, a self-administered psychometric scale, tailored to assess resilience among pharmacy students and academics in EMR region. Data were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistical methods. Students exhibited a significantly lower resilience scores (mean ± SD: 58.81 ± 13.41) when compared with academic staff/faculty (66.74 ± 10.29) across all constructs of the CD-RISC-22 scale (p < 0.000), with the exception of the ‘connection/spirituality’ factor (p = 0.1). The availability of mental health support services in educational institutions was found to be limited, with only 13 (10.7%) academic respondents reporting access to a mental health advisory scheme and 88 (17.7%) of students reporting access to mental health and well-being support training. Academics and students felt more supported by their colleagues and peers than by their institutions. This research sheds light on the variations in resilience levels between pharmacy students and academics in the EMR, emphasising the need for targeted interventions to enhance undergraduate students’ resilience.

PMID:40820138 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-98410-4

Sci Rep. 2025 Aug 17;15(1):30102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08224-7.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effectiveness of daily living skills intervention training for children with autism in a virtual campus setting. First, six children with autism (age M = 10.50, SD = 2.22) participated in a 4-week experiment totaling 8.4 h. The effectiveness of the virtual school environment and the daily living skills intervention were used as indicators during data collection and processing. In addition, a series of 3D environments based on daily life were constructed using SketchUp Pro 2021, which were converted to virtual environments using Unreal Engine 4. The HTC Vive external headset facilitated intervention training for children with autism. Most importantly, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of interactive domains such as grabbing bread in a cafeteria environment, making a phone call in front of a school, and switching lights and picking up a book in a library environment, where participants showed significantly higher levels of performance (p < 0.05). Scores on the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) for children with autism (M = 19.33, SD = 4.18) were lower than baseline values (M = 22.83, SD = 4.79), while scores on the Social Skills Questionnaire (SSQ) (M = 26.17, SD = 3.97) were higher than baseline values (M = 20.00, SD = 2.28), suggesting that the overall social effectiveness of the participants following the intervention improved (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the statistical analysis showed that participants who received the intervention had significantly improved daily living skills such as grabbing bread, making phone calls, changing lights, and picking up books.

PMID:40820136 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-08224-7