Tag: statistics

J Med Internet Res. 2022 Jul 27;24(7):e31803. doi: 10.2196/31803.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Screen use is part of daily life worldwide and morbidity related to excess use of screens has been reported. Some use of screens in excess could indicate a screen use disorder (ScUD). An integrative approach to ScUD could better fit the polymodal reality of screens, and concurrent problems with screens, than a split approach, activity by activity. In that paradigm, a pragmatic and operationalized approach to study a potential ScUD requires the use of common criteria, for all screens and activities done on screens, in a single questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: Our goals were (1) to describe screen uses in a general population sample and (2) to test the unidimensionality, local independence, and psychometric properties of the 9 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) internet gaming disorder (IGD) criteria adapted to screen use in a community sample. We hypothesized that the 9 DSM-5 IGD criteria adapted to ScUD would show unidimensionality, local independence, and good discrimination, with criteria distributed on the severity continuum.

METHODS: This cross-sectional survey in a French suburban city targeted adults and adolescents. A self-administered questionnaire covered the main types of screens used and their use for various activities in the past month. Presence of ScUD diagnostic criteria in past 12 months was also self-evaluated in the questionnaire. Factor and 2-parameter Item Response Theory analysis were used to investigate the dimensionality, local independence, and psychometric properties of the ScUD criteria.

RESULTS: Among the 300 participants, 171 (57.0%) were female (mean age 27 years), 297 (99.0%) used screens, 134 (44.7%) reported at least one criterion (potential problem users), and 5 (1.7%) reported 5 or more criteria and endorsed an ScUD. The most endorsed criteria were loss of control (60/300, 20.0%) and preoccupation (52/300, 17.3%). Screen types used and screen activities differed between participants with no ScUD criteria and those with at least one ScUD criterion. The latter were more likely to have a computer as the most used screen type, and more video gaming, communication/social network, and watching news and research of information as activities. Unidimensionality was confirmed by all fit indices. Local independence was confirmed by the absence of residual correlation between the items. Criteria had relatively high factor loading, with loss of interest in other recreational activities having the highest. However, criteria with the lowest factor loading all remained above the cut-offs, sanctioning unidimensionality. Most discriminating criteria were loss of interests, preoccupation, deceive/cover up, and risk/lose relationship/opportunities, which also provided the most information on the measurement of the latent trait.

CONCLUSIONS: We described screen uses in a French community sample and have shown that the adaptation of the DSM-5 IGD to “ScUD” has good psychometric validity and is discriminating, confirming our hypothesis. We suggest to use those criteria to assess potential “ScUD.” Further studies should determine if all criteria are needed and whether others should be added.

PMID:35896018 | DOI:10.2196/31803

Traffic Inj Prev. 2022 Jul 27:1-6. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2098280. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Ergonomic design of child restraint systems (CRS) may facilitate optimal travel behavior and crash protection of child passengers during motor vehicle trips. However there have been few studies examining the relationship between CRS design and child passenger travel behavior. The aim of this study was to examine whether associations between CRS design features and child passenger behavior exist during real-world, everyday vehicle trips.

METHODS: Video from a naturalistic driving study (NDS) was analyzed in this study. Families drove an instrumented study vehicle for approximately two weeks with at least one child aged between one and eight years traveling in their own forward-facing (FF) CRS or belt positioning booster (BPB). Video for one child passenger was randomly selected from each trip for analysis. Video was coded for five-second epochs at nine time points (5%, 17%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 53%, 75%, 89% and 95% of trip length). Two types of child passenger travel behaviors were identified by manual review of the video and audio recordings: (i) optimal/suboptimal head position and (ii) correct/incorrect use of the internal harness/shoulder belt. Video screenshots were used to characterize CRS design features. Random effects logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between specific CRS design features and the travel behaviors of interest, whilst accounting for clustering of data by child and trip.

RESULTS: Suboptimal head position was associated with the absence of a height adjustable headrest and a narrow headrest wing width in FFCRS. Incorrect harness use in a FFCRS was associated with the absence of an adjustable headrest, in addition to headrest features such as wing width and depth. In BPBs, a reduction in suboptimal head position was associated with the absence of a sash belt guide, however no restraint design features were associated with incorrect shoulder belt use.

CONCLUSIONS: Some CRS design features may influence undesirable child passenger travel behavior. These early findings support enhanced and user-centric CRS design as a likely important mechanism to improve child passenger safety.

PMID:35896022 | DOI:10.1080/15389588.2022.2098280

J Med Internet Res. 2022 Jul 27;24(7):e36996. doi: 10.2196/36996.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine can help mitigate important health care challenges, such as demographic changes and the current COVID-19 pandemic, in high-income countries such as Germany. It gives physicians and patients the opportunity to interact via video consultations, regardless of their location, thus offering cost and time savings for both sides.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate whether telemedicine can be implemented efficiently in the follow-up care for patients in orthopedic and trauma surgery, with respect to patient satisfaction, physician satisfaction, and quality of care.

METHODS: We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial in a German university hospital and enrolled 60 patients with different knee and shoulder conditions. For follow-up appointments, patients received either an in-person consultation in the clinic (control group) or a video consultation with their physician (telemedicine group). Patients’ and physicians’ subsequent evaluations of these follow-up appointments were collected and assessed using separate questionnaires.

RESULTS: On the basis of data from 52 consultations after 8 withdrawals, it was found that patients were slightly more satisfied with video consultations (mean 1.58, SD 0.643) than with in-clinic consultations (mean 1.64, SD 0.569), although the difference was not statistically significant (P=.69). After excluding video consultations marred by technical problems, no significant difference was found in physician satisfaction between the groups (mean 1.47, SD 0.516 vs mean 1.32, SD 0.557; P=.31). Further analysis indicated that telemedicine can be applied to broader groups of patients and that patients who have prior experience with telemedicine are more willing to use telemedicine for follow-up care.

CONCLUSIONS: Telemedicine can be an alternative and efficient form of follow-up care for patients in orthopedic and trauma surgery in Germany, and it has no significant disadvantages compared with in-person consultations in the clinic.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00023445; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00023445.

PMID:35896015 | DOI:10.2196/36996

JMIR Aging. 2022 Jul 27;5(3):e39335. doi: 10.2196/39335.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Monitoring technologies are used to collect a range of information, such as one’s location out of the home or movement within the home, and transmit that information to caregivers to support aging in place. Their surveilling nature, however, poses ethical dilemmas and can be experienced as intrusive to people living with Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD-related dementias. These challenges are compounded when older adults are not engaged in decision-making about how they are monitored. Dissemination of these technologies is outpacing our understanding of how to communicate their functions, risks, and benefits to families and older adults. To date, there are no tools to help families understand the functions of monitoring technologies or guide them in balancing their perceived need for ongoing surveillance and the older adult’s dignity and wishes.

OBJECTIVE: We designed, developed, and piloted a communication and education tool in the form of a web application called Let’s Talk Tech to support family decision-making about diverse technologies used in dementia home care. The knowledge base about how to design online interventions for people living with mild dementia is still in development, and dyadic interventions used in dementia care remain rare. We describe the intervention’s motivation and development process, and the feasibility of using this self-administered web application intervention in a pilot sample of people living with mild AD and their family care partners.

METHODS: We surveyed 29 mild AD dementia care dyads living together before and after they completed the web application intervention and interviewed each dyad about their experiences with it. We report postintervention measures of feasibility (recruitment, enrollment, and retention) and acceptability (satisfaction, quality, and usability). Descriptive statistics were calculated for survey items, and thematic analysis was used with interview transcripts to illuminate participants’ experiences and recommendations to improve the intervention.

RESULTS: The study enrolled 33 people living with AD and their care partners, and 29 (88%) dyads completed the study (all but one were spousal dyads). Participants were asked to complete 4 technology modules, and all completed them. The majority of participants rated the tool as having the right length (>90%), having the right amount of information (>84%), being very clearly worded (>74%), and presenting information in a balanced way (>90%). Most felt the tool was easy to use and helpful, and would likely recommend it to others.

CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that our intervention to educate and facilitate conversation and documentation of preferences is preliminarily feasible and acceptable to mild AD care dyads. Effectively involving older adults in these decisions and informing care partners of their preferences could enable families to avoid conflicts or risks associated with uninformed or disempowered use and to personalize use so both members of the dyad can experience benefits.

PMID:35896014 | DOI:10.2196/39335

Mol Pharm. 2022 Jul 27. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00361. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity have led to the resilience of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to current treatments. To address these challenges, we developed and evaluated a new drug paradigm, Radio-IMmunostimulant (RIMS), in a syngeneic model of murine prostate cancer. RIMS-1 was generated using a convergent synthesis employing solid phase peptide and solution chemistries. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitory constant for ^natLu-RIMS-1 was determined, and radiolabeling with ¹⁷⁷Lu generated ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1. The TLR 7/8 agonist payload release from ^natLu-RIMS-1 was determined using a cathepsin B assay. The biodistribution of ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1 was evaluated in a bilateral xenograft model in NCru nude mice bearing PSMA(+) (PC3-PiP) and PSMA(-) (PC3-Flu) tumors at 2, 24, and 72 h. The therapeutic effect of ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1 was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice bearing RM1-PGLS (PSMA-positive, green fluorescent protein-positive, and luciferase-positive) tumors and compared to that of ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 at the same total administered radioactivity of 57 MBq and molar activity of 5.18 MBq/nmol. ^natLu-RIMS-1 and vehicle were evaluated as the controls. Immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) using ⁸⁹Zr-DFO-anti-CD3 was used to visualize T-cell distribution during treatment. ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1 was quantitatively radiolabeled at >99% radiochemical purity and maintained a high affinity toward PSMA (K_i = 3.77 ± 0.5 nM). Cathepsin B efficiently released the entire immunostimulant payload in 17.6 h. ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1 displayed a sustained uptake in PSMA(+) tumor tissue up to 72 h (2.65 ± 1.03% ID/g) and was not statistically different (P = 0.1936) compared to ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 (3.65 ± 0.59% ID/g). All animals treated with ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1 displayed tumor growth suppression and provided a median survival of 30 days (P = 0.0007) while ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617 provided a median survival of 15 days, which was not statistically significant (P = 0.3548) compared to the vehicle group (14 days). ImmunoPET analysis revealed 2-fold more tumor infiltrating T-cells in ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1-treated animals compared to ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617-treated animals; ¹⁷⁷Lu-RIMS-1 improves therapeutic outcomes in a syngeneic model of mouse prostate cancer and elicits greater T-cell infiltration to the tumor compared to ¹⁷⁷Lu-PSMA-617. These results support further investigation of the RIMS paradigm as the first example of a single molecular entity combining radiotherapy and immunostimulation.

PMID:35895995 | DOI:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00361

Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Jul 26. doi: 10.21470/1678-9741-2021-0519. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal perfusion flow type requires further investigation. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of pulsatile and nonpulsatile flow on oxygenator fibers that were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and to extensively study patients’ coagulation profiles, inflammatory markers, and functional blood tests.

METHODS: Twelve patients who had open heart surgery were randomly divided into two groups; the nonpulsatile flow (group NP, six patients) and pulsatile flow (group P, six patients) groups. Both superficial view and axial sections of the oxygenator fiber samples were examined under SEM to compare the thickness of absorbed blood proteins and amount of blood cells on the surface of oxygenators. Platelet count, coagulation profile, and inflammatory predictors were also studied from the blood samples.

RESULTS: Fibrinogen levels after cardiopulmonary bypass were significantly lower in group NP (group P, 2.57±2.78 g/L; group NP; 2.39±0.70 g/L, P=0.03). Inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, apelin, S100β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were comparable in both groups. Axial sections of the oxygenator fiber samples had a mean thickness of 45.2 µm and 46.5 µm in groups P and NP, respectively, and this difference is statistically significant (P=0.006). Superficial view of the fiber samples showed obviously lower platelet, leukocyte, and erythrocyte levels in group P.

CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that both cellular elements and protein adsorption on oxygenator fibers are lower in the group P than in the group NP. Pulsatile perfusion has better biocompatibility on extracorporeal circulation when analyzed by SEM technique.

PMID:35895987 | DOI:10.21470/1678-9741-2021-0519

Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2022 Jul 16. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000807. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: High-quality research underpins the best healthcare practice. This article focuses on analyzing the current literature to promote research integrity across clinical trials.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent admissions of questionable practices by researchers have undermined practitioner and public confidence. There is limited evidence specifically for ethical and professional standards in clinical trials to guide researchers and institutions to embed integrity into research practice.

SUMMARY: Unintentional errors and spin in research are not uncommon as training in design and conduct of clinical trials is not part of health education for medical and allied health professions. There is unfamiliarity with procedures, such as prospective registration, a priori documentation of statistical analysis plans, openness in data sharing, and so forth. This, combined with the academic culture of secrecy, has led to an environment where scientific suspicion, instead of trust, is the norm. Existing science integrity documents are devoid of specific recommendations about how to translate any guidance into clinical trial practice. There is a need for constructive, supportive and multidisciplinary approaches based on open dialogue and continuous training, targeting the research environment. Research integrity now needs to take centre stage to re-instill confidence in randomized trial evidence to inform clinical practice.

PMID:35895940 | DOI:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000807

J Environ Sci Health C Toxicol Carcinog. 2022;40(1):68-85. doi: 10.1080/26896583.2022.2050155.

ABSTRACT

In the present study, we have isolated endosulfan tolerant bacterial strains from the rhizosphere of plants growing in a pesticide-contaminated area. The tolerance capacities of these strains were tested up to 50,000 µg ml^-1 of endosulfan. It was found that out of nineteen, four strains (EAG-EC-12, EAG-EC-13, EAG-EC-14, and EAG-EC-15) were capable of surviving up to 50,000 µg ml^-1 endosulfan concentration in the media; thus, these four strains were selected for the characterization. Among four, two strains were identified as Serratia liquefaciens, while the other two strains were Bacillus sp. and Brevibacterium halotolerans. The result shows that growth of strain Serratia liquefaciens 1 and Serratia liquefaciens 2 in treated medium was statistically similar to that of control (cfu 6.8 × 10⁷) after 24 h, while strains Bacillus sp. and Brevibacterium halotolerans have shown growth significantly less than the control. The degradation potential of these strains was analyzed against 100 to 250 µg ml^-1 of endosulfan in a Minimal Broth Medium (MBM), and it was recorded that only 9, 2, 7, and 19% of endosulfan (100 µg ml^-1) remain after a 72 h incubation period of Bacillus sp., Serratia liquefaciens 1, Serratia liquefaciens 2, and Brevibacterium halotolerans, respectively. This endosulfan removal potential of studied strains was decreased with an increase in concentration of endosulfan.

PMID:35895931 | DOI:10.1080/26896583.2022.2050155

J Am Chem Soc. 2022 Jul 27. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c04683. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Differences in entropies of competing transition states can direct kinetic selectivity. Understanding and modeling such entropy differences at the molecular level is complicated by the fact that entropy is statistical in nature; i.e., it depends on multiple vibrational states of transition structures, the existence of multiple dynamically accessible pathways past these transition structures, and contributions from multiple transition structures differing in conformation/configuration. The difficulties associated with modeling each of these contributors are discussed here, along with possible solutions, all with an eye toward the development of portable qualitative models of use to experimentalists aiming to design reactions that make use of entropy to control kinetic selectivity.

PMID:35895875 | DOI:10.1021/jacs.2c04683

Biometrics. 2022 Jul 27. doi: 10.1111/biom.13727. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

High throughput spatial transcriptomics (HST) is a rapidly emerging class of experimental technologies that allow for profiling gene expression in tissue samples at or near single-cell resolution while retaining the spatial location of each sequencing unit within the tissue sample. Through analyzing HST data, we seek to identify sub-populations of cells within a tissue sample that may inform biological phenomena. Existing computational methods either ignore the spatial heterogeneity in gene expression profiles, fail to account for important statistical features such as skewness, or are heuristic-based network clustering methods that lack the inferential benefits of statistical modeling. To address this gap, we develop SPRUCE: a Bayesian spatial multivariate finite mixture model based on multivariate skew-normal distributions, which is capable of identifying distinct cellular sub-populations in HST data. We further implement a novel combination of Pólya-Gamma data augmentation and spatial random effects to infer spatially correlated mixture component membership probabilities without relying on approximate inference techniques. Via a simulation study, we demonstrate the detrimental inferential effects of ignoring skewness or spatial correlation in HST data. Using publicly available human brain HST data, SPRUCE outperforms existing methods in recovering expertly annotated brain layers. Finally, our application of SPRUCE to human breast cancer HST data indicates that SPRUCE can distinguish distinct cell populations within the tumor microenvironment. An R package spruce for fitting the proposed models is available through The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:35895854 | DOI:10.1111/biom.13727