Tag: statistics

J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2021 Dec 6;7(1):44. doi: 10.1186/s40780-021-00228-5.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) increases the susceptibility to primary infection or reinfection and the risk of tuberculosis (TB) reactivation for patients with latent TB. There was no current report on the rate of active TB infection among HIV-1 infected patients in our teaching and referral hospital. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with active TB infection among HIV-1 infected patients.

METHODS: Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) chronic follow-up clinic. Systematic random sampling was used to include the patients. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the findings and multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with active TB infection.

RESULT: 150 HIV-1 infected patients (female 54.7%) were included. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age of the patients was 33.5 (25.7, 40.0) years. Twenty-six (17.3%) of the patients had developed active TB infection, which was independently associated with the WHO clinical stage III and IV (AOR: 9.67, 95% confidence interval (CI); 2.21-42.37), p = 0.003). The use of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) (AOR: 0.123, 95CI; 0.034-0.44, p = 0.001) and having good adherence to ART medications (AOR: 0.076, 95CI; 0.007-0.80, p = 0.032) was associated with the reduced risk of active TB infection among HIV-1 infected patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Advanced WHO clinical stages increased the risk of active TB infection, while the use of IPT and good adherence to ART medications reduced the risk of active TB infection. Therefore, patients with advanced WHO clinical stage should be screened for TB infection, and starting IPT for the candidate patients should be strengthened to reduce the burden of active TB incidence. ART medication adherence should also be supported.

PMID:34865659 | DOI:10.1186/s40780-021-00228-5

Br J Nutr. 2021 Dec 6:1-25. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521004840. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

This research evaluates the prevalence of inadequate folate status in early pregnancy, the pattern of prenatal folic acid (FA) supplementation and associated factors in Spanish pregnant women from the ECLIPSES study, which included 791 participants prior gestational week 12. A cross-sectional evaluation of red blood cell (RBC) folate levels was performed at recruitment and used to calculate the prevalence of folate deficiency (RBC folate<340 nmol/L) and insufficiency (RBC folate<906 nmol/L). Sociodemographic and lifestyle data, as well as information on prenatal FA supplementation were recorded. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. The prevalence of folate deficiency and insufficiency were 9.6% and 86.5%, respectively. Most of women used prenatal FA supplements but only 6.3% did so as recommended. Supplementation with FA during the periconceptional period abolished folate deficiency and reduced folate insufficiency. Prenatal folic acid supplementation with ≥1000 µg/d in periconceptional time and pregnancy planning increased RBC folate levels. The main risk factor for folate insufficiency in early pregnancy were getting prenatal FA supplementation out of the periconceptional time (OR 3.32, 95%CI 1.02-15.36), while for folate deficiency they were young age (OR 2.02, 95%CI 1.05-3.99), and smoking (OR 2.39, 95%CI 1.30-4.37). In addition, social and ethnic differences according to folate status were also identified. As conclusion, periconceptional FA use is crucial for achieving optimal folate levels in early pregnancy. Pregnancy planning should focus on young women, smokers, those with low consumption of folate-rich foods, low socioeconomic status or from ethnic minorities.

PMID:34865663 | DOI:10.1017/S0007114521004840

Zhen Ci Yan Jiu. 2021 Nov 25;46(11):914-20. doi: 10.13702/j.1000-0607.201141.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) of “Shuigou” (GV26) on the activities of sonic hedgehog(Shh) signaling molecules (Shh, Ptch, Smo，Gli and Gli2) in ischemic brain tissues in rats with cerebral ischemia (CI), so as to explore its mechanisms underlying improvement of CI.

METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank control group(n=10), sham operation group (n=90), model group(n=90) and EA group (n=90). The CI model was established by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO). According to the postoperative time points of MCAO, the later three groups were further divided into 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h, and 3, 7 and 12 d subgroups, with 10 rats in each subgroup. EA (15 Hz, 2 mA) was applied to GV26 for 20 min. The 1 h to 24 h subgroups were treated immediately after modeling, the 3-12 d subgroups treated one time a day. The neurological severity score (NSS, 0 to 18 points) was used to evaluate the rats’ neurological function, and TTC staining was employed to assess the cerebral ischemic volume (percentage of cerebral infarct volume, CIV). Western blot was employed to detect the expression of Shh, Ptch, Smo, Gli1 and Gli2 proteins in the ischemic cerebral tissue.

RESULTS: Compared with the sham operation group, the NSS scores of the model group increased at all time points (P<0.01). The percentages of CIV of the model group from 3 h to 12 d were obviously higher than those of the sham operation group (P<0.01). The NSS scores at 3, 7 and 12 d and the percentages of CIV at 1, 3, 7 and 12 d after MCAO were significant lower in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.05). The protein expression levels of Shh from 12 h to 12 d (i.e. 12 h, 24 h, 3, 7 and 12 d), Ptch from 6 h to 12 d, Smo from 9 h to 12 d, Gli1 at 9 h, 12 h, and from 3 d to 12 d, Gli2 at 6, 9 and 12 h, and 3 d were significantly higher in the model group than in the sham operation group (P<0.05, P<0.01), while those of Shh at 3, 7 and 12 d, Ptch from 24 h to 7 d, Smo from 12 h to 7 d, Gli1 from 24 h to 7 d, Gli2 at 12 h, 3 and 7 d were significantly higher in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). No statistical significances were found between the sham operation and the blank control groups in all the indexes mentioned above (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION: EA of GV26 can improve neurological function and reduce infarct volume in MCAO rats, which may be related to its function in up-regulating the activities of Shh signaling pathway in the ischemic cerebral tissues.

PMID:34865327 | DOI:10.13702/j.1000-0607.201141

Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2021 Dec 4:e3560. doi: 10.1002/cnm.3560. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Because of retina abnormalities of diabetic patients, the most common vision-threatening disease is Diabetic retinopathy (DR). The diabetic retinopathy diagnosis and prevention is the challenging task it may lead to vision loss. According to the literature analysis, the shortcomings in existing studies such as failed to reduce the feature dimension, higher execution time and higher computational cost, unable to tune the hyper-parameters such as a number of hidden layers and learning rate, more computational complexities, higher cost and etc during DR classification. To tackle these problems, we proposed a Deep long and short term memory (LSTM) in a neural network with Red Fox Optimization (Deep LSTM-RFO) algorithm for DR classification. The four major components involved in the proposed methods are image pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. At first, an adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) and histogram equalization (HE) model performs the fundus image pre-processing thereby neglecting the noise and improving the contrast level of an image. Next, an adaptive watershed segmentation model effectively segments the lesion region based on the optic disc color and size of hemorrhages. At the third stage, we have extracted statistical, intensity, color and shape features. Finally, the single normal class with three abnormal classes such as mild Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (M-NPDR), moderate NPDR (Mo-NPDR) and severe NPDR (S-NPDR) are accurately classified using the Deep LSTM-RFO algorithm. Experimentally, the MESSIDOR, STARE and DRIVE datasets are the datasets used for both training and validation. MATLAB software performs the implementation process with respect to various evaluation criteria used. However, the proposed method accomplished superior performance such as 98.45% specificity, 96.78% sensitivity, 97.92% precision, 96.89% recall, 97.93% F-score results in terms of DR classification than previous methods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34865312 | DOI:10.1002/cnm.3560

BJOG. 2021 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.17041. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate quality of life (QoL) and association with surgical complexity and disease burden after surgical resection for advanced ovarian cancer in centres with variation in surgical approach DESIGN: Prospective multicentre observational study SETTING: United Kingdom, Kolkata, India, and Melbourne, Australia gynaecological cancer surgery centres.

PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing surgical resection for late stage ovarian cancer. Exposure Low, intermediate or high Surgical Complexity Score (SCS) surgery MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary: EORTC-QLQ-C30 Global score change. Secondary: EORTC OV28, progression free survival.

RESULTS: Patients’ pre-operative disease burden and SCS varied between centres, confirming differences in surgical ethos. QoL response rates were 90% up to 18 months. Mean change from the pre-surgical baseline in the EORTC QLQ-C30 was 3.4 (SD 1.8, n=88) in the low, 4.0 (SD 2.1, n=55) in the intermediate and 4.3 (SD 2.1, n=52) in the high SCS group after 6 weeks (p=0.048) and 4.3 (SD 2.1, n=51), 5.1 (SD 2.2, n=41) and 5.1 (SD 2.2, n=35) respectively after 12 months (p=0.133). In a repeated measures model, there were no clinically or statistically meaningful differences in EORTC QLQ-C30 global scores between the three SCS groups, p= 0.840 but there was a small statistically significant improvement in all groups over time (p<0.001). The high SCS group experienced small to moderate decreases in physical (p=0.004), role (p=0.016) and emotional (p=0.001) function at 6 weeks post-surgery which resolved by 6-12 months.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Global QoL of patients undergoing low, intermediate, and high SCS surgery improved at 12 months post operation and was no worse in patients undergoing extensive surgery.

PMID:34865316 | DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.17041

J Eval Clin Pract. 2021 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/jep.13642. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Increased incidence of chronic illnesses coupled with physician shortages have yielded strain on primary care provider (PCP) to meet care demands. Interdisciplinary providers have increasingly been embedded into primary care teams to alleviate some workload demand. Little evidence exists about the impact of interdisciplinary PCP care delivery models on provider strain in primary care. To determine the impact of interdisciplinary PCP care delivery on burnout, job satisfaction and intention to leave current position.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional mail survey using Dillman methodology of primary care practices (e.g., internal medicine) across New York State. A random sample of interdisciplinary PCPs (physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants) (n = 333) responded. The Provider Comanagement Index (α = 0.85) was used to measure how well interdisciplinary dyads comanagement care delivery attributes (effective communication; mutual respect and trust; shared philosophy of care). Provider outcomes were measured with validated Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and Health Resources and Services Administration items for burnout, job satisfaction and intention to leave position. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression models, crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated, controlling for participant and practice characteristics.

RESULTS: Almost 30% of participants reported burnout with three times the odds of intending to leave their current position within 1 year. With each unit increase in effective comanagement between interdisciplinary dyads there was 15% less burnout and 10% less odds of intention to leave position.

CONCLUSION: Incorporating interdisciplinary specialties in primary care appears promising to alleviate some adverse provider outcomes. Organizations contemplating delivery models to promote well-being and retention may consider comanagement. Cost effectiveness research is needed to determine financial sustainability of interdisciplinary care delivery.

PMID:34865285 | DOI:10.1111/jep.13642

J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/jocd.14643. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to create and validate 5-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of dynamic crow’s feet, static crow’s feet, and infraorbital hollows.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three novel 5-point photonumeric scales were created by a medical team. A total of 12 raters from all over the world performed a digital validation, and a total of 5 raters a live validation of the created scale.

RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed almost perfect intra-rater and inter-rater reliability in the digital validation of the scales for the assessment of static and dynamic crow’s feet as well as infraorbital hollows. In the live validation, both crow’s feet scales showed almost perfect intra-rater reliability, while the Croma Infraorbital Hollow Assessment Scale showed substantial intra-rater reliability. Inter-rater reliability was substantial for all three scales in the live validation. All three scales, the Croma Dynamic Crow’s Feet Assessment Scale, Croma Static Crow’s Feet Assessment Scale, and Croma Infraorbital Hollow Assessment Scale, were validated digitally and in a live setting.

CONCLUSION: The created scales to assess infraorbital hollowing, dynamic and static crow’s feet have been shown to provide substantial to almost perfect agreement in the digital and live validation and can thus be considered as helpful tools in the clinical and research setting. While technical methods and appliances to assess the degrees of severity of age-dependent features are advancing, validated scales are of great importance due to their ease of use and, as shown by the validations, reliability, and reproducibility.

PMID:34865301 | DOI:10.1111/jocd.14643

Eur J Oral Sci. 2021 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/eos.12837. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Endogenous dentin proteases contribute to the degradation of collagen fibrils in the hybrid layer. Recently, inhibition of host-derived proteases by curcuminoids has shown promising results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcuminoid treatment on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) after 24 h or 12 months of storage. Fifty-four extracted sound human molars were flattened to mid-coronal dentin and divided into nine groups. After phosphoric acid-etching for 15 s, the dentin was experimentally treated for 60 s using 100 μM or 200 μM of curcumin, diflourobenzocurcumin, or demethoxycurcumin dissolved in 1% and 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water solutions. Untreated and DMSO-treated groups served as controls. After bonding agent application, each tooth was restored with dental composite. The molars were sectioned into 0.9 × 0.9 × 6 mm beams. The μTBS testing was performed after 24 h and 12 months of storage in artificial saliva. Data were analyzed using regression analyses. Failure patterns were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. Dentin treatment with curcuminoids did not adversely affect 24-h μTBS compared to controls. After 12 months, the μTBS of curcuminoid groups was statistically significantly higher than the controls. This study indicates the feasibility of using curcuminoids as protease inhibitors.

PMID:34865272 | DOI:10.1111/eos.12837

Trop Med Int Health. 2021 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13701. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: High-quality healthcare is essential to ensuring maternal and newborn survival. Efficient measurement requires knowing how long measures of quality provide consistent insight for intended uses.

METHODS: We used a repeated health facility assessment in Senegal to calculate structural and process quality of antenatal care (ANC), delivery, and child health services in facilities assessed 2 years apart. We tested agreement of quality measures within facilities and regions. We estimated how much input-adjusted and process quality-adjusted coverage measures changed for each service when calculated using quality measurements from the same facilities measured 2 years apart.

RESULTS: Over 6 waves of continuous surveys, 628 paired assessments were completed. Changes at the facility level were substantial and often positive, but inconsistent. Structural quality measures were moderately correlated (0.40 – 0.69) within facilities over time, more so in hospitals; correlation was <0.20 for process measures based on direct observation of ANC and child visits. Most measures were more strongly correlated once averaged to regions; process quality of child services was not (-0.32). Median relative difference in national adjusted coverage estimates was 6.0%; differences in subnational estimates were largest for process quality of child services (19.6%).

CONCLUSION: Continuous measures of structural quality demonstrated consistency at regional levels and in higher-level facilities over 2 years; results for process measures were mixed. Direct observation of child visits provided inconsistent measures over time. For other measures, linking population data with health facility assessments from up to 2 years prior is likely to introduce modest measurement error in adjusted coverage estimates.

PMID:34865274 | DOI:10.1111/tmi.13701

J Clin Periodontol. 2021 Dec 5. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13578. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: This study aimed to determine whether periodontitis in early pregnancy and periodontal therapy during gestation affect the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) through a population-based clinical study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects without periodontitis at 1-4 weeks of gestation who met our inclusion criteria were enrolled in the Nonperiodontitis group. Periodontitis patients who agreed or refused to receive periodontal therapy during pregnancy were enrolled in the Periodontitis Treated or Untreated group, respectively. At 12-16 weeks of gestation, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and venous blood were collected for analyses of bacterial species and serum inflammatory mediators, respectively. At 24-28 weeks of gestation, GDM patients were identified by oral glucose tolerance tests. The association tests were performed using chi-squared statistics and regression analyses.

RESULTS: The complete data of 3523 pregnant women were recorded during the study period. The GDM incidence among the untreated periodontitis participants (84/749, 11.21%) was significantly higher than that among the nonperiodontitis participants (108/2255, 4.79%) (P < 0.05), and periodontal treatment during gestation reduced the incidence from 11.21% (untreated group) to 7.32% (38/519, treated group) (P < 0.05). Based on the multiple logistic regression analyses, periodontitis in early pregnancy was associated with GDM, and the three-step regression analyses showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and the serum TNF-α and IL-8 levels played roles in the association between untreated periodontitis and GDM. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation test indicated that the existence of P. gingivalis in GCF was positively correlated with high serum levels of these two inflammatory mediators.

CONCLUSION: This study establishes a connection between periodontitis in early pregnancy and GDM and demonstrates that the presence of P. gingivalis is associated with high serum levels of inflammatory mediators, thereby may contribute to the development of GDM. In-depth mechanistic studies are needed to further support these findings. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34865247 | DOI:10.1111/jcpe.13578