Tag: statistics

Pharm Stat. 2022 Jun 29. doi: 10.1002/pst.2248. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

There is an increasing interest in the use of win ratio with composite time-to-event due to its flexibility in combining component endpoints. Exploring this flexibility further, one interesting question is in assessing the impact when there is a difference in treatment effect in the component endpoints. For example, the active treatment may prolong the time to occurrence of the negative event such as death or ventilation; meanwhile, the treatment effect may also shorten the time to achieving positive events, such as recovery or improvement. Notably, this portrays a situation where the treatment effect on time to recovery is in a different direction of benefit compared to the time to ventilation or death. Under such circumstances, if a single endpoint is used, the benefit gained for other individual outcomes is not counted and is diminished. As consequence, the study may need a larger sample size to detect a significant effect of treatment. Such a scenario can be handled by win ratio in a novel way by ranking component events, which is different from the usual composite endpoint approach such as time-to-first event. To evaluate how the different directions of treatment effect on component endpoints will impact the win ratio analysis, we use a Clayton copula-based bivariate survival simulation to investigate the correlation of component time-to-event. Through simulation, we found that compared to the marginal model using single endpoints, the win ratio analysis on composite endpoint performs better, especially when the correlation between two events is weak. Then, we applied the methodology to an infectious disease progression simulated study motivated by COVID-19. The application demonstrates that the win ratio approach offers advantages in empirical power compared to the traditional Cox proportional hazard approach when there is a difference in treatment effect in the marginal events.

PMID:35766113 | DOI:10.1002/pst.2248

Orbit. 2022 Jun 29:1-4. doi: 10.1080/01676830.2022.2092156. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: We aimed to perform a review of facial and periorbital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases to assess the relative incidence of eyelid margin involvement.

METHODS: This is a retrospective review of all patients with biopsy-proven SCC who were evaluated at a single oculoplastic surgery practice from 2007 to 2019. The charts were reviewed for the anatomical location of the malignancy, and those involving the eyelid were further divided into marginal and non-marginal lesions. Statistical analysis was performed using a one proportion z-test.

RESULTS: A total of 76 patients with a diagnosis of biopsy-proven periorbital and facial SCC were identified, 67 involved the ocular adnexa. Thirty-nine (58.2%) patients had lesions located on the eyelid. Of these, 33 (84.6% p < 0.0001, 95% CI 69.45-94.13) had lesions located at the margin, six of the 39 lesions were non-marginal. The remaining lesions were present within the brow (n = 10, 14.9%), medial canthus (n = 10, 14.9%), palpebral conjunctiva (n = 1, 1.5%), or orbit (n = 1, 1.5%). In six patients (8.9%) lesions involved multiple anatomic subunits.

CONCLUSION: We present our investigation of the incidence of SCC of the marginal vs. non-marginal eyelid, revealing a statistically significant increased involvement of the eyelid margin. Future investigations are necessary to further elucidate the vulnerability of the eyelid margin to the development of SCC in particular in regards to the role of the unique genetic expression profile of eyelash follicular stem cells.

PMID:35766103 | DOI:10.1080/01676830.2022.2092156

Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2022 Mar 1;80(2):148-155. doi: 10.1684/abc.2022.1723.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown that thrombin generation test (TG) allows a better evaluation of the hemorrhagic and the thrombotic risks. The ST Genesia® is a benchtop, fully automated TG device. However, standardization of the technique and establishment of usual values are essential for its implementation in the routine laboratory.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the fully automated TG analyzer ST Genesia ® and we aimed to determine usual values with special attention to the pediatric population.

METHODS: Two ST Genesia® reagents were evaluated (BleedscreenTM and ThromboscreenTM). Precision, stability, practicability and usual values according to age were established as well as the impact of freezing samples. The comparison between calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) method and ST Genesia® was performed. TG parameters (ETP, peak, velocity, lag time, time to peak) were analyzed on both instruments. All the results were normalized toward a reference plasma.

RESULTS: Coefficient of variation associated with the repeatability and reproducibility of the QC norm low, and norm were less than 5% with both Thromboscreen and Bleedscreen reagents. We did not observe any statistical difference between results obtained on fresh or frozen samples. Usual values according to age and sex were established with special attention to the pediatric population.

CONCLUSION: This technique provides a fully automated system, a strict control of temperature and the use of a reference plasma to obtain normalized results. This study is a prerequisite to future use of ST Genesia® in clinical application.

PMID:35766075 | DOI:10.1684/abc.2022.1723

Genet Epidemiol. 2022 Jun 29. doi: 10.1002/gepi.22491. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies (TWASs) have become increasingly popular in identifying genes (or other endophenotypes or exposures) associated with complex traits. In TWAS, one first builds a predictive model for gene expressions using an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data set in stage 1, then tests the association between the predicted gene expression and a trait based on a large, independent genome-wide association study (GWAS) data set in stage 2. However, since the sample size of the eQTL data set is usually small and the coefficient of multiple determination (i.e., $R^2$ ) of the model for many genes is also small, a question of interest is to what extent these factors affect the statistical power of TWAS. In addition, in contrast to a standard (univariate) TWAS (UV-TWAS) considering only a single gene at a time, multivariate TWAS (MV-TWAS) methods have recently emerged to account for the effects of multiple genes, or a gene’s nonlinear effects, simultaneously. With the absence of the power analysis for these MV-TWAS methods, it would be of interest to investigate whether one can gain or lose power by using the newly proposed MV-TWAS instead of UV-TWAS. In this paper, we first outline a general method for sample size/power calculations for two-sample TWAS, then use real data-the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) eQTL data for stage 1, the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Project Alzheimer’s disease (AD) GWAS summary data and UK Biobank (UKB) individual-level data for stage 2-to empirically address these questions. Our most important conclusions are the following. First, a sample size of a few thousands (~8000) would suffice in stage 1, where the power of TWAS would be more determined by cis-heritability of gene expression. Second, as in the general case of simple regression versus multiple regression, the power of MV-TWAS may be higher or lower than that of UV-TWAS, depending on the specific relationships among the GWAS trait and multiple genes (or linear and nonlinear terms of the same gene’s expression levels), such as their correlations and effect sizes. Interestingly, several top genes with large power gains in MV-TWAS (over that in UV-TWAS) were known to be (and in our data more significantly) associated with AD. We also reached similar conclusions in an application to the GTEx whole blood gene expression data and UKB GWAS data of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The proposed method and the conclusions are expected to be useful in planning and designing future TWAS and other related studies (e.g., Proteome- or Metabolome-Wide Association Studies) when determining the sample sizes for the two stages.

PMID:35766062 | DOI:10.1002/gepi.22491

Genet Epidemiol. 2022 Jun 29. doi: 10.1002/gepi.22461. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Penalized variable selection for high-dimensional longitudinal data has received much attention as it can account for the correlation among repeated measurements while providing additional and essential information for improved identification and prediction performance. Despite the success, in longitudinal studies, the potential of penalization methods is far from fully understood for accommodating structured sparsity. In this article, we develop a sparse group penalization method to conduct the bi-level gene-environment (G $\times$ E) interaction study under the repeatedly measured phenotype. Within the quadratic inference function framework, the proposed method can achieve simultaneous identification of main and interaction effects on both the group and individual levels. Simulation studies have shown that the proposed method outperforms major competitors. In the case study of asthma data from the Childhood Asthma Management Program, we conduct G $\times$ E study by using high-dimensional single nucleotide polymorphism data as genetic factors and the longitudinal trait, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, as the phenotype. Our method leads to improved prediction and identification of main and interaction effects with important implications.

PMID:35766061 | DOI:10.1002/gepi.22461

Genet Epidemiol. 2022 Jun 29. doi: 10.1002/gepi.22493. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Over the past years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have generated a wealth of new information. Summary data from many GWAS are now publicly available, promoting the development of many statistical methods for association studies based on GWAS summary statistics, which avoids the increasing challenges associated with individual-level genotype and phenotype data sharing. However, for population-based association studies such as GWAS, it has been long recognized that population stratification can seriously confound association results. For large GWAS, it is very likely that there exist population stratification and cryptic relatedness, which will result in inflated Type I error in association testing. Although many methods have been developed to control for population stratification, only two of these approaches can be used to control population stratification without individual-level data: one is based on genomic control (GC) and the other one is based on linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC). However, the performance of these two approaches is currently unknown. In this study, we use extensive simulation studies including populations with subpopulations, spatially structured populations, and populations with cryptic relatedness to compare the performance of these two approaches to control for population stratification using only GWAS summary statistics without individual-level data. Data sets from the genetic analysis workshop 19 and UK Biobank are also used to evaluate these two approaches. We demonstrate that the intercept of LDSC can be used as a more accurate correction factor than GC. The results from this study will provide very useful information for researchers using GWAS summary statistics while trying to control for population stratification.

PMID:35766057 | DOI:10.1002/gepi.22493

Korean J Ophthalmol. 2022 Jun 15. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2022.0017. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the level of agreement between ANTERION (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), OA-2000 (Tomey, Nagoya, Japan), and IOL Master 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany).

METHODS: Fifty-one eyes of 51 patients were included in the study. Flat and steep keratometry (K), vector component of astigmatism (J0 and J45), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length (AL) were compared using the three devices. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to compare the mean values of the biometrics. Pearson’s correlation test was conducted to analyze the correlations of the measured values, and a Bland-Altman plot was used to assess the agreement between the three devices. The predicted intraocular lens (IOL) power of each device was compared to the others using the SRK/T, Haigis, Barrett Universal II, and Kane formulas.

RESULTS: All K values measured using ANTERION were flatter than those of other instruments. However, good agreement was observed for flat K (ANTERION-OA-2000) (95% limits of agreement [LoA] = 0.86D) and steep K (ANTERION-OA-2000 [95% LoA = 0.93D]) and OA-2000-IOL Master 500 [95% LoA = 0.93D]). J0 and J45 vector components of astigmatism were not statistically different; however, the agreements were poor between the devices (95% LoA ≥ 1.97D). ACD values of ANTERION and OA-2000 were interchangeable (95% LoA = 0.15 mm). The AL showed a high agreement (95% LoA ≤ 0.17 mm) among the three devices. The predicted IOL powers of the three devices were not interchangeable regardless of formulas (95% LoA≥ 1.04D).

CONCLUSION: Significant differences in ocular biometrics were observed between ANTERION and the other two devices. This study demonstrated that only AL showed good agreement among devices.

PMID:35766049 | DOI:10.3341/kjo.2022.0017

Korean J Ophthalmol. 2022 Jun 15. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2022.0025. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical availability of a multifunctional ocular biometric unit, MR-6000 (Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan), for simultaneous keratometry, tonometry, topography, and pachymetry evaluation, and compare anterior segment measurements with five other devices: autokeratometer (KR-1, Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany), swept-source optical coherence tomography (IOLMaster 700, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany), Placido disk scanning-slit topography (Orbscan II, Bausch & Lomb, NY, USA), and noncontact tonometry (FT-1000, Tomey Corporation).

METHODS: Thirty patients (30 eyes) who visited our clinic for cataract surgery were examined using MR-6000 and the other devices. The mean keratometry (Km), central corneal thickness (CCT), white-to-white (WTW) distance, and intraocular pressure (IOP) values were compared. Repeated measures analysis of variance, Wilcoxon signed rank test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman plot were used to assess the correlation and agreement between devices.

RESULTS: Thirty eyes of thirty patients were evaluated. Statistically significant differences in Km between MR-6000, KR-1, Pentacam HR, and IOLMaster 700 were not observed (p > 0.05). All five devices, including Orbscan II, had almost perfect agreement in measuring keratometry (ICC > 0.80, p < 0.05). CCT measured by MR-6000 was significantly different from that of Pentacam HR and Orbscan II measurements (p < 0.05) but correlated with that of Pentacam HR and Orbscan II measurements (ICC > 0.60, p < 0.05). The WTW distance measured by MR-6000 was not significantly different from that measured by IOLMaster 700 but was different from that measured by Orbscan II. IOP measured by MR-6000 was not correlated with FT-1000.

CONCLUSIONS: Keratometric values obtained through MR-6000 can be used interchangeably with other devices based on good correlation and agreement. However, the CCT, WTW, and IOP values were not interchangeable with a single multifunctional unit for cataract surgery preoperative examination.

PMID:35766048 | DOI:10.3341/kjo.2022.0025

Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022 Jun 28. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/jx4x0b. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:35765998 | DOI:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/jx4x0b

Circ Res. 2022 Jun 29:101161CIRCRESAHA122321116. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.122.321116. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: CD (cluster of differentiation) 4⁺ T-cell responses to APOB (apolipoprotein B) are well characterized in atherosclerotic mice and detectable in humans. CD4⁺ T cells recognize antigenic peptides displayed on highly polymorphic HLA (human leukocyte antigen)-II. Immunogenicity of individual APOB peptides is largely unknown in humans. Only 1 HLA-II-restricted epitope was validated using the DRB1*07:01-APOB_3036-3050 tetramer. We hypothesized that human APOB may contain discrete immunodominant CD4⁺ T-cell epitopes that trigger atherosclerosis-related autoimmune responses in donors with diverse HLA alleles.

METHODS: We selected 20 APOB-derived peptides (APOB₂₀) from an in silico screen and experimentally validated binding to the most commonly occurring human HLA-II alleles. We optimized a restimulation-based workflow to evaluate antigenicity of multiple candidate peptides in HLA-typed donors. This included activation-induced marker assay, intracellular cytokine staining, IFNγ (interferon gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot and cytometric bead array. High-throughput sequencing delineated TCR (T-cell receptor) clonalities of APOB-reactive CD4⁺ T cells.

RESULTS: Using stringent positive, negative, and crossover stimulation controls, we confirmed specificity of expansion-based protocols to detect CD4⁺ T cytokine responses to APOB₂₀ pool. Ex vivo assessment of AIM⁺CD4⁺ T cells revealed statistically significant autoimmune response to APOB₂₀ but not to a ubiquitously expressed negative control protein, actin. Resolution of CD4⁺ T responses to the level of individual peptides using IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot led to the discovery of 6 immunodominant epitopes (APOB₆) that triggered robust CD4⁺ T activation in most donors. APOB₆-specific responding CD4⁺ T cells were enriched in unique expanded TCR clonotypes and preferentially expressed memory markers. Cytometric bead array analysis detected APOB₆-induced secretion of both proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines. In clinical samples from patients with angiographically verified coronary artery disease, APOB₆ stimulation induced higher activation and memory phenotypes and augmented secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and IFNγ, compared with patients with low coronary artery disease.

CONCLUSIONS: Using 3 cohorts, each with ≈20 donors, we discovered and validated 6 immunodominant, HLA-II-restricted APOB epitopes. Immune response to these APOB epitopes correlated with coronary artery disease severity.

PMID:35766025 | DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.122.321116