Tag: statistics

J Exp Biol. 2021 Jun 23:jeb.234567. doi: 10.1242/jeb.234567. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Previous studies in primates and other animals have shown that mass specific cost of transport (J kg-1 m-1) for climbing is independent of body size across species, but little is known about within-species allometry of climbing costs or the effects of difficulty and velocity. Here, we assess the effects of velocity, route difficulty, and anatomical variation on the energetic cost of climbing within humans. Twelve experienced rock climbers climbed on an indoor wall over a range of difficulty levels and velocities, with energy expenditure measured via respirometry. We found no effect of body mass or limb proportions on mass-specific cost of transport among subjects. Mass-specific cost of transport was negatively correlated with climbing velocity. Increased route difficulty was associated with slower climbing velocities and thus higher costs, but there was no statistically significant effect of route difficulty on energy expenditure independent of velocity. Finally, human climbing costs measured in this study were similar to published values for other primates, suggesting arboreal adaptations have a negligible effect on climbing efficiency.

PMID:34160049 | DOI:10.1242/jeb.234567

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2021 Jun 23. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12782. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the overuse of antenatal care is needed to improve its organisation to deal with limited medical resources and doctor shortages.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the proportion of women who overuse antenatal care and the associations of overuse with maternal characteristics and the qualifications of healthcare providers.

METHODS: We used the 2016 National Perinatal Survey, a cross-sectional population-based survey, performed in all maternity units in France, including 13,132 women. Based on the French national guidelines, 6-8 antenatal visits were defined as adequate, 9-11 as high use, and ≥12 as overuse, while 3 ultrasounds were considered adequate, 4-5 as high use, and ≥6 as overuse. We performed binary modified Poisson regressions-with adequate care as the reference-including maternal social and medical characteristics and the healthcare professionals’ qualifications.

RESULTS: After women with inadequate care were excluded, 19.2% of low-risk women had at least 12 visits and 30.5% at least 6 ultrasounds. Overuse of visits was associated with primiparity, average to high income, less than good psychological well-being, and care by an obstetrician. The risks of overuse of ultrasounds were higher among primiparous, women with average to high income and those receiving care from a public-sector obstetrician (adjusted relative risk 1.17, 95% CI, 1.13, 1.21) or private obstetrician (adjusted relative risk 1.12, 95% CI, 1.07, 1.16), compared with a public-sector midwife.

CONCLUSIONS: Antenatal care overuse is very common in France and associated with some maternal characteristics and also the qualification of care provider. Antenatal care should be customised according to women’s needs, in particular for primiparae and those with poor well-being, and available medical resources.

PMID:34160099 | DOI:10.1111/ppe.12782

Conserv Biol. 2021 Jun 23. doi: 10.1111/cobi.13800. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Community-level resource management efforts are cornerstones in ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. Yet, understanding how community characteristics influence management practises remains contested. This study used a large sample size (≥ 725 communities depending on analysis) of nationally collected data to assess the effects of key community characteristics (human population size and density, market integration and modernization) on the probability of occurrence of fisheries management practises including gear, species and spatial restrictions. The study was based in Solomon Islands, a Pacific Island country with a population that is highly dependent on coastal fisheries with people primarily dwelling in small communities adjacent to the coastline dispersed across six island provinces and numerous smaller islands. The relatively tight coupling of communities and adjacent fisheries resources provides a context amenable to testing theories of socioeconomic factors that explain occurrence of resource management. We present our results of binomial logistic regression models as the likelihood of management occurrence, given socioeconomic context. In contrast to prevailing views, we found a strong positive association between both human population size and market integration and the probability of occurrence across all three management practises. Human population density, however, had a dramatic negative association, and modernization a varied and limited association with occurrence of all management practises. Combined, these findings present significant opportunity for remotely predicting the occurrence of resource management practises based on key socioeconomic characteristics. The results also present opportunity for further research to understand why some communities conduct natural resource management activities when statistical patterns suggest they are not likely to, thus better understanding how some communities of people beat the odds despite adverse conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

PMID:34160100 | DOI:10.1111/cobi.13800

Wiad Lek. 2021;74(6):1485-1487.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Was to assess the influence and the effectiveness of complex physical rehabilitation using the ORTOSANO technique for people with degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the spine (DDS) on the severity of chronic pain (CHD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: We studied the condition of 166 patients. The observation group included patients with chronic pain caused by DDS of the spine. The patients underwent a course of complex physical rehabilitation in the center using the ORTOSANO method.

RESULTS: Results: The following results were obtained statistically: pain with localization in the lumbosacral spine was registered in 67 patients (40.4%), in the cervical spine – in 42 patients (25.3%), in the thoracic spine – in 37 patients (22.3%). Pain in the shoulder joints was registered in 24 patients (14.5%), in the hip joints in 16 (9.6%), knee joints – in 12 (7.2%), in the ankle joints – in 9 patients (5.4%). Initially, the level of pain among all the group members according to the VAS scale was on average (7.6 ± 0.35) points in men and (6.4 ± 0.72) in women (p <0.05).

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: 1.It was established that the proposed complex physical rehabilitation using the ORTOSANO method reduces the severity of chronic pain significantly, improves functional and daily activity, quality of life, and stabilizes the neuro-psychological state of patients. 2. The ORTOSANO method can be recommended to be used in the complex of rehabilitation exercises in physiotherapeutic departments of educational and medical establishments.

PMID:34159942

Anal Methods. 2021 Jun 23. doi: 10.1039/d1ay00554e. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of applying intracellularly-grown-Au-nanoparticle (IGAuNP)-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology to classify two types of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cell lines (CNE2 and CNE1). The IGAuNP technology provides excellent delivery efficiency of Au NPs to the cytoplasm and nucleus, thus leading to an extraordinary enhancement of the Raman signals of cells. Compared with normal Raman scattering (NRS) spectra of cells, IGAuNP-based SERS spectra not only have a high signal-to-noise ratio, but also can detect more characteristic Raman peaks, which can be used to explore more differences when comparing the biochemical components of different nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) analysis of SERS spectral data, an exciting result with a diagnostic sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 100%, could be achieved to differentiate CNE2 and CNE1 cells, which is better than the result obtained by NRS spectroscopy. This exploratory study indicated that the SERS technology based on IGAuNPs in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis methods has great potential in the identification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines.

PMID:34159968 | DOI:10.1039/d1ay00554e

Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021 Jun 23:zwab093. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab093. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIMS: Reliably quantifying event rates in secondary prevention could aid clinical decision-making, including quantifying potential risk reductions of novel, and sometimes expensive, add-on therapies. We aimed to assess whether the SMART risk prediction model performs well in a real-world setting.

METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a historical open cohort study using UK primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (2000-2017) diagnosed with coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral, and/or aortic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Analyses were undertaken separately for cohorts with established (≥6 months) vs. newly diagnosed ASCVD. The outcome was first post-cohort entry occurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death. Among the cohort with established ASCVD [n = 244 578, 62.1% male, median age 67.3 years, interquartile range (IQR) 59.2-74.0], the calibration and discrimination achieved by the SMART model was not dissimilar to performance at internal validation [Harrell’s c-statistic = 0.639, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.636-0.642, compared with 0.675, 0.642-0.708]. Decision curve analysis indicated that the model outperformed treat all and treat none strategies in the clinically relevant 20-60% predicted risk range. Consistent findings were observed in sensitivity analyses, including complete case analysis (n = 182 482; c = 0.624, 95% CI 0.620-0.627). Among the cohort with newly diagnosed ASCVD (n = 136 445; 61.0% male; median age 66.0 years, IQR 57.7-73.2), model performance was weaker with more exaggerated risk under-prediction and a c-statistic of 0.559, 95% CI 0.556-0.562.

CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the SMART model in this validation cohort demonstrates its potential utility in routine healthcare settings in guiding both population and individual-level decision-making for secondary prevention patients.

PMID:34160035 | DOI:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab093

Wiad Lek. 2021;74(6):1355-1359.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To find out whether or not the presence of pregnancy loss and preterm birth was associated with the history of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) of women reproductive tract.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study was based on surveillance data. This study included 1,027 fertile women aged 21-50 years admitted to 8 hospitals from 2017-2019 with complaints to pregnancy loss or preterm birth. Definitions HAI of women reproductive tract were used from the CDC/ NHSN.

RESULTS: Results: Of 1,027 fertile women with complaints to pregnancy loss or preterm birth, 702 (68.4%) HAIs of reproductive tract were detected. The predominant HAIs were: postpartum endometritis (19.1), bacterial vaginitis (15.8%), chorioamnionitis (11.3%), vaginal cuff infection (9.1%), and parametritis (5.6%). According to the statistical data, a significant association between HAI of women reproductive tract and the history of pregnancy loss (p < 0.05) was determined. The presence of HAI had no effect on the first trimester miscarriage (p > 0.05), but HAI women reproductive tract had strongly affected the second trimester pregnancy losses (p < 0.05). Main causative agents of HAI were Escherichia coli (31.5%), Enterobacter spp. (18.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (11.6%),Staphylococcus aureus (10.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.4%).

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: This study identified a significant association between healthcare-associated infection of women reproductive tract and a history of miscarriage. However, there was no association between HAI and a history of preterm birth.

PMID:34159919

Wiad Lek. 2021;74(6):1365-1371.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim: Is to investigate the influence of modern sports technologies (Crossfit classes) on health and professional activity of law enforcement officers.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study involved 52 law enforcement officer graduates from the National Academy of Internal Affairs (Kyiv, Ukraine) aged 22-30 who attended Crossfit classes while studying. The duration of the study is 5 years (2016-2020). The level of officers’ health was examined according to the methodology of H. L. Apanasenko which consists in determining the amount of points for each of the 5 indicators: body mass index, vital capacity index, power index, Robinson index, heart rate recovery time. In order to estimate the effectiveness of the officers’ law enforcement activity we conducted a survey of the heads and commanders of units where the officers served using the rating card we developed of a five-point scale. Research methods include analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological works, pedagogic observation, questionnaire survey, medical and biological methods and methods of mathematical statistics.

RESULTS: Results: It was also clarified that the health level of the officers who attended Crossfit classes while studying at higher educational institutions with specific training environment remained stable after graduation for 5 years of service (р>0.05). The results of the units commanders’ evaluation of the officers’ law enforcement activities showed positive influence of Crossfit classes on the indicators that characterize the quality of service.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: It has been established that Crossfit classes during training helped to maintain the level of health of law enforcement officers during 5 years of service on officers’ positions after graduation and provide high efficiency of professional activities.

PMID:34159921

Wiad Lek. 2021;74(6):1409-1413.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To define the degree for glial acidic fibrillary protein expression on the structural components of cerebellum of the rats in health and when rats influenced by the food additives complex.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: In order to determine the degree of expression of the immunohistochemical marker GFAP on the structural components of the cerebellum of rats we applied immunohistochemical, morphometric and statistical methods in our study.

RESULTS: Results: In histological specimens at the end of 1st week of observation in the gray matter of the cerebellum there occurred a gradual increase in 1.16 times of the average number of GFAP-positive cells. At the end of 4th week of the experimental study, the average number of GFAP-positive cells increased accurately (at p<0.05 compared to the control group) in 1.27 times, at the end of 8th week it has increased in 1.99 times, at the end of 12th week in 2.25, and at the end of 16th week in 2.39 times.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The outcomes of our study are as follows the increase in the average number of GFAP-positive cells is directly related to the decrease in the average number of major neurons of the gray matter of the brain, while the fluctuations in the average number of astrocytic glia cells represent a compensatory mechanism in the recovery of gray matter neurons of the brain from neural stem cells with the subsequent development of reactive astrogliosis and, thereafter the possible development of neuropathology.

PMID:34159929

Gut Microbes. 2021 Jan-Dec;13(1):1930872. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1930872.

ABSTRACT

Bariatric surgery induces significant shifts in the gut microbiota which could potentially contribute to weight loss and metabolic benefits. The aim of this study was to characterize a microbial signature following Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery using novel and existing gut microbiota sequence data. We generated 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequences from fecal samples from patients undergoing RYGB surgery (n = 61 for 16S rRNA gene and n = 135 for metagenomics) at pre-surgical baseline and one, six, and twelve-month post-surgery. We compared these data with three smaller publicly available 16S rRNA gene and one metagenomic datasets from patients who also underwent RYGB surgery. Linear mixed models and machine learning approaches were used to examine the presence of a common microbial signature across studies. Comparison of our new sequences with previous longitudinal studies revealed strikingly similar profiles in both fecal microbiota composition (r = 0.41 ± 0.10; p < .05) and metabolic pathways (r = 0.70 ± 0.05; p < .001) early after surgery across multiple datasets. Notably, Veillonella, Streptococcus, Gemella, Fusobacterium, Escherichia/Shigella, and Akkermansia increased after surgery, while Blautia decreased. Machine learning approaches revealed that the replicable gut microbiota signature associated with RYGB surgery could be used to discriminate pre- and post-surgical samples. Opportunistic pathogen abundance also increased post-surgery in a consistent manner across cohorts. Our study reveals a robust microbial signature involving many commensal and pathogenic taxa and metabolic pathways early after RYGB surgery across different studies and sites. Characterization of the effects of this robust microbial signature on outcomes of bariatric surgery could provide insights into the development of microbiome-based interventions for predicting or improving outcomes following surgery.

PMID:34159880 | DOI:10.1080/19490976.2021.1930872