Tag: statistics

PLoS Comput Biol. 2022 Jan 24;18(1):e1009813. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009813. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Foraging entails finding multiple targets sequentially. In humans and other animals, a key observation has been a tendency to forage in ‘runs’ of the same target type. This tendency is context-sensitive, and in humans, it is strongest when the targets are difficult to distinguish from the distractors. Many important questions have yet to be addressed about this and other tendencies in human foraging, and a key limitation is a lack of precise measures of foraging behaviour. The standard measures tend to be run statistics, such as the maximum run length and the number of runs. But these measures are not only interdependent, they are also constrained by the number and distribution of targets, making it difficult to make inferences about the effects of these aspects of the environment on foraging. Moreover, run statistics are underspecified about the underlying cognitive processes determining foraging behaviour. We present an alternative approach: modelling foraging as a procedure of generative sampling without replacement, implemented in a Bayesian multilevel model. This allows us to break behaviour down into a number of biases that influence target selection, such as the proximity of targets and a bias for selecting targets in runs, in a way that is not dependent on the number of targets present. Our method thereby facilitates direct comparison of specific foraging tendencies between search environments that differ in theoretically important dimensions. We demonstrate the use of our model with simulation examples and re-analysis of existing data. We believe our model will provide deeper insights into visual foraging and provide a foundation for further modelling work in this area.

PMID:35073315 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009813

PLoS Comput Biol. 2022 Jan 24;18(1):e1009659. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009659. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Since their introduction in the 50’s, variance component mixed models have been widely used in many application fields. In this context, ReML estimation is by far the most popular procedure to infer the variance components of the model. Although many implementations of the ReML procedure are readily available, there is still need for computational improvements due to the ever-increasing size of the datasets to be handled, and to the complexity of the models to be adjusted. In this paper, we present a Min-Max (MM) algorithm for ReML inference and combine it with several speed-up procedures. The ReML MM algorithm we present is compared to 5 state-of-the-art publicly available algorithms used in statistical genetics. The computational performance of the different algorithms are evaluated on several datasets representing different plant breeding experimental designs. The MM algorithm ranks among the top 2 methods in almost all settings and is more versatile than many of its competitors. The MM algorithm is a promising alternative to the classical AI-ReML algorithm in the context of variance component mixed models. It is available in the MM4LMM R-package.

PMID:35073307 | DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009659

J Thromb Haemost. 2022 Jan 23. doi: 10.1111/jth.15653. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Haemostasis evaluation in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is critical for optimal management of thrombotic and bleeding events. Standard coagulation screens are inadequate for predicting coagulopathy in CKD.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate haemostasis parameters in patients with different stages of CKD using novel coagulation assays.

PATIENTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 30 healthy controls (HC) and 120 CKD patients (10 Stage-2, 20 Stage-3, 20 Stage-4, 20 Stage-5 not requiring renal replacement, 20 transplant, 10 newly started on haemodialysis (HD), 20 established on HD). Standard laboratory tests were performed in addition to rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA), thrombin generation assays, d-dimer, and markers of thrombogenesis (thrombin-antithrombin (TAT)), fibrinolysis, and endothelial activation (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)).

RESULTS: D-dimer, TAT and ICAM-1 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CKD than HC (p<0.01). ROTEM Maximum Clot Firmness was significantly higher in patients than in HC (p<0.01). In CKD Stage 5 patients (pre-HD and started HD) adenosine diphosphate and thrombin receptor activating peptide MEA tests were significantly lower than HC indicating platelet aggregation defect (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed the direct effect of eGFR in the variance of ROTEM and MEA tests. Endogenous thrombin potential and peak thrombin were not statistically different between groups, but Stage 5 CKD patients had prolonged lag time (7.91 vs 6.33, p<0.001) and time to thrombin peak (10.8 vs 9.5, p<0.05) compared to HC.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CKD exhibit features of concomitant hypercoagulability measured by ROTEM and platelet dysfunction measured with MEA. eGFR was an independent determinant of platelet dysfunction and hypercoagulability.

PMID:35068080 | DOI:10.1111/jth.15653

Adv Clin Exp Med. 2022 Jan 24. doi: 10.17219/acem/144638. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: During minimally invasive spine surgery, nerve root decompression is challenging due to the anatomical division and uncertainty in lumbar lateral recess (LLR).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcome and safety of foraminoplasty using percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression (PTED) (performed with an aid of a trephine) in the treatment of lumbar lateral recess stenosis (LLRS).

MATERIAL AND METHODS: All operations were performed under local anesthesia and in prone position. The puncture point was 10-14 cm away from the midline of the spinous process. One hundred eight individuals with LLRS who underwent PTED from September 2016 to December 2020 in our hospital were enrolled in the study. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores were collected preoperatively after 1 day, 7 days, 1 month and at the final follow-up (June 2021). Low back pain and leg pain were measured using VAS score. Functional outcomes were assessed with ODI and modified Macnab criteria.

RESULTS: After the surgery, the VAS score and ODI were statistically significant at all follow-up points compared with the pre-surgery (both p < 0.05). Based on the modified Macnab scores at the final follow-up, the satisfaction rate at postoperative 1 month was 96.3% and the satisfaction rate at postoperative 7 days was 70.38%. A significant difference was observed between the 2 groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Foraminoplasty using PTED performed with a trephine is one of the safe and effective, minimally invasive methods to treat LLRS.

PMID:35068091 | DOI:10.17219/acem/144638

Obesity (Silver Spring). 2022 Jan 23. doi: 10.1002/oby.23339. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated associations between neighborhood-level characteristics and gestational weight gain (GWG) in a population-level study of 2015 New York City births.

METHODS: Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for associations between neighborhood-level characteristics (poverty, food environment, walkability) within 1 km of a residential Census block centroid and excessive or inadequate GWG compared with recommended GWG. All models were adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic characteristics.

RESULTS: Among the sample of 106,285 births, 41.8% had excessive GWG, and 26.3% had inadequate GWG. Residence in the highest versus lowest quartile of neighborhood poverty was associated with greater odds of excessive GWG (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08-1.26). Residence in neighborhoods in the quartile of highest walkability compared with the quartile of lowest walkability was associated with lower odds of excessive GWG (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81-0.93). Adjustment for prepregnancy BMI attenuated the associations for neighborhood poverty, but not for walkability. Neighborhood variables were not associated with inadequate GWG.

CONCLUSIONS: These analyses indicate that greater neighborhood walkability is associated with lower odds of excessive GWG, potentially from differences in pedestrian activity during pregnancy. This research provides further evidence for using urban design to support healthy weight status during pregnancy.

PMID:35068077 | DOI:10.1002/oby.23339

Int J Nurs Pract. 2022 Jan 23:e13038. doi: 10.1111/ijn.13038. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

AIM: The aim of this work is to identify the pressure ulcer risk profiles of hospitalized patients with reference to Braden Scale subscales.

METHODS: A total of 2996 hospitalized Portuguese participants were screened using the Braden Scale. A hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analysis was conducted, with ethical approval.

RESULTS: Five risk profiles (clusters) based on the first risk assessments were identified. Regarding the Braden Scale total score, two profiles with high risk and three profiles with low risk of pressure ulcer development were identified. All clusters were statistically significantly different in terms of sociodemographic and clinical variables. When the first and the last risk assessments were compared, all the clusters improved the Braden Scale total score on the last risk assessment, except Cluster 4 (low-risk category). Clusters 3, 4 and 5, which were classified as low risk, decreased in several Braden subscales at the last risk assessment.

CONCLUSIONS: The classification of low risk may misguide the early identification of patients with individual risk factors. Increasing the awareness of health care professionals for the importance of risk assessment of each Braden subscale is necessary for pressure ulcer prevention. We recommend the implementation of strategies for early identification of patients at risk at local and national levels.

PMID:35068026 | DOI:10.1111/ijn.13038

Low Urin Tract Symptoms. 2022 Jan 23. doi: 10.1111/luts.12425. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We designed this study to investigate the potential use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an adjunct to alpha-blockers in the treatment of category III chronic prostatitis (CP).

METHODS: Sixty-three men with category III CP with a National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) total score of 15 or more were randomized to either the NAC treatment group or the placebo treatment group. Besides tamsulosin at a dose of 0.4 mg once daily, participants based on their allocation group received NAC or placebo at a dose of 600 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. The efficacy of the medications was assessed by measuring changes in the NIH-CPSI total score and its subscales, including pain, urinary symptoms, and quality of life.

RESULTS: Based on the general linear model analysis of the data, over the 12-week treatment, NAC+tamsulosin was statistically superior to placebo+tamsulosin in reducing the total NIH-CPSI score, pain subscore, and quality-of-life subscore (P value <.001). Further, after 12 weeks, more patients in the NAC+tamsulosin group than in the placebo+tamsulosin group met the responder criterion, defined as a decrease of at least 6 points in the NIH-CPSI total score (65.6% vs 29.0%). A more favorable outcome was also noted in the NAC+tamsulosin group regarding the number of patients reporting moderate or marked improvement in symptoms (62.5% vs 25.80%). No significant difference was seen between the groups concerning changes in urinary symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided clinical evidence that men with category III CP might benefit from NAC treatment. Further studies are needed for the validation of these findings.

PMID:35068061 | DOI:10.1111/luts.12425

J Orthop Res. 2022 Jan 24. doi: 10.1002/jor.25267. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The first goal of this study was to develop reliable three-dimensional definitions of alignment for the ankle, subtalar, and hindfoot joints. These alignments are based on three-dimensional morphological features derived from renderings of the bones obtained from weightbearing computer tomography. The second goal was to establish a database quantifying the alignment of the ankle, subtalar, and hindfoot joints in a healthy population during weightbearing bilateral standing. This level 1 study was performed on 95 normal subjects in which random subjects were recruited into a control group. Weightbearing computed tomography scans of the leg were collected in neutral, bilateral, standing posture. In 30 of the subjects, both the left and right leg was scanned. Six alignment parameters for each joint were calculated from morphological measurements conducted on three-dimensional renderings of the bones. Intra- and intertester reliability was assessed from repeated measurements by several testers. Analysis of variance statistics of the alignment parameters showed no statistical differences due to age, gender, or foot side. Intraclass correlation coefficient analysis showed excellent inter- and intratester reliability. It was concluded that the alignment process is comprehensive and reliable. Therefore, without classification by gender or age, it may be used as a foundation for quantifying abnormal alignment associated with various ankle deformities. Clinical significance: The alignment methodology and control database may be used to diagnose ankle, subtalar, and hindfoot misalignment. It can also serve as basis for surgical planning designed to restore normal alignment in various hindfoot pathologies, such as ankle realignment in total ankle replacement.

PMID:35067973 | DOI:10.1002/jor.25267

Head Neck. 2022 Jan 23. doi: 10.1002/hed.26982. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is common following treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC) and intervention to improve swallowing function is warranted. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the Shaker head-lift exercise (HLE) to improve dysphagia in HNC patients.

METHODS: Patients treated for HNC with radiochemotherapy and with subsequent dysphagia were randomly assigned to intervention (HLE, n = 25) and control (standard dysphagia management, n = 27) groups. Videofluoroscopic evaluation of penetration-aspiration, initiation, residue, movement of selected structures, and self-perceived swallowing function, before and after 8 weeks of treatment, were compared.

RESULTS: Although adherence to training was high, no statistically significant differences in objectively measured swallowing function between the groups or within-group changes were found. Self-perceived swallowing function improved in the intervention group.

CONCLUSIONS: In this HNC population, neither HLE nor standard dysphagia management improved objectively measured swallowing function as evaluated after 8 weeks. Future research focusing on finding effective interventions for dysphagia is warranted.

PMID:35068016 | DOI:10.1002/hed.26982

Aust Dent J. 2022 Jan 24. doi: 10.1111/adj.12896. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa having no clear aetiology or pathogenesis. The influence of psychological disturbances on OLP has been widely discussed but still bears the controversy. This study aimed at assessing scientific evidence between the OLP and psychological alterations of the patient. We searched seven important databases for studies on OLP and psychological factors (anxiety, depression, stress, sleep disorders, etc.) published between 1 January 2000, and 1 October 2020. Case-control and cross-sectional studies were incorporated into this study. The meta-analysis used a random-effects model assessed by using the I² statistic. Dichotomous variables used the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI), and continuous variables used the mean difference with 95% CI. Finally, 26 studies were included in the review. A meta-analysis of 13 studies showed there was a significant association of OLP with anxiety, depression and stress compared with healthy controls. Certain personality characteristics and sleep disorders also influence the patient of OLP. Therefore, psychological and psychiatric examinations should be carried out routinely for patients with OLP and improve the prognosis of the disease. © 2022 Australian Dental Association.

PMID:35067951 | DOI:10.1111/adj.12896