Tag: statistics

J Bras Pneumol. 2021 Dec 15;47(6):e20210281. doi: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20210281. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between asthma prevalence and serum levels of vitamin D in Brazilian adolescents.

METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, school-based study involving adolescents between 12-17 years of age from four large Brazilian cities located at different latitudes (Fortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, and Porto Alegre). Information on asthma diagnosis, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics was collected by means of self-administered questionnaires. Serum concentrations of calcifediol were dichotomized as sufficient (≥ 20 ng/mL) or insufficient/deficient (< 20 ng/mL) levels. Bivariate analyses were carried out between vitamin D levels and prevalence of active asthma (AA), as well as other variables in study, using the chi-square test. Generalized linear models were configured to analyze potential confounding factors (p < 0.20).

RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2014, 1,053 adolescents were evaluated. The prevalences of AA and insufficient/deficient levels of calcifediol were 15.4% and 21%, respectively. There were no statistically significant associations between AA and hypovitaminosis D. The prevalences of AA and vitamin D insufficiency were, respectively, 2.34 (95% CI, 1,28-4.30) and 3.22 (95% CI, 1.75-5.95) times higher in Porto Alegre than in Rio de Janeiro, regardless of possible confounding factors. However, no significant associations were found between the prevalence of AA and vitamin-D-related variables in any of the cities.

CONCLUSIONS: No association was found between AA and low levels of vitamin D in adolescents living at different latitudes in Brazil.

PMID:34932722 | DOI:10.36416/1806-3756/e20210281

Rev Saude Publica. 2021 Dec 17;55:59. doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003051. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigated the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy in reducing the time required for very low birth weight preterm newborns (VLBW-PTNB: < 1,500g and < 37 weeks) to achieve full enteral nutrition.

METHODS: Literature search was conducted using four databases, including gray literature, with additional manual search of the references of selected articles. Eligibility criteria consisted of randomized clinical trials, without restriction regarding the date or language of the publication. Two independent reviewers performed the article selection and data extraction. The random-effects meta-analysis used a non-standard technique to assess the mean difference in days to achieve full enteral nutrition, carried out by the Stata 15 statistic program.

RESULTS: The systematic review comprised 10 studies, and five were selected for meta-analysis, with a population of 764 VLBW-PTNB and gestational age of birth between 25 and 32 weeks. The studies were conducted between 2011 and 2018 in North America, Asia and Africa, with only one conducted in South America. Altogether, they reported the number of days it took 708 VLBW-PTNB to achieve full enteral nutrition, with newborns treated with immunotherapy showing a shorter time in only three studies. Meta-analysis showed a mean difference of -4.26 days, (95% CI -7.44; -1.08d), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 83.1%).

CONCLUSION: The use of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy can reduce the time for VLBW-PTNB to achieve full nutrition when compared to those who used a placebo or received routine care.

PMID:34932705 | DOI:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003051

Rev Saude Publica. 2021 Dec 17;55:103. doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003439. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Compare official data on notifications of sexual violence against girls aged 10 to 13 years with data on pregnancy for the same age group between 2012 and 2018.

METHODS: This is an epidemiological, descriptive, cross-sectional study with data from the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) on violence against and pregnancy of girls aged 10 to 13 years from 2012 to 2018. Data on sexual violence were accessed in the Health Information System (SINAN); on pregnancy, in the Live Births Information System (SINASC), on fetal deaths, in the Mortality Information System (SIM), and on abortions, in the Hospital Admission System (SIH).

RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2018, out of 136,387 pregnancies, there were 120,185 live births and 15,402 interrupted pregnancies by abortions or fetal deaths of mothers who became pregnant aged 13 years or younger. In the same period, SINAN received 46,548 notifications of sexual abuse against girls aged 10 to 13 years. The number of girls who became pregnant before the age of 14, victims of statutory rape, was 2.9 times higher than the number of cases notified to SINAN.

CONCLUSION: The lack of adequate notification of statutory rapes in Brazilian official statistics leads to the underestimation of its magnitude.

PMID:34932694 | DOI:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003439

Rev Saude Publica. 2021 Dec 17;55:111. doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003929. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether oral health literacy (OHL) and school context are associated with untreated dental caries on the anterior teeth of adolescents.

METHODS: A representative cross-sectional study was conducted with 746 students aging 15 to 19 in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil. The guardians answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data and the absence/presence of private health insurance. Two examiners were trained for the diagnosis of dental caries using the Nyvad criteria and the measurement of OHL using the Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (BREALD-30) (Kappa > 0.80). Contextual aspects of the schools were obtained from the 2017 National School Census. Descriptive statistics were conducted, followed by unadjusted and adjusted robust negative binomial regression for complex samples (p < 0.05).

RESULTS: The average number of anterior teeth with untreated caries was 0.95 (SD = 1.77). Among individual factors, the male sex (RR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.24-2.16), inadequate level of OHL (RR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.13-1.63), marginal level of OHL (RR = 1.87; 95%CI: 1.05-3.33) and not having private health insurance (RR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.07-1.68) were associated with untreated caries on anterior teeth. Among school contextual factors, the number of students in the classroom (RR = 2.64; 95%CI: 1.78-3.93), number of public oral health services in the district (RR = 0.14; 95%CI: 0.05-0.39) and average income of the district in which the school is located (RR = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.98-0.99) were associated with the outcome.

CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors, having private health insurance, OHL, and school context exerted an influence on the occurrence of untreated dental caries on anterior teeth in adolescents aging 15 to 19.

PMID:34932700 | DOI:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003929

Braz Oral Res. 2021 Dec 17;35:e140. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0140. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

The current study evaluated the effects of taxifolin treatments on the viability of osteoblast-like cells, and on the expression of early mineralization markers, as part of the ongoing search for new endodontic materials able to induce periapical healing without causing cytotoxicity. Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells were exposed to different concentrations of taxifolin (5 and 10 µM), applied as pretreatments either for 24h and 72h, or continuously throughout the experimental protocol. Cell viability using the methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) assay, alkaline phosphatase activity using thymolphthalein monophosphate assays, deposition of mineralized nodules using alizarin red staining, and expression of ALP and COL-1 by qPCR were determined after 6 and 13 days of treatment. The data were analyzed statistically (p<0.05). Taxifolin was not cytotoxic in the concentrations tested. Pretreatments with taxifolin for 24h and 72h at 10 µM stimulated ALP activity, and increased mineralized nodule deposition by Saos-2 cells. Continuous treatment with taxifolin was not effective in stimulating ALP activity and mineralization. ALP and COL-1 gene expression increased with taxifolin pretreatments, since the highest mRNA levels were observed after 72h of pretreatment with taxifolin at 10 µM on day 13. In conclusion, taxifolin was cytocompatible, and induced mineralization markers when applied for short periods in osteoblast-like cell culture.

PMID:34932669 | DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0140

Braz J Biol. 2021 Dec 15;84:e253514. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.253514. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

The objective of the current study was to investigate the synergistic impact of α-Tocopherol and α-Linolenic acid (100 µM) on IVM and IVC of Nili Ravi buffalo oocytes. Oocytes were obtained from the ovaries of slaughtered buffaloes within two hours after slaughter and brought to laboratory. Buffalo cumulus oocyte complexes were placed randomly in the five experimental groups included; GROUP 1: Maturation media (MM) + 100 µM ALA (control), GROUP 2: MM + 100 µM ALA + 50μM α-Tocopherol, GROUP 3: MM + 100 µM ALA + 100μM α-Tocopherol, GROUP 4: MM + 100 µM ALA + 200 μM α-Tocopherol and GROUP 5: MM + 100 µM ALA + 300 μM α-Tocopherol under an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air at 38.5 °C for 22-24 h. Cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation status was determined (Experiment 1). In experiment 2, oocytes were matured as in experiment 1. The matured oocytes were then fertilized in Tyrode’s Albumin Lactate Pyruvate (TALP) medium for about 20 h and cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium to determine effect of α-Linolenic acid (100 µM) and α-Tocopherol in IVM medium on IVC of presumptive zygotes. To study the effect of α-Linolenic acid (100 µM) in IVM media and increasing concentration of α-tocopherol in the culture media on early embryo development (Experiment 3), the presumptive zygotes were randomly distributed into the five experimental groups with increasing concentration of α-tocopherol in culture media. Higher percentage of MII stage oocytes in experiment 1(65.2±2.0), embryos at morula stage in experiment 2 (30.4±1.5) and experiment 3 (22.2±2.0) were obtained. However, overall results for cumulus cell expansion, maturation of oocyte to MII stage and subsequent embryo development among treatments remain statistically similar (P > 0.05). Supplementation of α-tocopherol in maturation media having α-Linolenic acid and/or in embryo culture media did not further enhance in vitro maturation of oocyte or embryo production.

PMID:34932678 | DOI:10.1590/1519-6984.253514

Braz Oral Res. 2021 Dec 17;35:e137. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0137. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy of xylitol varnishes on the remineralization of newly erupted permanent and deciduous teeth in vitro and in situ. Human enamel specimens were randomly allocated to 8 groups (n = 15/group). Artificial caries lesions were produced and enamel alterations were quantified by surface/subsurface hardness and transverse microradiography. The blocks were then treated with the following varnishes: DuraphatTM; 20 wt% xylitol (146 μm) varnish; 20 wt% milled xylitol (80 μm) varnish, and placebo varnish, and removed after 6 h of immersion in artificial saliva. The blocks were subjected to pH-cycles for 8 days.

CONCLUSIONS: fifteen subjects wore palatal appliances containing four pre-demineralized and treated enamel specimens, for 5 days. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis/Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The %SHR in both studies was significantly increased by xylitol and Duraphat™ varnishes when compared to placebo. Considering subsurface remineralization, only the xylitol varnishes were able to significantly reduce the enamel lesion. Xylitol varnishes can be promising alternatives to promote enamel remineralization of newly erupted permanent and deciduous teeth.

PMID:34932666 | DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0137

Braz Oral Res. 2021 Dec 17;35:e132. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0132. eCollection 2021.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the endodontic instrumentation outcomes with asymmetrical files compared to reciprocating and hand files (HFs) in 3D-printed prototypes of upper primary incisors using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). For this purpose, 50 prototypes were randomly divided (n = 10) according to the instrumentation technique as follows: HFs, a reciprocating file (WaveOne® Gold [WOG]), and three asymmetrical movement files: XP-Endo® Shaper (XPS), XP-Endo® Finisher (XPF), and XP Clean (XPC). The specimens were scanned and, after registration of the baseline and instrumented volumes, changes in the root canal volume (RCV), debris accumulation, removed root material volume (RRMV), non-instrumented areas, and the presence of cracks/perforations were quantified. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Student’s t-test, while the effect size was calculated for statistically significant outcomes. All groups showed an increase in RCV after instrumentation (p < 0.05), but this was higher with HFs (p < 0.05). Accumulated debris was higher for WOG and XPS (p < 0.05), but WOG exhibited more in the medium and apical third areas. HFs showed the highest RRMV (p < 0.05), especially at the apical third. The non-instrumented areas were lower for HFs and XPC than for the other systems (p < 0.05). Cracks were present in a few WOG (n = 2) and HF specimens (n = 3) and in this group, one of the cracked specimens and two others showed perforations. The asymmetric systems resulted in conservative dentin removal and fewer cracks/perforations as compared to HFs and a reciprocation file in prototyped primary upper incisors. XPC showed the best compromise between RRMV and non-instrumented areas with a low accumulation of debris.

PMID:34932661 | DOI:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0132

J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021 Dec 21. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.13171-8. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence of injury among rugby players emphasizes the need for research related to injury risk factors. Physical fitness-related risk factors are likely culprits contributing to both contact and non-contact injuries. Establishing associations between preseason measured physical fitness aspects and injury risk, not only provide players’ baseline fitness parameters but could also identify injury prone players, thereby contributing to injury prevention strategies. Therefore, the objective of this review was to assess and summarize scientific literature related to the association between pre-season measured physical fitness tests and in-season injury among male rugby players.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review was performed in compliance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. This review considered observational, prospective cohort study designs. Studies that included male rugby (rugby union, rugby league, Australian football rules and rugby sevens) players aged 18 years or above from all levels of participation, evaluating the association between physical fitness test outcome and injury, were considered for inclusion. The three-step search strategy aimed at finding both published and unpublished studies in any language. Searched databases included MEDLINE via PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register in the Cochrane Library, ProQuest 5000 International, ProQuest Health and Medical Complete, EBSCO MegaFile Premier, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, SCOPUS and Science Direct. Keywords used were “rugby”, “injury”, “physical fitness”, and “risk factors”. Papers that met the inclusion criteria were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal tool for cohort studies from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI SUMARI).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 16 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. The mean critical appraisal score was 82.63% (SD=17.86). Forty-meter sprint speed was associated with injury in all three (100%) studies that included the test. Inconsistencies in the statistical analysis, however, make comparison difficult. None of the studies that investigated upper (n=1) and/or lower body power (n=3) identified power as a risk factor. Conflicting results were found for the association between strength, flexibility, cardio-respiratory fitness, and injury.

CONCLUSIONS: Identifying factors associated with injury risk is an important step in the injury prevention paradigm. Once identified, players can be screened for risk factors prior to participation in sport. Interventions, based on screening results, which not only improve performance but also decrease players’ risk of sustaining injuries (i.e., physical fitness related risk factors), provide additional incentive for compliance. Overall, this review highlights the inconsistency in testing methods used to gauge specific physical fitness constructs among rugby players, limiting the extent to which comparison of results and pooling of data is possible.

PMID:34931786 | DOI:10.23736/S0022-4707.21.13171-8

Int J Comput Dent. 2021 Dec 21;24(4):385-392.

ABSTRACT

AIM: Innovations in CAD/CAM technology and materials science offer new methodologies for removable prosthodontics. As clinical data are still rare, in vitro performance of both CAD/CAM and comparable conventional materials may help to estimate the clinical outcome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens (n = 8 per group) from teeth (CediTEC, SR VivodentCAD, Vitapan), base materials (V-Print dentbase, IvoBase CAD, Paladur), adhesives (CediTEC Primer/Adhesive, IvoBase CAD Bond), and a fully printed specimen (Try-In) were created. All specimens underwent thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML): 1,200,000 × 50 N; 2×3000 x 5°C/55°C; H2O. Surviving specimens were loaded to fracture. Statistical tests used were the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Kaplan-Meier survival, with the level of significance set to α = 0.05.

RESULTS: Mean loading cycles until failure varied between 100 and 621,667 cycles. Up to five specimens per group failed during TCML. With one exception, all specimens of the entirely CAD/CAM-fabricated group survived TCML. The log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test showed significantly different (P = 0.000) loading cycles between the systems (chi-square test: 28,247; degree of freedom: 8). Failure of the dentures during TCML was characterized by failure of the denture base (2x), denture tooth (13x), mixed base/tooth (3x) or adhesive between base and tooth (1x).

CONCLUSION: TCML and fracture testing showed different aspects of denture tooth restoration. The results indicated no correlation between fracture force, fracture pattern, and survival cycles. Denture teeth (milled, heat-pressed), bases (milled, printed, pressed), and primer should be matched up to optimize the performance of dentures.

PMID:34931774