Tag: statistics

J Neurosurg. 2026 May 1:1-11. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.JNS251528. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Surgical procedures involving varying tissue depths present challenges to surgeons regarding accessibility and precision, restricting instrument movement and increasing the risk of tissue injury. Understanding how experts navigate varying depths is essential, yet research on this issue is limited. Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered systems enable real-time analysis of 3D psychomotor performance during virtual reality simulation tasks. In this study, the authors evaluated performance in a complex brain tumor resection simulation, testing two hypotheses: 1) neurosurgeons’ performance scores would remain at an expert level across varying depths, and 2) trainees’ scores would decline as they navigated into deeper and more challenging areas.

METHODS: Participants included neurosurgeons (n = 14), senior trainees (n = 14), junior trainees (n = 10), and medical students (n = 12). Five left-handed participants were excluded to avoid confounding due to hand dominance, resulting in a final analyzed sample of 45 participants. The Intelligent Continuous Expertise Monitoring System, an AI-powered real-time performance assessment system, assessed surgical performance and measured metrics such as instrument tip separation distance, bleeding risk, healthy tissue injury risk, aspirator force applied, bipolar cautery force applied, and an overall composite score. An average score for each metric at each depth interval (0-15 mm) was calculated across expertise levels for statistical comparison in a retrospective single-center analysis.

RESULTS: Neurosurgeons maintained their performance score across varying depths, demonstrating their expertise. Senior trainees had lower scores with increased depth. Surprisingly, increased depth resulted in higher composite scores among medical students and junior trainees, as they had to adapt better instrument techniques in deeper surgical sites. However, their scores remained in the novice spectrum. There was an increasing trend in bleeding risk with greater depth regardless of the expertise level, indicating the more challenging nature of deeper sites.

CONCLUSIONS: The unique responses observed at varying depths at each expertise level indicate the necessity for adaptive training modules that accommodate trainee skill set levels and individual learning curves, ensuring development of the competencies required for mastering challenging tasks.

PMID:42066367 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.JNS251528

J Neurosurg. 2026 May 1:1-11. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.JNS252197. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the long-term risk of hemorrhagic stroke and death between conservative management and monotherapy intervention in patients with Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade I and II brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

METHODS: The authors included AVMs that underwent conservative management and monotherapy intervention between August 2011 and December 2021 from a nationwide multicenter prospective collaboration registry. Patients were categorized into unruptured and ruptured cohorts for comparison of long-term outcomes, with hemorrhagic stroke and death defined as primary outcomes and neurological status as a secondary outcome. The efficacy of various intervention strategies, including resection, embolization, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), was also evaluated. Stratified analyses based on intervention strategies and different SM grade subtypes were conducted.

RESULTS: Of 4286 AVMs in the registry, 1013 patients were eligible for inclusion (387 with unruptured AVMs and 626 with ruptured AVMs). Overall, the intervention group showed a lower incidence of long-term hemorrhagic stroke and death compared with the conservative management group (0.43 vs 0.88 per 100 patient-years; adjusted HR [aHR] 0.61 [95% CI 0.24-1.52]), although this difference did not reach statistical significance. The results were similar in the two subgroups: aHR 0.95 (95% CI 0.28-3.18) for unruptured AVMs and aHR 0.29 (95% CI 0.06-1.32) for ruptured AVMs. Stratified analyses based on different intervention strategies and different SM grade subtypes showed that resection might benefit both unruptured (0.00 vs 0.79 per 100 patient-years, p = 0.006) and ruptured (aHR 0.12 [95% CI 0.03-0.53], p = 0.033) AVMs, while SRS might only benefit ruptured AVMs (aHR 0.04 [95% CI 0.01-0.34], p = 0.163). Embolization and SRS might not be beneficial for unruptured low-grade AVMs.

CONCLUSIONS: In this observational prospective cohort study, intervention demonstrated benefit over conservative management in preventing long-term hemorrhagic stroke or death in patients with SM grade I or II AVMs. Among specific monotherapy interventions, resection proved favorable for both unruptured and ruptured SM grade I and II AVMs, while SRS might serve as a reasonable alternative in ruptured cases.

PMID:42066362 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.JNS252197

J Neurosurg. 2026 May 1:1-11. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.JNS252065. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is a rare type of brain tumor that affects a wide age range, from children to older adults. Due to the rarity of the disease, existing studies are predominantly limited to single-center or single-surgeon experiences, often lacking statistical power and generalizability. The aim of this study was to address this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of ACP outcomes based on a large multicenter cohort from the Registry of Adenomas of the Pituitary and Related Disorders (RAPID).

METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted via the RAPID consortium and assessed patients with histologically confirmed ACP treated surgically between August 2000 and November 2024 at high-volume pituitary centers across the United States.

RESULTS: Among the 359 patients (206 male, median age at primary surgery of 47 years) included in the analysis, 76% underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery and 22% underwent craniotomy. Gross-total resection was achieved in 45% and subtotal resection in 47%. Notably, 120 of 311 patients (39%) presented with preoperative hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction. Following all treatments, permanent hypothyroidism was reported in 40% of patients, adrenal insufficiency in 33%, and arginine vasopressin deficiency in 19%. Of 263 patients who underwent primary surgery, radiation therapy was administered in 84 (32%). Progression-free survival (PFS) declined from 66% at 1 year to 31% at 6 years. In the multivariable analysis, independent predictors of worse PFS included subtotal resection (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.11-0.42; p = 0.001), partial resection (HR 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.28, p = 0.001), larger tumor size (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64-0.94; p = 0.009), and tumor extension beyond the sella and suprasellar regions (HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.74; p = 0.016). Primary surgery and salvage surgery groups showed comparable PFS.

CONCLUSIONS: In this large multicenter cohort study, gross-total resection was achieved in fewer than half of patients and was independently associated with improved PFS. Approximately one-third of patients underwent radiation therapy after primary surgery. These findings provide robust evidence supporting the prognostic value of extent of resection and inform contemporary treatment algorithms for ACP. The high incidence of postoperative endocrinopathy underscores the need for individualized multidisciplinary long-term care. While the retrospective design is a limitation, the multicenter approach enhances the generalizability of these results.

PMID:42066361 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.JNS252065

Neurosurg Focus. 2026 May 1;60(5):E7. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.FOCUS25940.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction worldwide and can be treated through anterior or posterior approaches. Both strategies achieve acceptable results, but the growing prevalence of obesity poses unique challenges. Data directly comparing outcomes across body mass index (BMI) strata are limited. Here, the authors examined rates of achieving minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between anterior and posterior approaches relative to BMI.

METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data from the 14-site Spine CORe™ study group of the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD). Baseline data and PROs-including numeric rating scale (NRS) neck and arm pain, Neck Disability Index (NDI), EQ-5D, and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scores-were collected through 60 months. Patients were stratified by an a priori BMI threshold of 30 kg/m2 and by surgical approach (anterior vs posterior). Multivariable regression was used to compare achievement of MCID across approaches within each BMI group. In parallel, unsupervised clustering of baseline-adjusted PROs was combined with a doubly robust estimation framework to assess approach-specific probabilities of achieving optimal outcomes across the continuous BMI spectrum.

RESULTS: Among 1085 patients, 759 (70.0%) underwent anterior and 326 (30.0%) underwent posterior surgery. Anterior approaches were associated with shorter length of stay and fewer nonhome discharges (p < 0.001). For patients with BMI < 30 kg/m2, anterior surgery conferred higher odds of achieving MCID in NRS arm pain (OR 0.45, p = 0.032). For those with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, anterior surgery was associated with greater odds of achieving MCID in mJOA (OR 0.32, p = 0.007) and NDI (OR 0.42, p = 0.031) scores. The results were consistent in sensitivity analyses. The doubly robust model identified a BMI range of 29.1-36.7 kg/m2, where anterior approaches significantly increased the probability of optimal outcomes (risk difference > 8.1%; lower confidence interval > 0). Anterior approaches also demonstrated greater probability of achieving optimal outcomes at higher BMIs, though without statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS: For BMI < 30 kg/m2, both approaches improved disability and quality of life, with anterior surgery offering added relief of arm pain. For BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, anterior surgery provided superior functional and disability outcomes. Most importantly, anterior surgery became significantly more advantageous beginning at BMI 29.1 kg/m2. However, approach selection remains multifactorial, as anterior and posterior cohorts differed in mean age (anterior 58.7 vs posterior 64.5 years) and mean operated levels (anterior 1.9 vs posterior 4.2 levels). While anterior approaches may be most commonly employed for younger patients or for one- and two-level pathology, posterior approaches remain an important option for multilevel cervical stenosis or in the elderly to avoid dysphagia. Thus, this study highlights BMI as just one of many key factors in approach selection for CSM, but should not replace individualized clinical decision-making.

PMID:42066358 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.FOCUS25940

Neurosurg Focus. 2026 May 1;60(5):E14. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.FOCUS25945.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction, and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the gold standard treatment. Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) is a relatively novel, motion preserving alternative to ACDF. The aim of this study was to assess CDA versus ACDF in the surgical treatment of CSM at a 5-year follow-up.

METHODS: This study used the 14-site Spine CORe™ study group cervical module of the Quality Outcomes Database (QOD), which included 1085 patients. Baseline demographics, clinical variables, and surgical parameters were collected. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) included the EQ-5D, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and numeric rating scale (NRS) for neck pain and arm pain. Of the 1085 patients, 22 patients who underwent CDA with baseline and 5-year follow-up PROMs data who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected. Nearest-neighbor propensity score matching was performed using a 4:1 matching ratio. Five-year PROMs were compared between the CDA and ACDF groups using the 2-sample t-test for continuous variables. Multivariable linear regression was performed to identify predictors of 5-year myelopathy severity.

RESULTS: There were 1085 patients in the 14-site Spine CORe™ study group’s QOD cervical module; 110 matched patients were analyzed, including 22 who underwent CDA (mean age 47.73 years) and 88 who underwent ACDF (mean age 48.89 years). The subcohort had 100% of PROMs data (NDI, NRS, EQ-5D, and mJOA) at the 5-year follow-up. There were no significant differences for 1- and 2-level operations between the CDA and ACDF groups (p = 0.34). There were no significant differences in 5-year PROMs between the two groups. Patients improved in each PROM category in both treatment groups when comparing baseline with 5-year PROMs. While the rate of reoperation at 5 years was higher in the ACDF group compared with the CDA group, there was no statistically significant difference (17.0% vs 9.1%, p = 0.52).

CONCLUSIONS: In appropriately selected patients with CSM, CDA can provide comparable outcomes to ACDF while preserving cervical motion.

PMID:42066356 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.FOCUS25945

J Neurosurg. 2026 May 1:1-12. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.JNS25176. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Communicating hydrocephalus may occur following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for vestibular schwannomas (VSs), yet identifying individual patient risk factors associated with this post-SRS complication remains a challenge. This study examined predictors of nonobstructive ventricular enlargement and symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus following primary SRS treatment for VS via a single-center institutional cohort review and meta-analysis of the literature.

METHODS: A retrospective single-institution cohort study and systematic literature review and meta-analysis examining post-SRS communicating hydrocephalus in VS was performed.

RESULTS: The institutional cohort consisted of 634 patients who received primary SRS as treatment for VS. The cohort was 51.6% female, with a median age of 64 (range 18-89) years. Following SRS treatment, 364 patients (57.4%) experienced tumor shrinkage, 218 (34.4%) had no change in the size of their lesion, and 52 (8.2%) experienced tumor growth. Nonobstructive ventricular enlargement was observed in 23 patients (3.6%) following SRS treatment, of whom 9 (39.1%) remained asymptomatic and 14 (60.9%) required placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, with a median time to shunt placement of 8 months. In the multivariate analysis, patients ≥ 65 years old (p = 0.038), SRS target volume ≥ 5 cm3 (p < 0.001), maximum SRS dose ≥ 26 Gy (p = 0.015), and tumor growth at the most recent follow-up (p = 0.002) were associated with an increased risk of post-SRS ventricular enlargement. Similarly, patients with older age (p = 0.049), increased SRS target volume (p = 0.002), and tumor growth (p = 0.016) were at an increased risk of symptomatic communicating hydrocephalus requiring VP shunt placement. Twenty-nine studies, including the cohort in this study, met inclusion criteria in the meta-analysis. Of the pooled 7825 patients, the overall incidence of hydrocephalus following SRS was 5%, and a subanalysis of 7081 patients demonstrated the incidence of symptomatic hydrocephalus requiring a VP shunt to be 4%. In this subanalysis, the overall shunting rate in patients who experienced post-SRS ventriculomegaly was 92%. Among individual studies in the literature, increased tumor size was most commonly found to be a statistically significant risk factor for post-SRS hydrocephalus.

CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 5% of patients may experience nonobstructive ventricular enlargement following primary SRS treatment for VS. However, not all patients may be symptomatic and require shunting. Patients who are older (≥ 65 years), those with larger tumor volumes, and those with post-SRS tumor growth may be at increased risk of communicating hydrocephalus and may benefit from closer clinical monitoring.

PMID:42066355 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.JNS25176

J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2026 May 1:1-15. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.PEDS25510. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of age group (3-9 vs 10-18 years), sex, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, and presence of dystonia on changes in multidimensional functional test outcomes at 24 months, along with extended assessment of long-term effects at 5 and 10 years, following selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR).

METHODS: This is a prospective single-center observational study of all children aged 3-18 years with functionally significant bilateral spastic cerebral palsy who underwent SDR at a tertiary pediatric neurosurgery center between 2012 and 2025. Outcome evaluation followed a tiered, multimodal framework, and each domain was evaluated before SDR and at each follow-up assessment 3, 6, and 12 months and 2, 5, and 10 years after SDR if follow-up data were available. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess longitudinal changes.

RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2025, 420 children who satisfied the study inclusion criteria underwent SDR. The mean age was 7.02 ± 3.02 years, and 62% of the patients were male. The most frequent GMFCS level before surgery was III. At 24 months after SDR, the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure scores had improved significantly (mean difference 4.3 units, 95% CI 3.1-5.6, p < 0.001). Statistically significant improvements were also observed on the Timed Up and Go test, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) of self-care and mobility, 6-minute walk test distance, Functional Mobility Scale, Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire, and PEDI Computer Adaptive Test. Pain scores and Care and Comfort Hypertonicity Questionnaire scores decreased, whereas quality of life measures (Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children, CPCHILD Questionnaire) showed marked gains by the extended follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS: SDR can lead to improvements in gross motor performance, quality of life, and overall functional outcomes at 24 months postoperatively. Future prospective multicenter studies incorporating a control group are required to investigate the effect and safety of SDR.

PMID:42066344 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.PEDS25510

J Neurosurg. 2026 May 1:1-12. doi: 10.3171/2025.12.JNS251548. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the optimal stimulation sites for subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in treating Meige syndrome using long-term follow-up data from a large sample cohort, evaluate the whole-brain functional connectivity patterns associated with favorable treatment responses, and validate these findings in an independent cohort.

METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed long-term outcomes in 65 patients with Meige syndrome who underwent bilateral STN-DBS in two centers. The local stimulation effects within the STN and the distributed functional connectivity associated with motor improvement were investigated using advanced imaging and modeling tools, including the Lead-Group Toolbox, DBS Sweet Spot Mapping Explorers, and DBS Network Mapping Explorers. To ensure the model’s reliability and generalizability, both internal validation through multiple cross-validation strategies and external validation using independent cohorts were conducted.

RESULTS: STN-DBS yielded significant and sustained motor improvements in both cohorts, with mean Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) movement score reductions of 63% in the training cohort (n = 50) and 56% in the validation cohort (n = 15) (p < 0.001). At the local level, the optimal stimulation sites were consistently located in the dorsolateral sensorimotor subregion of the STN, extending bilaterally toward the associative subregion and centered at MNI coordinates x = ±12, y = -13, z = -6. At the network level, favorable outcomes were primarily associated with positive functional connectivity to the cerebellum and negative connectivity to the somatosensory cortex. Both the sweet spot and connectivity models developed using the training cohort showed significant correlations with clinical outcomes in the independent validation cohort (R = 0.59, p = 0.020; R = 0.74, p = 0.002, respectively) and remained robust across different cross-validation strategies.

CONCLUSIONS: The optimal therapeutic efficacy of STN-DBS for Meige syndrome depends on precise targeting within the dorsolateral STN and modulation of a distributed functional network involving the cerebellum and sensorimotor cortex. These findings may aid in developing personalized targeting strategies and adaptive programming paradigms, ultimately improving the therapeutic efficacy of DBS in this challenging disorder.

PMID:42066342 | DOI:10.3171/2025.12.JNS251548

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Apr 17;136(15):158401. doi: 10.1103/g6l8-wbt1.

ABSTRACT

Biological tissues are active materials whose nonequilibrium dynamics emerge from distinct cellular force-generating mechanisms. Using a two-dimensional active foam model, we compare the effects of traction forces and junctional tension fluctuations on confluent tissue dynamics. While these two modes of activity produce qualitatively different cell shapes, rearrangement statistics, and spatiotemporal correlations in fluid states, we find that the long-time cellular motion universally converges to persistent Brownian dynamics. This universal feature contrasts with the nonuniversal correlations between cell geometry, rearrangement rate, and fluidity, which depend sensitively on the underlying modes of active force. Our results demonstrate that persistent Brownian motion provides a minimal framework for describing tissue dynamics, while distinct active forces leave identifiable structural and dynamical signatures, thereby enabling inference of the dominant active force in fluid state tissues.

PMID:42066318 | DOI:10.1103/g6l8-wbt1

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Apr 17;136(15):151602. doi: 10.1103/fsdt-d3p9.

ABSTRACT

Holographic complexity, as the bulk dual of quantum complexity, encodes the geometric structure of black hole interiors. Motivated by the complexity = anything proposal, we introduce the spectral representation for generating functions associated with codimension-one and codimension-zero holographic complexity measures. These generating functions exhibit a universal slope-ramp-plateau structure analogous to the spectral form factor in chaotic quantum systems. In such systems, quantum complexity evolves universally, displaying long-time linear growth followed by saturation at late times. By employing the generating function formalism, we show that this universal behavior has two origins: a particular pole structure of the matrix elements of the generating functions in the energy eigenbasis and random matrix universality in spectral statistics. Using the residue theorem, we prove that the existence of this pole structure is a necessary and sufficient condition for the linear growth of holographic complexity measures. Furthermore, we show that the late-time saturation plateau arises directly from the spectral level repulsion, a hallmark of quantum chaos.

PMID:42066312 | DOI:10.1103/fsdt-d3p9