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Efficacy and safety of low-dose spironolactone for chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar 14:dgad144. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad144. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: Although adding spironolactone to renin-angiotensin system blockers reduces albuminuria in adults with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes, it increases the risk of hyperkalemia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a lower dose of spironolactone (12.5 mg/day) reduces the risk of hyperkalemia while maintaining its effect on reducing albuminemia.

DESIGN: Multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial.

SETTING: This study was conducted from July 2016 to November 2020 in ambulatory care at three diabetes medical institutions in Japan.

PATIENTS: We enrolled 130 Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria (≥30 mg/gCre), estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2, and serum potassium level <5.0 mEq/L.

INTERVENTIONS: The participants were randomly assigned to the spironolactone-administered and control groups.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline over the 24-week interventional period.

RESULTS: The spironolactone group showed a significant reduction in UACR from baseline (mean decrease: 103.47 ± 340.80 mg/gCre) compared with the control group which showed an increased UACR (mean increase: 63.93 ± 310.14 mg/gCre; p = 0.0007, Wilcoxon rank-sum test and t-test). Although the spironolactone group had a statistically significant increase in serum potassium levels, none of the participants had a potassium level ≥5.5 mEq/L at 24 weeks. Further, participants with a higher initial serum potassium level tended to have a smaller increase (estimate -0.37, analysis of covariance).

CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose spironolactone administration reduced albuminuria without causing hyperkalemia. Spironolactone administration, the oldest known and most cost-effective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, at lower doses should be reconsidered.

PMID:36916985 | DOI:10.1210/clinem/dgad144

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