BMJ Open. 2026 Apr 15;16(4):e113798. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113798.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess access to child-appropriate medicines in Albanian community pharmacies by applying a child-adapted version of sustainable development goal (SDG) indicator 3.b.3.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey.
SETTING: Community pharmacies providing primary care medicines in six urban areas in Albania.
PARTICIPANTS: Thirty community pharmacies were surveyed. Two predefined baskets of child-appropriate essential medicines were assessed: 24 medicines for children aged 1-59 months and 25 medicines for children aged 5-12 years. Medicines were selected from these child-adapted SDG 3.b.3 medicine baskets proposed at an international level and then matched to paediatric formulations registered nationally for application to Albania.
OUTCOMES: Individual facility scores by age group and medicine type (originator brands (OBs) vs lowest-priced generics (LPGs)), as well as sensitivity analyses using alternative affordability thresholds.
RESULTS: The SDG 3.b.3 indicator score was 0%, as no surveyed facility reached the 80% access threshold. Mean facility scores were 42.6% for medicines intended for children aged 1-59 months and 29.6% for those aged 5-12 years, indicating poorer access for older children. Scores for OBs were particularly low (11.8% and 13.6%, respectively), reflecting reliance on LPGs. In younger children, ibuprofen and hydroxycobalamin showed 0% availability, while in school-aged children, paracetamol, propranolol and budesonide were absent across surveyed facilities; benzylpenicillin was absent in both age groups, whereas ceftriaxone was consistently available in both. Although all surveyed medicines were affordable, limited availability remained the primary barrier to access.
CONCLUSIONS: Application of the child-adapted SDG indicator 3.b.3 in Albania highlights substantial gaps in access to essential paediatric medicines in private community pharmacies, driven primarily by poor availability rather than affordability. The findings underscore the need for targeted supply-side policies. This study demonstrates the complementary value of composite SDG indicators and medicine-specific availability measures in monitoring progress toward universal health coverage for children.
PMID:41985961 | DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113798
