Adv Simul (Lond). 2026 May 1. doi: 10.1186/s41077-026-00444-9. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In cardiac arrest management, cognitive aids provide prompts to encourage recall of critical information, which may improve clinical performance. Whether cognitive aids influence provider workload, cognitive load, teamwork dynamics, or leadership during cardiac arrest remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effect of using a multi-faceted decision support system with augmented reality-based cognitive aids (i.e. InterFACE-AR) vs. the American Heart Association (AHA) Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) pocket card on provider workload and cognitive load, teamwork, and leadership during simulated pediatric cardiac arrest.
METHODS: We conducted secondary analysis of data collected from a prospective, randomized controlled trial comparing the use of the InterFACE-AR system to the AHA PALS pocket card during simulated pediatric cardiac arrest. Participants were recruited in groups of 3 to perform the roles of team leader, medication nurse, and documenting nurse. All teams completed a 12-min simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Provider workload (NASA-RTLX) and cognitive load (Paas score) were captured from participants after the scenario. Teamwork (TEAM score) and leadership performance (CALM score) were assessed via video review.
RESULTS: A total of 18 simulation sessions were analyzed (Control: n = 9; InterFACE-AR: n = 9), involving 54 participants in total. Team leaders using the InterFACE-AR system had lower RTLX (mean difference [MD]: -15.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -27.0 to -4.6, p = 0.022) and Paas score (MD: -2.4; 95%CI: -3.6 to -1.4, p < 0.001), while documenting nurses showed similar reductions (RTLX -13.7, 95%CI: -26.7 to -0.4, p = 0.049; Paas -1.6, 95%CI: -2.8 to -0.1, p = 0.046) compared with those using PALS pocket card. Medication nurses demonstrated no statistically significant differences in RTLX (p = 0.098) or Paas score (p = 0.194). Teams using the InterFACE-AR system achieved significantly higher TEAM scores compared to those using PALS pocket card only (39.2 vs 35.8, MD: 3.4, 95%CI: 0.8 – 5.9, p = 0.030). CALM scores did not differ significantly between groups.
CONCLUSION: Use of an AR-based decision support system during simulated pediatric cardiac arrest reduces workload and cognitive load for the team leader and documenting nurse, but does not affect workload or cognitive load of medication nurses. Use of the InterFACE-AR system seems to improve teamwork performance but does not influence leadership performance of team leaders.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT06376643.
PMID:42067953 | DOI:10.1186/s41077-026-00444-9
