Discov Nano. 2026 May 20;21(1):206. doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04625-3.
ABSTRACT
The present study examines the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid, comprised of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and gold nanoparticles dispersed in a water-based fluid, over a curvilinear catalytic surface within a porous medium. The model integrates volumetric and surface nonthermal plasma heating with species generation. The Joseph slip conditions are implemented to characterize the tangential partial slip behavior. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to a system of nonlinear, coupled ordinary differential equations for analysis. Subsequently, the Galerkin weighted residual method is employed to solve the resulting system of equations. The friction coefficients compared to the existing literature demonstrate an agreement. The skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number converge to 0.202419, -1.48261, and -1.00, respectively, for different trial numbers. Volumetric and surface nonthermal plasma heating have been observed to enhance the Nusselt number, whereas the species generation parameter correspondingly increases the Sherwood number. The magnetic parameter diminishes fluid velocity and enhances energy and species concentrations, while the isotherm contours exhibit a pronounced elliptic configuration, thereby illustrating the fluid’s thermal maximum. These findings indicate that the magnetic parameter can be employed to guide the fluid, thereby facilitating the localization and subsequent removal of charged impurities within the system. Furthermore, the nonthermal plasma parameters not only elevate the fluid’s temperature but also exhibit a propensity to enhance heat and mass transfer between the fluid and the curved catalytic surface.
PMID:42159935 | DOI:10.1186/s11671-026-04625-3
