Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 25. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-58662-0. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Concrete blocks made from waste aggregates have become a promising way to reduce waste and conserve natural resources while still offering good mechanical performance in both solid and hollow concrete blocks. This is especially relevant as more sustainable construction projects increasingly use recycled and alternative materials. This research develops a series of novel hybrid machine learning (ML) models to accurately predict compressive strength, using a dataset of 544 concrete samples from various sources. The six novel hybrid ML frameworks are designed as Hybrid Stacked Ensemble (HSE), Hybrid Residual Learning (HRL), Hybrid Weighted Ensemble (HWE), Hybrid Meta-Learning (HML), Hybrid Bayesian Stacking (HBS), and Hybrid Feature Fusion (HFF). Results show that novel Hybrid Bayesian Stacking (HBS) algorithms deliver excellent predictive accuracy across all evaluation metrics, with (R2 = 0.998, RMSE = 0.665) during training and (R2 = 0.987, RMSE = 1.836) during testing. Furthermore, Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analyses identified important input features and their effects on compressive strength. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to make predictive models accessible for practical engineering.
PMID:42342892 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-58662-0
