Sci Rep. 2026 Jul 1. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-58672-y. Online ahead of print.
ABSTRACT
Water immersion is a popular conditioning method; specifically, high-concentration CO2 hot water immersion (CO2-HWI) has become more common in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of CO2-HWI in conditioning for athletes from both physiological and biochemical perspectives. Ten male university baseball players participated in this randomized crossover trial. Each participant completed three 15-min interventions after team training sessions on separate experimental days: CO2-HWI (CO2; water temperature, 40 °C; CO2 concentration, 1000 ppm), tap HWI (TAP; water temperature, 40 °C), and non-water immersion (NON; room temperature, 25 °C; relative humidity 60%). Measurements were taken before and after the intervention, and change scores were calculated. Differences in change scores among the three conditions were analyzed using the Friedman test. From a physiological perspective, systolic blood pressure showed a significant decrease in the CO2 vs. NON comparison (p < 0.05), whereas most measures (e.g., core and skin temperatures) showed similar changes in the CO2 and TAP conditions compared with the NON condition (p < 0.05). From a biochemical perspective, salivary cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A levels did not show significant changes. Meanwhile, salivary human herpesvirus (HHV-) 7 DNA levels showed a significant decrease in the CO2 vs. NON comparison (p < 0.05), while changes in HHV-6 DNA levels were not statistically significant. In summary, CO2-HWI demonstrated comparable effectiveness to TAP-HWI from both physiological and biochemical perspectives. Among these findings, CO2-HWI may contribute to reductions in systolic blood pressure and salivary HHV-7 DNA levels.
PMID:42380375 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-026-58672-y
