Category: Statistics

Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2026 Aug 1;43(8):692-702. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000002370. Epub 2026 Feb 25.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Day of surgery cancellation (DOSC) for elective surgery occurs in 18% of elective surgeries worldwide with resultant impacts on patients and healthcare systems. Accurate prediction of such cancellations could yield significant benefit.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review synthesises evidence to inform future efforts at gold-standard statistical modelling.

DESIGN: Systematic review and qualitative synthesis using the ‘Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis’ (SWiM) framework.

DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science, 2013-2024.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies were considered eligible if they presented the development, validation or update of a model to predict DOSC. Risk of bias for included studies was assessed using the prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST). Data was collected on included variables, method of prediction, whether prediction was made at the level of the patient or the system, and training and assessment processes.

RESULTS: Literature searching identified 7154 unique studies, 6 of which were included in the final synthesis. These studies encompassed total of 759 337 elective surgical procedures, of which 47 609 were cancellations, across a variety of adult and paediatric surgery. Methods of prediction included logistic regression models, machine learning, and spatial regression models. These used demographic, socioeconomic, comorbidity, surgical, appointment and other factors as predictors. The best discrimination achieved by models in each study, quantified by area under the receiver operator curve, ranged from 0.75 to 0.92 in development and 0.70 to 0.74 in validation datasets. One study demonstrated better calibration at the census tract level of spatial regression models when incorporating local survey data compared with individual-prediction-aggregation models.

CONCLUSIONS: Models to predict DOSC identified in this review demonstrated moderate discrimination ability but there was significant heterogeneity between studies and reports of calibration were limited. This review serves as a valuable synthesis of current models to predict DOSC and should serve as a core reference for emerging studies in this field.

PMID:42383309 | DOI:10.1097/EJA.0000000000002370

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2026 Jul 1. doi: 10.1002/alr.70215. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign but locally aggressive tumor that has demonstrated a propensity to recur. Multiple anatomic and surgical factors have been proposed to influence recurrence; dysplasia has recently emerged as a predictor, yet its prognostic significance remains unclear. Clarifying its role may improve postoperative risk stratification.

METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed following PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251140223). PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were queried for studies reporting recurrence outcomes stratified by dysplasia status. Studies with extractable recurrence data for dysplasia and non-dysplasia SNIP were included. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method to calculate pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using I² and Cochran’s Q statistics.

RESULTS: Thirteen studies comprising 1893 patients were included. Based on reported data, mean age ranged from 48.3 to 58.0 years. The cohort was predominantly male (1172/1720; 68.1%). Of 283 patients with dysplasia, 104 experienced recurrence (36.7%), compared with 302 of 1346 patients without dysplasia (22.4%). Dysplasia was significantly associated with increased recurrence risk (pooled OR 3.42; 95% CI, 2.45-4.78; p < 0.001) with low-moderate heterogeneity (I² = 20.33%). Mean follow-up was 39.8 months. Findings were robust on leave-one-out sensitivity analysis and trim-and-fill adjustment (adjusted OR 3.05; 95% CI 2.21-4.22).

CONCLUSION: Dysplasia is a significant independent predictor of recurrence in SNIP, conferring 3.4 times increased odds of recurrence. Standardized dysplasia reporting and risk stratification protocols are needed to optimize surveillance strategies in SNIP patients.

PMID:42383302 | DOI:10.1002/alr.70215

J Esthet Restor Dent. 2026 Jul 1. doi: 10.1111/jerd.70216. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Contemporary dental adhesives demonstrate strong durable adhesion to enamel while long-term bonding stability to dentin remains uncertain. This in vitro study aimed to compare conventional dentin conditioning protocols supplemented with protease inhibition and chelate-based conditioning protocols.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four groups of extracted teeth were subjected to four different protocols. Groups A and B were conditioned as conventional etching techniques: in group A orthophosphoric acid 37%, chlorhexidine 0.20%, and adhesive, group B self-etch two-step adhesive and chlorhexidine 0.20%, followed by a composite layer. Groups C and D were treated using extrafibrillar demineralization techniques: Group C ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (17%) and a self-etch two-step adhesive process, and Group D polyacrylic acid salt solution (225 kDa) and adhesive, followed by a composite layer. Shear bond strength tests, scanning electron microscopy evaluations, and zymography were conducted to evaluate the adhesion forces, stability and proteolytic activity of the hybrid layer before and after accelerated aging. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests for SBS analysis. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and an Aligned Rank Transformation model were performed for the zymography analysis. The Weibull distribution test assessed each type of failure.

RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in bond strength were observed immediately after adhesion among groups (p ≥ 0.05). After aging, significant differences appeared (p < 0.05). Groups A and D showed stability in bond strength. Proteolytic activity differed significantly between conventional and extrafibrillar groups both immediately and after aging (p < 0.05). Group D showed no significant changes pre- or post-aging (p > 0.05). Group C had higher stability than groups A and B.

CONCLUSIONS: Compared with conventional conditioning protocols combined with protease inhibition, the evaluated chelate-and-rinse protocols showed improved maintenance of bond strength and reduced proteolytic activity over time under the conditions of this in vitro study.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The application of a novel extrafibrillar demineralization method represents a significant improvement in dentin bonding protocols, as it preserves collagen structural integrity and reduces proteolytic activity. This results in a more stable adhesive interface over time, with no loss of bond strength after aging, potentially increasing the longevity of restorations. Clinically, this strategy may enhance the predictability and durability of adhesive procedures. In the context of esthetic dentistry, improved bond stability contributes to better marginal integrity, reduced risk of discoloration and microleakage, and longer-lasting esthetic outcomes, ultimately leading to more reliable and visually stable restorations over time and patient comfort.

PMID:42383299 | DOI:10.1111/jerd.70216

Lab Chip. 2026 Jul 1. doi: 10.1039/d6lc00327c. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Chemical sensing in complex environments relies on distributed receptor responses rather than one-to-one molecular specificity, motivating the development of multivariate sensing platforms integrating heterogeneous receptor populations. Here, we present a capillary-based multi-stamping device enabling reproducible fabrication of dense, spatially indexed living cell arrays through a single loading and stamping operation. Using insect cells stably expressing distinct odorant receptors and a genetically encoded calcium indicator, we constructed 9 × 9 arrays comprising nine receptor populations and measured them simultaneously within a single microscopic field. The platform ensured consistent stimulation and imaging conditions, producing reproducible response patterns across fabrication cycles and experimental days. Stimulation with complex floral odorant mixtures generated structured multivariate response patterns, with linear discriminant analysis revealing statistically significant class separation. These results establish a scalable and reproducible biohybrid sensing architecture for multivariate analysis of living receptor ensembles, providing a foundation for integrated biological sensing and data-driven odorant discrimination.

PMID:42383292 | DOI:10.1039/d6lc00327c

Autism Adulthood. 2025 Jan 15;8(4):720-734. doi: 10.1089/aut.2024.0124. eCollection 2026 Aug.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Autistic individuals report high levels of interest in pursuing and maintaining romantic relationships but indicate fewer and less satisfying relationships when compared with non-autistic populations. In this mixed-methods study, we investigated the self-identified factors that contribute to successful romantic relationships for autistic adults with the additional goal of understanding if and how their partners’ neurotypes may influence relationship satisfaction.

METHODS: We compared levels of relationship satisfaction among 106 autistic individuals by categorizing each participant into one of three groups based on the specific neurotype of their partner: (1) autistic/autistic (A/A) dyads; (2) autistic/neurotypical (A/NT) dyads; and (3) autistic/non-autistic but neurodivergent (A/ND) dyads. All participants completed a series of online surveys to gather information about their autistic traits, overall relationship satisfaction, reciprocal communication and support, and perceived impact of autism on relationships.

RESULTS: Across the three dyads, participants reported similar levels of relationship satisfaction, and we found no statistically significant differences when comparing the mean satisfaction of each sample group. Participants indicated a wide variety of positive and negative relational aspects, with a few themes changing in frequency based on partner neurotype. Participants with autistic partners tended to focus on an inherent and deep sense of understanding when discussing the positive aspects of their relationships, while those with non-autistic partners were more likely to discuss the presence of mutual support and accommodation. In addition to some differences in reported themes, participants tended to report that their autistic traits positively impacted satisfaction in A/A dyads, while those in A/NT and A/ND dyads tended to report that their autistic traits posed challenges in their relationships.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the neurotype of an autistic individual’s partner may influence some of the reported positive and challenging aspects of their relationships. However, survey results indicate that autistic populations generally find comparable levels of satisfaction in romantic relationships irrespective of neurotype, which suggests that while partner neurotype may shape the enabling and barring factors for relationship success, it does not directly affect the overall health of a relationship. Finally, how an autistic individual perceives the impact of autism on their relationship may be affected by the neurotype of their partner.

COMMUNITY BRIEF: Why is this an important issue?: Many autistic folks seek out and thrive in romantic relationships, but studies report that autistic people experience lower relationship satisfaction than non-autistic people. Despite this, the autism research field has made little progress toward understanding (a) why this is the case and (b) how we can better support autistic individuals who are navigating romantic relationships. To best understand what autistic people seek in relationships, we created a space where autistic participants could share their experiences without comparison with those of non-autistic people.What was the purpose of this study?: We contributed to the current body of literature by learning more about what autistic people seek in relationships. We also wanted to see what they may struggle with and if these factors are influenced by whether their partner is neurotypical (referring to someone whose brain works in a way that is socially “typical”), neurodivergent (broadly referring to someone whose brain works differently from what is considered “typical”), and/or autistic. In doing this, we hope to help develop more effective ways of supporting autistic individuals who seek romantic connections.What did the researchers do?: The lead researcher, J.K., developed the project based on her experiences navigating romantic relationships as an autistic person. She recruited 106 autistic participants to complete a series of surveys regarding relationship satisfaction. Then, participants completed free-response questions about the most positive and negative parts of those relationships. She asked how they felt autism affected their relationships and gathered these components to identify what increased and decreased relationship satisfaction.What were the results of the study?: We found that autistic people are similarly satisfied in their relationships regardless of whether their partners are autistic or not. Despite this, participants consistently identified different positive and challenging factors within their relationships that tended to align with the neurotype of their partners. We found an interesting link between how autistic people view positive and negative factors in successful romantic relationships and their partners’ neurotypes.What do these findings add to what was already known?: We added to a broad body of knowledge about relationship satisfaction by including a greater, more detailed consideration of autistic adults. Instead of comparing survey responses between autistic and non-autistic participants, we compared how autistic people viewed relationship satisfaction based on if their partners were autistic, non-autistic but still neurodivergent, or neurotypical.What are potential weaknesses in the study?: Potential limitations include the following: (1) we recruited a low number of male-identified participants, (2) we did not collect co-occurring diagnoses and conditions from the autistic participants, and (3) we did not verify partner neurotype.How will these findings help autistic adults now or in the future?: Through this project, we were able to highlight positive communication and interpersonal skills among autistic adults. We hope that the results of this study will help autistic people and their partners find some peace and community by reading about others with similar relationship experiences. We also hope to help them further understand what factors might serve as potential strengths and weaknesses in their relationships.

PMID:42383275 | PMC:PMC13315295 | DOI:10.1089/aut.2024.0124

Autism Adulthood. 2025 Jan 17;8(4):563-570. doi: 10.1089/aut.2024.0134. eCollection 2026 Aug.

ABSTRACT

Hiring processes often unintentionally disadvantage neurodivergent candidates by expecting neuronormative performances without due scrutiny of their merits. We offer reflections as a neurodiverse research group on our experiences of hiring a researcher colleague while aligning with compassionate and neurodiversity affirmative frameworks. We make recommendations informed by our learning through this process. Ultimately, we are motivated to enable every candidate to demonstrate their abilities to perform the essential tasks of the job, while minimizing nonessential, and often unspoken, social, sensory, and thinking performances. Our hiring decisions differed from default practices by sharing responsibility for the interview process, making explicit the value of personal and professional experiences of neurodivergence, providing a choice of interview format, allowing the uncertainty of an encounter, providing honest feedback, and minimizing an expectation of neurodivergent disclosure or aesthetic diversity. We readdressed these details to enable each candidate to best represent themselves and minimize learned and ableist conventions. This Perspective offers a novel, critical reflection on recruitment, occupying both the hiring employer and candidate perspectives. We invite further scrutiny from researchers and hiring organizations on decisions that can unintentionally marginalize and stigmatize neurodivergent candidates, and on actions that can enable genuine equal opportunity for employment to all.

COMMUNITY BRIEF: Why is this topic important?: Neurodivergent people should be part of workplaces. The ways in which we hire researchers can exclude neurodivergent applicants, sometimes unintentionally. Neurodivergent people then have too little say over research, including who participates and which research methods are used. We describe practical steps that employers may want to follow to make hiring processes fairer for neurodivergent candidates.What is the purpose of this article?: This article encourages researchers and employers to demonstrate “compassionate” and “neurodiversity affirmative” hiring practices. This means giving all candidates equal opportunity for employment, including neurodivergent candidates.What personal or professional perspectives do the authors bring to this topic?: We wrote this article as a research group of mixed neurotypes. We offer reflections from both job applicants and employers in a university setting to share honest and personal experiences of hiring.What is already known about this topic?: Neurodivergent people do not have fair opportunities for employment. Employment statistics show that many capable and motivated neurodivergent people are not in suitable jobs. Limited workplace opportunities can have negative impacts on physical and mental well-being. A growing body of research has explored barriers that affect neurodivergent people in workplaces and shows that they rarely provide supportive adjustments and often have unsuitable sensory environments and unsupportive cultures. Relatively little literature has focused on all stages of the recruitment process, from the kinds of employment opportunities offered, through advertising, shortlisting, and interviewing of candidates. There is a gap in understanding how organizations can be more inclusive in how they recruit neurodivergent employees.What do the authors recommend?: Employers should: reflect honestly on the reasons for hiring and design a role based on essential tasks; write in job advertisements that difference and varied expertise is welcomed, but that applicants do not need to share any diagnoses if they do not want to; offer choice over the interview process, including the location, format, sensory environment, and presentation style; share interview questions in advance; invite conversation about the interview process so that everybody can learn about what is working well; show compassion and support of vulnerabilities and discomforts; make clear that differences in communication style are accepted and do not need to be adjusted; and provide feedback after the interview.We recommend these changes so that every candidate can show their abilities to do the job, without having to perform in the limited ways that employers often expect.How will these recommendations help autistic adults now or in the future?: These recommendations share our responsibility for making sure that neurodivergent people have fair access to recruitment processes. We ask researchers and employers to look at the unnecessary expectations placed on job applicants and remove these barriers so that neurodivergent candidates can demonstrate their strengths. We hope these changes will help employers make informed hiring decisions that improve recruitment and, critically, retention of a neurodiverse workforce.

PMID:42383272 | PMC:PMC13315291 | DOI:10.1089/aut.2024.0134

Autism Adulthood. 2025 Jan 9;8(4):698-709. doi: 10.1089/aut.2024.0178. eCollection 2026 Aug.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Prior research exploring phenotypic gender differences in autism suggests that females are less likely to meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria and receive a diagnosis. Recent findings also propose camouflaging and gendered expectations impact diagnostic rates for those who were not socialized as males, suggesting a male-oriented stereotype and bias within the diagnostic system. As such, this article explores how the male stereotype of autism impacts the diagnostic trajectory of autistic adults.

METHODS: In total, 24 autistic individuals, consisting of 14 genderqueer, 8 female, and 2 male participants, shared their experiences with the diagnostic system through interviews. The research team conducted a reflexive thematic analysis using theories of gender socialization and feminist disability models.

RESULTS: Themes revealed that the male gender is inexplicitly tied to diagnostic representation of autistic individuals, failing to encompass the difficulties experiences of those socialized as females. Clinicians and family members often gave a differential interpretation of symptoms for those who did not identify as male, leading to late or missing diagnoses. Lastly, participants discussed how their socialization as a female directly led to the suppression of their autistic traits.

CONCLUSION: These findings shed light on the pervasive impact of gender stereotypes on diagnosis and recognition of autism.

COMMUNITY BRIEF: What was the purpose of this study?: Research shows that girls and women are often less likely to be diagnosed with autism because their challenges can look different from those typically seen in boys. On top of that, some people may mask their difficulties to fit in, which makes spotting the signs even harder. Since many diagnostic tools and clinicians’ understanding of autism are based on the idea that it mostly affects boys, this article looks at how that stereotype creates barriers for non-male individuals to get an accurate diagnosis.What did the researchers do?: We interviewed 24 autistic adults. Of these, 14 identified as genderqueer, 8 as female, and 2 as male. We used reflexive thematic analysis, a method that considers both the researchers’ identities (being autistic, etc.) and explains common themes by relating them to other research in the field about disability and gender.What were the results of the study?: Our first theme showed that autism is often seen only as a “male” condition, which has led clinicians and family members to overlook the participants’ autism. In another theme, participants shared that the traits that are seen as autistic in males-like their male cousins or siblings-weren’t seen as autism in them. Overall, participants felt that their gender and the expectations that were associated with their gender impacted how they expressed their autism and how others perceived it.How will these findings help autistic adults in the future?: This suggests that the diagnostic system may be even more biased than researchers originally thought and that there may be people missing diagnoses as a result.

PMID:42383259 | PMC:PMC13315290 | DOI:10.1089/aut.2024.0178

NAR Genom Bioinform. 2026 Jun 30;8(3):lqag068. doi: 10.1093/nargab/lqag068. eCollection 2026 Sep.

ABSTRACT

Population aging is increasing the burden of age-related disease, highlighting the need for accurate molecular tools to estimate aging. DNA methylation, a heritable epigenetic mark linked to development and age-related disease, can capture biological aging and predict chronological age; however, most existing epigenetic clocks were developed primarily in non-East Asian populations and may show reduced calibration across ancestries. We analyzed methylation profiles from East Asian cohorts from Taiwan, Japan, and China to develop an East Asian-specific epigenetic clock, termed the EAS Clock. After quality control and probe filtering, a parsimonious model based on 38 CpG sites was constructed using stepwise multivariate regression with forward selection and Bayesian Information Criterion. The EAS Clock showed significant correlations between predicted and chronological age in both training and independent testing datasets, with residuals centered near zero. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that genes associated with the selected CpGs were involved in neurobiological, musculoskeletal, immune-inflammatory, and lipid-metabolic pathways. These findings support the EAS Clock as a compact methylation-based estimator of chronological age tailored to East Asian populations.

PMID:42383246 | PMC:PMC13316434 | DOI:10.1093/nargab/lqag068

Drug Alcohol Depend Rep. 2026 Jun 9;20:100456. doi: 10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100456. eCollection 2026 Sep.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: In 2023, Luxembourg partially legalised cannabis, permitting home cultivation and private-domain use. The current study aimed to evaluate the short-term impacts of this reform on consumption patterns, market dynamics, product potency, and cannabis-related driving-under-the-influence cases (DUI).

METHODS: An interdisciplinary approach was applied, combining data from cannabis seizures, wastewater analysis, toxicological data from DUI cases, and a WEB-based survey among adults who indicated to have used cannabis in the past 12 months. Indicators were compared before and after the policy change.

RESULTS: Most indicators suggested a limited overall impact of partial legalisation in the year following the reform. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations in seized herbal and resin samples remained stable, as did THC metabolite loads in wastewater. Results of the WEB-based survey indicated little change in patterns of use, prices, or acquisition channels, with most survey respondents continuing to purchase from illicit sources. Only a minority of respondents reported personal or intended future cultivation. In contrast, cannabis-related DUI cases increased significantly. Although average THC concentrations in blood samples remained unchanged, elevated levels of THC metabolites suggested a potential increase in chronic use among some individuals.

CONCLUSION: Partial cannabis legalisation in Luxembourg appears to have had only moderate impacts on market dynamics, patterns of use, and product potency during the first year, but was associated with an increase in cannabis-related DUI cases. Similar to findings in other countries, new initiation of cannabis consumption was limited, while people with an established pattern of frequent use may have intensified their use. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of impaired driving, cannabis consumption patterns, and emerging trends in self-cultivation, alongside public education on health risks.

PMID:42383236 | PMC:PMC13315646 | DOI:10.1016/j.dadr.2026.100456

Ophthalmol Sci. 2026 May 12;6(7):101228. doi: 10.1016/j.xops.2026.101228. eCollection 2026 Jul.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of epiretinal membrane (ERM) on the structural characteristics of acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) in eyes with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD).

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.

PARTICIPANTS: Eyes of patients with iAMD-associated AVLs were identified from a tertiary referral center database.

METHODS: Multimodal imaging, including spectral-domain OCT, was reviewed. Eyes were stratified according to the presence (ERM + AVL) or absence (AVL-only) of ERM. Quantitative OCT parameters, including apical AVL height and width, and qualitative structural features such as intraretinal hyperreflective foci (IHRF), ellipsoid zone (EZ), and external limiting membrane (ELM) disruption, and AVL location relative to drusen, were assessed by masked graders. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges’ g. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate parametric or nonparametric tests.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in AVL structural characteristics between eyes with and without ERM.

RESULTS: A total of 234 eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-associated AVLs were included, of which 17 eyes had concomitant ERM. Eyes with ERM demonstrated significantly greater apical AVL height compared with AVL-only eyes (169.9 ± 52.5 μm vs. 134.8 ± 55.0 μm; P = 0.016). Acquired vitelliform lesion width was greater in the ERM + AVL group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (811.1 ± 251.0 μm vs. 676.8 ± 416.0 μm; P = 0.057). The prevalence of IHRF, EZ disruption, ELM disruption, and AVL location over drusen did not differ significantly between groups. Effect size analysis demonstrated a moderate positive effect for apical AVL height (Hedges’ g ≈ 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] ∼0.15 to 1.10), whereas AVL width showed a small-to-moderate effect size with CIs crossing 0.

CONCLUSIONS: In eyes with AMD-associated AVLs, the presence of ERM is associated with increased AVL height without corresponding differences in other outer retinal structural features. These findings suggest that vitreomacular traction may selectively influence AVL configuration. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether traction-related modulation of AVL morphology impacts AMD disease progression and AVL collapse.

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

PMID:42383220 | PMC:PMC13315181 | DOI:10.1016/j.xops.2026.101228