Category: Statistics

Phys Rev Lett. 2026 Jul 10;137(2):020403. doi: 10.1103/v8x8-ft81.

ABSTRACT

We analyze the effects of various forms of noise on one-dimensional systems of noninteracting fermions. In the strong noise limit, we demonstrate, under mild assumptions, that the statistics of the fermionic correlation matrix in the thermodynamic limit follow a universal form described by the recently introduced quantum simple symmetric exclusion process (QSSEP). For charge transport, we show that QSSEP, along with all models in its universality class, shares the same large deviation function for the transferred charge as the classical SSEP model. The method we introduce to derive this result relies on a gaugelike invariance associated with the choice of the bond where the current is measured. This approach enables the explicit calculation of the cumulant-generating function for both QSSEP and SSEP and establishes an exact correspondence between them. These analytical findings are validated by extensive numerical simulations. Our results establish that a wide range of noisy free-fermionic models share the same QSSEP universality class and show that their transport properties are essentially classical.

PMID:42503077 | DOI:10.1103/v8x8-ft81

World J Urol. 2026 Jul 26;44(1):519. doi: 10.1007/s00345-026-06636-2.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and the risk of kidney stone formation has not been fully explored in the current literature. Although an association between the TyG index, associated indices, and kidney stone formation has been reported, this link remains unconfirmed. Clarifying this relationship is crucial for both individual health and public health decision-making. Additionally, the TyG index and its related indices are gaining recognition for their emerging utility as valuable biomarkers in epidemiological studies of kidney stones.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this research is to assess the correlation between the TyG index, associated indices, and the prevalence of kidney stones. Furthermore, we seek to investigate the potential broader implications of this association for public health policy and clinical practice.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving a representative sample of 12,159 participants from the US population. For data analysis, logistic regression combined with smooth curve fitting techniques was employed to precisely evaluate the relationship between the TyG index and kidney stone prevalence. The predictive capability of TyG and its derived indices for kidney stone risk was comprehensively assessed using AUC, NRI, and IDI. To examine the robustness of our findings under different assumptions, we conducted a sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS: The overall prevalence of kidney stone disease was 9.9%, comprising 54.84% of males and 45.16% of females. Compared with the group without a history of kidney stones, the group with a history of kidney stones exhibited significantly elevated triglyceride-glucose indices and related indicators. In the fully adjusted model, compared with the first tertile (T1) group, the risk of developing kidney stones increased in the third tertile (T3) group, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of TyG was 1.23 (0.99-1.54), triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC) was 1.93 (1.55-2.41), triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) was 1.87 (1.51-2.31), triglyceride glucose-waist to height ratio (TyG-WHtR) was 1.66 (1.31-2.11), triglyceride glucose-weight-adjusted waist index (TyG-WWI) was 1.57 (1.23-2.00), and triglyceride glucose-a body shape index (TyG -ABSI) was 1.29 (1.04-1.60) respectively. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis indicated that kidney stones’ risk increased with rising TyG and its derived indices. Subsequent subgroup analyses revealed no significant interactions in most subgroups (all P > 0.05). Results from the three sensitivity analyses aligned with those of the primary analysis, reinforcing its robustness.

CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation revealed that TyG and its derived indices had a significant link to the prevalence of kidney stones in the US adult population. Future research could involve designing and conducting longitudinal or cohort studies to validate further associations and possibilities.

PMID:42503069 | DOI:10.1007/s00345-026-06636-2

Clin Drug Investig. 2026 Jul 26. doi: 10.1007/s40261-026-01580-w. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Viloxazine (extended-release [ER] capsules) is a nonstimulant medication approved for the treatment of pediatric (aged ≥ 6 years) and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study assessed the effect of hepatic impairment (HI) on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of viloxazine ER.

METHODS: In this open-label, multicenter study, adults (18-78 years) with mild (n = 8), moderate (n = 8), or severe (n = 8) HI (Child-Pugh classification) and a demographically matched control cohort with normal hepatic function received a single oral dose of viloxazine ER (200 or 400 mg), following a ≥ 10-h overnight fast. Blood samples were collected for 72 h post-administration and analyzed for viloxazine and its primary metabolite 5-hydroxy-viloxazine glucuronide. The potential for HI to impact pharmacokinetics was evaluated using relative bioavailability analysis of viloxazine maximum measured plasma concentration (C_max) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) parameters and comparison of time to C_max (T_max) and terminal elimination half-life (t_1/2). Safety and tolerability were also evaluated.

RESULTS: In adults with versus without HI (any severity), there were no significant differences in viloxazine C_max (mean ± standard deviation [SD] for mild HI, 3.1 ± 1.0 µg/mL versus 2.4 ± 0.4 µg/mL; moderate HI, 2.5 ± 0.8 µg/mL versus 2.5 ± 0.6 µg/mL; severe HI, 1.3 ± 0.4 µg/mL versus 1.5 ± 0.2 µg/mL) and AUC (from time 0 to infinity; mean ± SD for mild HI, 70.5 ± 19.3 h·µg/mL versus 56.8 ± 8.6 h·µg/mL; moderate HI, 62.8 ± 28.9 h·µg/mL versus 60.4 ± 20.5 h·µg/mL; severe HI, 42.0 ± 16.4 h·µg/mL versus 33.1 ± 9.7 h·µg/mL), and mean exposure for those with HI was within 25% of matched control values. Increased t_1/2 was observed in moderate and severe HI versus controls (mean ± SD for mild HI, 7.6 ± 3.1 h versus 6.7 ± 2.5 h; moderate HI, 9.3 ± 3.1 h versus 6.0 ± 1.7 h; severe HI, 14.2 ± 5.8 h versus 7.1 ± 2.7 h). No adverse event (AE) was reported by ≥ 2 study participants with HI. The most common AEs were headache (n = 1 mild HI, n = 2 healthy controls) and somnolence (n = 2 healthy controls).

CONCLUSIONS: Mild-to-severe HI showed minimal impact on viloxazine ER exposure. The single dose of viloxazine ER was well-tolerated with no identified safety concerns.

PMID:42503060 | DOI:10.1007/s40261-026-01580-w

Clin Transl Oncol. 2026 Jul 26. doi: 10.1007/s12094-026-04498-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To explore whether adjuvant immunotherapy can improve postoperative prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring oncogenic driver alterations beyond EGFR and ALK, a population with unclear benefit.

METHODS: Main inclusion criteria included resected NSCLC, stage IB-IIIB, and oncogenic driver alterations of KRAS mutation, ROS1 fusion, RET fusion, HER2 mutation, NTRK fusion, BRAF V600E mutation, and MET exon 14 skipping mutation. The positive PD-L1 cut-off was 1%. Adjuvant immunotherapy would be administered for one year or up to 16 cycles. Disease-free survival (DFS) after surgery was the endpoint.

RESULTS: 190 patients with specific gene alterations were included, 25.8% of patients received adjuvant immunotherapy. The benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy in DFS was not observed in the overall population (hazard ratio [HR] 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI 0.51-1.44, p = 0.551), while a numerical DFS benefit trend in the PD-L1-positive population was observed (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31-1.03, p = 0.059). After inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) for the population with PD-L1 positivity who also received adjuvant chemotherapy, no statistical DFS benefit difference from adjuvant immunotherapy was observed between the KRAS (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.10-0.88, p = 0.028) and non-KRAS mutation (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.32-1.82, p = 0.549) subgroups (interaction p = 0.179), though with a marked numerical difference. Among the PD-L1-positive population, NSCLC harboring KRAS, MET exon 14 skipping, and BRAF V600E mutations showed a trend toward benefit from adjuvant immunotherapy, whereas NSCLC with HER2 mutation, RET fusion, and ROS1 fusion exhibited a weaker trend toward benefit.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with NSCLC harboring driver oncogenes other than EGFR/ALK and positive PD-L1 showed a trend toward benefiting from adjuvant immunotherapy. Although no significant interaction was observed, KRAS-mutant NSCLC demonstrated numerically superior DFS benefit compared with non-KRAS-mutant NSCLC.

PMID:42503059 | DOI:10.1007/s12094-026-04498-z

Clin Pharmacokinet. 2026 Jul 26. doi: 10.1007/s40262-026-01685-7. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Personalizing anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) remains challenging due to variable drug clearance and response. Identifying pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) predictors of deep remission could enable precision dosing strategies. The primary aim was to define PK metrics and PD biomarkers associated with deep remission.

METHODS: Patients initiating infliximab or adalimumab were prospectively enrolled from four pediatric centers with longitudinal blood and stool biospecimens collected for one year. Deep remission was defined as a combination of weighted pediatric CD activity index (wPCDAI) < 12.5 and Simple Endoscopic Score-CD < 3. Trough concentrations (cTrough) were measured throughout the study. Drug exposure (area under the curve, AUC) and clearance were estimated using drug-specific population PK models and Bayesian estimation using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM).

RESULTS: Deep remission was achieved in 34/70 (48.6%) with no difference in outcomes between biologics. Infliximab cTrough thresholds associated with deep remission were 33 µg/mL (Week 2), 15 µg/mL (Week 6), and 4.7 µg/mL (Month 3) with Week 6 cTrough targets ranging 15-26 µg/mL depending on the outcome of interest. Higher AUC during induction for both infliximab and adalimumab was associated with deep remission, whereas rapid infliximab clearance at various timepoints was inversely associated with deep remission. Baseline predictors of rapid infliximab clearance included older age, low albumin, and elevations in body mass index, C-reactive protein, soluble CD64, and wPCDAI.

CONCLUSIONS: We identified PK/PD cut-points associated with deep remission and rapid infliximab clearance, providing actionable metrics to individualize induction dosing and optimize maintenance therapy for children starting anti-TNF therapy.

PMID:42503050 | DOI:10.1007/s40262-026-01685-7

Ann Nucl Med. 2026 Jul 26. doi: 10.1007/s12149-026-02266-1. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) provides a survival advantage in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, the physiologically high PSMA-ligand uptake in salivary glands makes these organs susceptible to radiation damage. The aim of this study is to examine the changes occurring in salivary glands after PSMA-RLT and to evaluate their relationship with treatment-related parameters, including cumulative administered activity and number of RLT cycles.

METHOD: The study included 68 mCRPC patients who received 177Lu PSMA-617 treatment. Volume, surface area, density, and PSMA uptake levels were calculated for the parotid and submandibular glands in pre- and post-treatment imaging. Treatment-related changes and their associations with baseline imaging parameters, treatment timing, cumulative administered activity, and number of RLT cycles were statistically analyzed.

FINDINGS: After RLT, parotid glands showed significant decreases in SUVmean, volume, surface area, and PSMA total activity (all p < 0.001), whereas parotid density remained stable. Submandibular glands also demonstrated significant reductions in SUVmean, volume, surface area, PSMA total activity, and CT-derived density (all p < 0.001). In the exploratory correlation analyses, the number of RLT cycles and cumulative administered activity showed weak nominal positive associations with parotid density change; however, these associations did not remain statistically significant after Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction. BMI was not significantly associated with glandular SUVmean, HU measurements, or post-treatment glandular changes after correction for multiple testing.

CONCLUSION: PSMA-targeted RLT was associated with significant imaging-detectable structural alterations and reductions in PET-derived glandular activity in the major salivary glands. CT-derived density significantly decreased in the submandibular glands, whereas parotid density remained stable. No baseline imaging-, BMI-, time-, or administered activity-related parameter remained significantly associated with post-treatment glandular changes after correction for multiple testing.

PMID:42503048 | DOI:10.1007/s12149-026-02266-1

Ann Nucl Med. 2026 Jul 26. doi: 10.1007/s12149-026-02265-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between liver clearance values obtained from pre-treatment [⁹⁹ᵐTc]mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy and conventional liver function scores and biochemical parameters, and to perform an exploratory prognostic assessment of whether baseline clearance is associated with post-treatment outcomes, including overall survival, prior to ⁹⁰Y radioembolization. We also compared the functional assessment of the treatment region (based on mebrofenin uptake) with its anatomical CT volume (derived from [⁹⁹ᵐTc]macroaggregated albumin SPECT/CT) to determine the concordance between functional and volumetric data.

METHODS: Pre-treatment [⁹⁹ᵐTc]mebrofenin and [⁹⁹ᵐTc]MAA scintigraphies were performed in 19 patients scheduled to receive Yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) microsphere therapy. Mebrofenin clearance was calculated, and its association with biochemical parameters and overall survival was examined. The functional definition of the planned treatment territory was estimated based on mebrofenin uptake, and this was compared with the anatomical volume of the same region on MAA SPECT/CT.

RESULTS: Mebrofenin liver clearance showed significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with pre- and post-treatment total and direct bilirubin levels and a positive correlation with post-treatment albumin. Clearance also demonstrated a strong inverse correlation with ALBI score (p < 0.05). Among biochemical changes, only the post-treatment change in direct bilirubin was significantly associated with clearance (p < 0.05). Functional and volumetric definitions of the treatment area showed strong correlation (ρ = 0.837, p < 0.001). In five patients with target ratio greater than 50% of liver volume, functional definition was not concordant with volumetric estimates. The difference in clearance values between patients surviving ≤ 6 months and > 6 months did not reach statistical significance. Among liver function scores, Child-Pugh exhibited the strongest, though non-significant, correlation with survival (ρ = – 0.407, p = 0.084).

CONCLUSION: [⁹⁹ᵐTc]mebrofenin scintigraphy correlated with both pre- and post-treatment biochemical liver function parameters. The functional definition of the treatment region assessed by scintigraphy and volumetric definition derived from SPECT/CT were also well concordant. The difference in clearance values between patients surviving ≤ 6 months and > 6 months did not reach statistical significance. Discrepancies between volumetric and functional definitions were observed in patients with extensive target volume (> 50% of liver volume). These preliminary findings suggest that [⁹⁹ᵐTc]mebrofenin scintigraphy may complement anatomical volumetry in the pretreatment assessment of functional liver reserve, but its potential role in individualized dosimetry requires confirmation in larger prospective studies.

PMID:42503047 | DOI:10.1007/s12149-026-02265-2

Water Environ Res. 2026 Jul;98(7):e70493. doi: 10.1002/wer.70493.

ABSTRACT

The Pingyin-Changqing section of the Yellow River serves as an important groundwater recharge area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and its groundwater quality safety holds significant importance for the regional ecology and the health of its residents. This study systematically collected groundwater samples from this area, detected concentrations of six heavy metals (Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, As, and Cd), and comprehensively applied mathematical statistics, spatial mapping analysis, source apportionment, and health risk assessment methods to systematically investigate the characteristics, distribution patterns, source mechanisms, and health risks of groundwater heavy metals in the region. The results indicate that (1) the mean concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater of the study area, in descending order, are Mn > Zn > Ni > Pb > As > Cd; compared against the Class III standard limits of the National Standard for Groundwater Quality, Mn shows the highest exceedance rate, followed by Pb, with exceedance rates of 18% and 5%, respectively; (2) heavy metal concentrations exhibit considerable spatial variability, with Mn exceedance points uniformly distributed in upstream and downstream areas on both banks of the Yellow River, while Pb concentrations demonstrate higher values downstream than upstream, with exceedance points mainly concentrated in the junction of Qihe and Dong’e; (3) sources of groundwater heavy metal pollution are identified as follows: Zn, Ni, and Cd primarily originate from different industrial sources, Pb mainly from traffic sources, As primarily from agricultural sources, and Mn predominantly from natural sources; (4) groundwater ingestion was identified as the dominant exposure pathway. Pb was the major contributor to noncarcinogenic risk, whereas As was the primary contributor to carcinogenic risk. Children exhibited higher noncarcinogenic risk levels than adults, reflecting their greater susceptibility to heavy metal exposure. Although both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks remained within acceptable limits overall, relatively elevated risk values were concentrated at the junction of Changqing, Pingyin, Dong’e, and Qihe. Through the technical route of “pollution identification-spatial mapping-source apportionment-risk assessment,” this study provides a scientific basis for groundwater safety protection in the Yellow River Basin. It is recommended to strengthen dynamic monitoring of Pb pollution and implement comprehensive prevention and control measures in high-risk areas of this region.

PMID:42503035 | DOI:10.1002/wer.70493

Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2026 Jul 26:izag148. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izag148. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Encountering an intra-abdominal abscess during elective surgery for Crohn disease (CD) presents a clinical dilemma. While guidelines often recommend temporary fecal diversion, stomas carry substantial morbidity. Existing literature is heavily confounded by selection bias, obscuring the true safety of bowel reconstruction. This study evaluated the safety of primary anastomosis in the presence of an intraoperative abscess.

METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing ileocecal resection for CD was conducted. To isolate the impact of the abscess and eliminate selection bias, an a priori multivariable logistic regression model and a 1:2 propensity score matched (PSM) analysis were utilized on the subcohort of patients who underwent primary anastomosis. The primary endpoint was the rate of 30-day postoperative complications.

RESULTS: Among the 810 included patients (210 with an intraoperative abscess, 600 without), an abscess significantly increased operative complexity, resulting in higher rates of open conversion (29.3% vs 10.3%, P < .001) and fecal diversion (24.8% vs 6.2%, P < .001). However, multivariable analysis demonstrated that an abscess was not an independent predictor of overall 30-day complications (odds ratio [OR], 1.25; P = .190). Furthermore, in the PSM cohort of 474 patients, rates of anastomotic leak (10.1% vs 11.7%, P = .718), overall complications (41.1% vs 38.0%, P = .571), and severe complications (8.2% vs 10.8%, P = .480) were statistically identical between the abscess and non-abscess groups.

CONCLUSION: While an intraoperative abscess increases operative difficulty, it does not independently compromise anastomotic integrity. Primary anastomosis in an infected field is safe, allowing surgeons to spare appropriately selected patients at experienced centers the profound morbidity of an unnecessary stoma.

PMID:42502992 | DOI:10.1093/ibd/izag148

J Econ Entomol. 2026 Jul 26:toag222. doi: 10.1093/jee/toag222. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

The Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), has never been intercepted in wooden stakes or in‑ground (IG) bait stations in South Florida. We used a large arena to test whether laboratory colonies of C. gestroi could intercept baits placed 3 m apart, following label specifications. In contrast to our field observations, these laboratory colonies readily intercepted baits in 13.1 ± 3.2 d, a rate not statistically different from the Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (20.5 ± 3.5 d). The cause of this discrepancy between laboratory and field behavior is still under investigation. There were no significant differences in most tunnel‑geometry parameters between C. gestroi and C. formosanus. However, the secondary‑tunnel length distribution differed significantly, with C. gestroi constructing a greater number of shorter secondary tunnels than C. formosanus. Fractal analysis showed that C. formosanus produced more abundant and more complex tunnel networks than C. gestroi. A distinctive behavior in C. gestroi was observed when a tunnel approached within 17.8 ± 6.8 cm of a bait, at which point the tunnel shifted direction toward the bait. GC‑MS analysis and the use of new Plexiglas arena ruled out any involvement of trail‑following pheromones. Follow‑up experiments evaluating light, magnetism, bait odor, temperature gradients, colony age, and substrate type also failed to identify a causal mechanism. Despite clear behavioral evidence of short‑range bait detection, the sensory basis underlying this response in C. gestroi remains unresolved.

PMID:42502990 | DOI:10.1093/jee/toag222